American chirongwa "Apollo". Vanhu vangani vakafamba pamusoro mwedzi?

XX remakore - nenguva budiriro kwevanhu muchadenga. Kubudirira kwake chikuru akanga aigarira Flights kupinda muchadenga, munhu ari Vacuum, uye kukura kwomwedzi paNyika - the Moon. Gangaidzo iri chokwadi kuti vanhu vakatanga kukanganwa mupiro yaiitwa American chirongwa "Apollo" (1969-1972), vachibvumira munhu kufamba mberi kwedu nyika, uye nhasi vanhu vashoma chaizvo vachakwanisa kupindura mubvunzo kuti vanhu vakawanda vakafamba pamusoro mwedzi.

Chisarudzo kushandura nyika

Gore rino unosvitsa makore 55 kubva munhau mutsara President Dzhona Kennedi pamusoro kutanga chirongwa pasi zita "Apollo". Rakanga mhinduro Yuriya Gagarina kutiza uye richikunda lag United States iri muchadenga kudziongorora. The womudenga racho kwete chete kuti Qualitative munogodorerei, kupemberera simba renyika kwesayenzi uye kwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, asi kutsausa vanhu kubva vasingadzikurudzire hondo yokuVietnam. Pane inonzi hwokuti Kennedy pashure pokudzidza zvemari uye kwesayenzi zvinoumba mubvunzo kunoburitsa NS Khrushchev kubatanidza zvinoitwa munyika mbiri nokuda Implementation hwemwedzi nzendo, kuedza kuumba "nzvimbo zambuko" pakati nyika mbiri dzine, asi akanga aramba.

Nhasi tinoziva kuti chirongwa mari US $ 26 billion. Izvi 10 nguva kupfuura mutengo kwezvisikwa maatomu bhomba. Asi Kennedy achiri akaita chisarudzo chinokosha, achiratidza risingaperi yaibvira murume uye akapinda zita rake munhoroondo nzvimbo kukura. Kupindura mubvunzo sei vanhu vakawanda vakafamba pamusoro mwedzi, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti yakasvika muchadenga 24 vezvikepe, asi 12 chete akakwanisa kusiya mucherechedzo pamusoro wayo pechiso. Uye kutangira akabudirira kanda yakanga ina mutyairi, pakugadzirira muchadenga kunoongorora vatatu vafa January 1967.

Wokutanga vashandi

"Apollo 11" aiva chitundumusere-musere, akapa womudenga pamusoro wokutanga kubudirira rwendo. kutanga kwake 16.07.1969, akaratidzwa paterevhizheni mune mhenyu nhepfenyuro. Mazuva okutanga, apo chikepe pairi ichitenderera Earth, vakaramba zuva vhidhiyo zvokudya, zvichiratidza zvepamusorosoro chokuita rakarira ichi. Captain Neil Armstrong, chikuru mutyairi wendege Maykl Kollinz, water lunar mutyairi Edwin Aldrin - ruzivo vezvikepe, vaiva muchadenga paGungano "Gemini" zvikepe, pazuva rechina zvasvika womudenga muchadenga pashure yechitatu-pachikuva injini.

Zuva rakatevera vaviri ndanogara water lunar uye pashure simba dzemuviri uye undocking vakapinda muchadenga rutapudzo. A chiri chirongwa ichi ndechokuti mushure kumhara injini mutyairi akakwanisa kunyika module mumasekonzi kuti yakaoma azvipire huni rinodyiwa. Neil Armstrong ndiye wepanyika vekutanga vakagamuchira mvumo kuenda kumwedzi. Akanga ichiteverwa Edwin (-gore 88 akashandura zita raro Buzz Aldrin), waenderera mberi mwedzi yechitendero sakaramendi.

Kuva pamusoro kumwe mumaawa 2.5 (nguva yasara ichiitirwa module), vashandi vemo nedombo ivhu vakaungana, uye akaita vhidhiyo kutora mifananidzo yetumedu, July 24 zvakanaka kumba kwavo nyika, tasvika rakapihwa dzakaenzana.

Zvarakafuridzirwa budiriro

The vashandi rokutanga akadzokera kuUnited States wemagamba, uye kare November 14 vomurova "Apollo-12" kutongwa ane ruzivo asitironati, akaita maviri nzvimbo kutiza mune "Gemini" (1965, 1966). Gomba Konrad neshamwari dzake (Alan Bean uye Richard Gordon) panguva kanda nemamiriro zvemamiriro ezvinhu chokuita maviri mheni nenjodzi. Mukuona vaivapo pakutanga President Nixon dzemagetsi ukapisa murwi vakaburusa dzinoverengeka sensors, zvichikonzera shutdown pamusoro mafuta muchitokisi. Vashandi nekukurumidza kuti agadzirise zvinhu.

Conrad uye Bean aifanira kupedza pamusoro womudenga pamusoro kwemazuva maviri (active goho akanga maawa 3.5). Panguva kumhara nzvimbo vakanga nemamiriro negore guruva uye vakakwanisa kuwana kune "pachivakwa-3", kuita rakakura kukura nesayenzi. Nokuda nematambudziko vhidhiyo kamera hakusi kuita mhenyu vhidhiyo zvakananga kubva vashandi vemo kumhara nzvimbo.

Kuiswawo pakati pemazita vanhu aishanyira Moon

United States mukati yechinangwa "Apollo" chirongwa akatumirwa Earth 9 nzendo Satellite. Kunyika iri mwedzi muchadenga kunoongorora vakakwanisa zvikwata zvitanhatu. Ivo vose yaiva vanhu vatatu, vaviri vacho wakasimwa kupinda water lunar. Pashure kukundikana April 1970, akarondedzera kuti tsaona muchikepe "Apollo 13", anokundikana kuzadzisa mabasa ayo, vachitevera zvinobudirira rwendo kwakaitika February pakati '71. Alan Shepard uye Edgar Mitchell (panzira, vaifanira kuva crewed rechi13 "Apollo"), kwete chete akakwanisa kuitisa zvizivikanwe nemichina kuedza, asi kaviri kupinda muchadenga.

Kwamazuva matatu nousiku kupedzerwa Dzenyika pose Satellite Devid Skott uye Dzheyms Irvin, vadzidzi yakatevera rwendo (July 1971), uye Dzhon Yang uye Charlz Dyuk (April 1972), akaita rwendo rurefu kuti Lunokhod. The vashandi kuti "Apollo 17" hwogumisa kuti Implementation hwemwedzi chirongwa. Yudzhin Sernan uye Harrison Schmitt akaita yokupedzisira ndege muna December 1972, pamwe Cernan akakwanisa akaonekana navo kuti hwemwedzi ivhu nyora initials mwanasikana. Nokuti iye, waiva ndege yechipiri kusvikira Satellite Nyika, uyewo dzimwe nhatu mamwe masoja ake. Asi kupindura mubvunzo kuti vanhu vakawanda vakafamba pamusoro mwedzi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kamwe chete mumwe nomumwe wavo akabata womudenga pamusoro.

Pokupedza yepurogiramu "Apollo"

Nhasi kanda ikanyanya (Cape Canaveral), kungova US Air Force, rava dongo. Pasinei kutarisirwa kuenderera kushanda "Apollo", hapana vatatu nekutambira kunotangira hadzina rakatangwa. Chikonzero chikuru - mari yakakura, kwete kuunza budiriro itsva muchadenga kudziongorora. 12 vatambi, nokuputsanya kubva pedyo-Pasi nzvimbo, mupenyu pfumbamwe kuruboshwe. upenyu hwavo afanane upenyu Hollywood nyeredzi. Vose nokukurumidza vakasiya NASA, kutokanganwa ake vagari vemo. Chakatishamisa vadzidzi vomuzana ndege vakagamuchira soro US mubayiro (Congressional Gold menduru), chete ramakumi mana gore pakutanga.

Musi mubvunzo kuti vanhu vakawanda vakafamba pamusoro mwedzi, vakawanda nhasi vanoti: "kwete." Ivo ndivo zvavakagoverwa "nokumukira pfungwa", yakabuda nechiedza ruoko munyori Bill Casing, zvinombokunetsa chokwadi ndege kumwedzi. Kudzivirira rukudzo rwake, makore 72 okuberekwa Buzz Aldrin panguva akwegura pakati nembama pachena nechiso wenhau, akaratidza kusava nechokwadi kwake. Muna 2009, United States yakapa voruzhinji pamwe Satellite mifananidzo achisimbisa kungoda muchadenga kunoongorora kuna Dzenyika pechiso Satellite.

Kuvakwa chirongwa uye kushaya pamwe mune mirayiridzo iyi miviri nzvimbo masimba akasuruvara zvikuru, nokuti anokwanisa kuita semabhiriji mugwara ramangwana rokufamba Mars.