Medieval Europe: hurumende uye guta. History of Ages Europe

The Ages nguva inonzi nguva penguva pakati itsva uye kare epochs. Maererano nemaitikiro, izvozvo zvinoenderana yechinangwa mugumo V-VI kuti XVI (dzimwe nguva inclusively), mazera. Uyewo, kuMiddle Ages rakakamurwa zvitatu nguva. Izvi, kunyanya: yokutanga, mukuru (pakati) uye kunopera nguva (mangwanani Renaissance). Next, funga sei kutanga European Ages mamiriro.

General unhu

By bhuku zviitiko kuti vane imwe kukosha upenyu nemagariro, XIV-XVI remakore, kuonekwa kuparadzana uye akazvimirira nguva. The mwero heritability ari maitiro zviri yapfuura matanho akanga akasiyana. Medieval Western Europe, Central uye Eastern zvikamu, uyewo dzimwe nzvimbo Oceania, Asia, uye Indonesia zvichengetedzeke zvinhu kuri kare munguva. Misha muBalkan Peninsula akatsvaka zvakakwana zvikuru tsika exchange. NaMatthew wakaitwa uye mamwe maguta Ages muEurope: kumaodzanyemba kweSpain uye France. Panguva iyoyo avanotarisira kudzoka zvekare, kuchengetedza zvisaririra nokubudirira nezvizvarwa mune avo kana dzimwe nzvimbo. Kana isu nezvazvo kumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva, kukura pano kwaibva tsika, akaumba sezvo mangwanani sezvo nguva Roman.

"Cultural Colonisation"

Izvi yapararira kune mamwe maguta Ages muEurope. Kune madzinza akawanda mapoka ane tsika iri zvachose vakanamatira kuumbwa wekare, asi vakatsvaka kuisa kumasangano makuru kune dzimwe nzvimbo chitendero zhinji. Saka, Somuenzaniso, yave pamwe Saxons. VaFrank akaedza kumanikidzira kuisa navo ake - Christian - tsika. Chiri vanobatwawo mamwe madzinza kuti akachengetedzwa vanamwari vakawanda. Asi kana vaRoma nyika nepfari kumboedza kumanikidza vanhu kubvuma nokutenda chitsva. Cultural Colonisation Akaperekedzwa kubva XV remakore, vanotyaira mutemo pakati Dutch, chiPutukezi, chiSpanish, uye pava paya dzimwe nyika, kuti andobata kundima.

madzinza anongofamba

Nhoroondo Ages Europe, vachiri Danho, zvikurukuru, akanga azere pakutapwa, hondo, kuparadzwa nemisha. Panguva ino kushingaira zvachero vemadzinza anongofamba. Medieval Europe yakanga kuona yokutama vazhinji. Panguva zvakaitika kuparadzira madzinza kuti wagara mune dzimwe nharaunda, supplanting kana kubatanidza pamwe nechekare-huripo marudzi ikoko. Somugumisiro, isu kusika symbioses idzva, magariro kuzvipokanidza. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvakanga muSpain, rakanga nechisimba vaMuslim navaArabhu ari VIII remakore BC. In iyi nhoroondo Ages Europe akasiyana zvishoma kubva kare.

Education inoti

Medieval European budiriro yave vakashanduka nokukurumidza zvikuru. Mukutanga nguva vakaumba zhinji zviduku inoti. The guru raiva frankiyskoe. nharaunda weRoma Italy uye vakava yakazvimirira mamiriro. The zororo Ages Europe vakaputsa kupinda zhinji ukuru makuru uye duku vakanga chete wevakadzidza pasi amadzimambo yakakura idzodzo. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru kuBritish Isles, dzekuma Scandinavia, uye dzimwe nyika haana kuiswawo pakati Kuronga guru inoti. Nechokumabvazuva kwenyika nokutambidzwa pezvakaitwa zvakafanana. Saka, somuenzaniso, muna China panguva dzakasiyana paiva nyika vanenge 140. Pamwe paakaenda uye feudal simba ikoko - varidzi feuds akanga, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inotungamirira, hondo, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange mari yavo. Somugumisiro kusabatana ichi vaiva kakawanda hondo, kunyatsooneka nehanya, uye hurumende yakanga kazhinji simba.

tsika nemagariro

Medieval European budiriro yakatanga heterogeneous chaizvo. Izvi zvinoratidzwa tsika kumwedzi. Paiva akawanda zvataurwa kukura bhora ichi. Zvikurukuru, subculture secrete zvakadai mumadhorobha, murimi mudiki, knight. Development wekupedzisira feudal nemadzishe vaiita. By City (burgher) tsika inofanira semhosva nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye navatengesi.

mabasa

Medieval Europe ainyanya nokuda Kurima. Zvisinei, vaya kana zvimwe kumatunhu, akaona gogonera kumhanya okukura uye kudzidziswa kuti mhando dzakasiyana yemabasa. Somuenzaniso, runochengeta dzavanhu, kugara panyika kare kurimwa mamwe marudzi, akatanga kuita kurima. Zvisinei, kunaka basa ravo uye nekutambira migumisiro zvave kupfuura mune runodiwa. Mukutanga nguva Medieval Europe yakanga de-urbanization muitiro. Panguva vanhu vake kubva vakaparadza misha guru vakatamira kumaruwa. Somugumisiro, vagari vakamanikidzwa kuenda pane mamwe mabasa. Zvose zvinodiwa muupenyu anogadzirwa vanhuwo zvavo, kunze simbi zvigadzirwa. Achirima nyika kunenge kwose kuitwa kana nevanhu (vari mahanisi kuti gejo), kana kushandisa mombe - nzombe kana mombe. Tiine IX-X emakore raiswa Vanthan. With ichi akatanga kubata bhiza. Asi mhuka idzi dzaiva chaizvo zviduku zvakawanda. Kusvika XVIII remakore, varimi vaishandisa remuti gejo uye yemapuranga nefoshoro. Aigona kashoma zvakakwana kusangana Watermills uye mahwindimiri akatanga kuonekwa munguva XII remakore. Constant shamwari kuti nguva yakanga nzara.

Social enyika kukura

Land muridzi kwokutanga nguva iri dzinounzwa pakati vemunharaunda varimi, chechi uye feudal madzishe. Zvishoma nezvishoma chakaitika uranda kwevanhu. Earth vakasununguka varimi vakatanga kubatana pasi Zvireva mwene iwayo kana zvimwe zvikamu kuchechi kana feudalists zvenyika vanogara navo imwe nzvimbo. Somugumisiro, kuti XI Centenary ndakajeka zveupfumi uye hwepauzima kuti kunosiyana madhigirii anenge kose. Farmer kushandiswa munyika aifanira kupa chegumi zvachose goho, muchikuya pamusoro kwaJehovha paguyo, chingwa, basa mumusangano kana musango, kuita mamwe mabasa. Kana hondo pedambudziko akapiwa kudzivirira muridzi wenyika. Serfdom mu Medieval Europe yakanga yabviswa munyika dzakasiyana panguva dzakasiyana nguva. Wokutanga vakasunungurwa nemataundi vanhuwo zvavo muFrance muna XII remakore - pakutanga nevaIslam. Sezvo XV remakore vakava vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo muEngland. Izvi zvakaitika nokuda fence munyika. In kuNorway Somuenzaniso, varimi uye vakanga pakufambira.

tengeserana

Market nomukadzi vave kana kutsinhanisa (nhumbi nhumbi) kana zvemari (chinokosha-mari). maguta akasiyana aiva uremu esirivheri mari, siyana rokutenga simba. Mint mari aigona feudal madzishe, vaya akatora bvumidzwa kuti coining. Pasina hurongwa zvokutengeserana vakatanga kuva zvakanaka. Dzinowanzotanga inoitwa pachiimbwa avo kana nemamwe mazororo echitendero. Mukutonga kwomuchinda Castle masvingo vakaumba misika yakakura. Vatengesi vakarongwa kuva guilds uye akatungamirira vavatorwa mudzimba kutengeserana. Panenge panguva I akaumba nyika Hanseatic League. Akava kupfuura sangano kuunganidzwa vatengesi wandei inotaura. Pakazosvika gore 1300 ayo sezvamunoita aiva maguta anopfuura 70 pakati Holland uye Livonia. Vakanga rakakamurwa 4 zvikamu. Panotangira neimwe nharaunda yaiva guta guru. Vaiva kubatana nemisha zviduku. Maguta akanga dzokuchengetera, hotels (umo akagara vatengesi), zvokutengeserana nevamiririri. Development mashoko uye tsika zvinhu chakakonzera kuti pamwero muHondo.

zvekushandisa mberi

Panguva iyi, akanga chete quantitative. Izvi zvinogona kunzi China, iyo akawedzera kure mberi hama kuna Europe. Zvisinei, chero kuvandudzika kwakaitika maviri pamutemo zvipingamupinyi: chikwata bumbiro nekereke. Last unorambidza maererano Pfungwa nezvavanofunga, tanga - vachitya makwikwi. In mumadhorobha nemhizha vakanga vakabatana muchitoro. Sangano kunze zvakanga zvisingaiti nezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Shop anoparadzira acho, uwandu mishonga, nzvimbo waakazvitengesa. Naivo vakatsunga uye mukanyatsochengeta kudzora chigadzirwa unhu. Workshops akatevera midziyo iro kugadzirwa kunoitika. Charter yaidzorwa uye vakasununguka nguva, uye basa, zvipfeko, mazororo uye zvakawanda. Technology akaramba inofambirana kurindwa muchivande. Kana vari akanyorwa, chete Codes uye vakapfuura chete hama nhaka. Kazhinji chete rwokugadzira uye yakaramba isingazivikanwi zvizvarwa zvaizotevera.