Kugadzira astronautics. Nhoroondo kukura cosmonautics muRussia

Nhoroondo muchadenga kukura - ndiyo nyaya ane pfungwa zvinoshamisa nevanhu, chido kunzwisisa mitemo zvakasikwa uye chido transcend zvatinosiita uye pazvinobvira. Space ubanguranyika, iro rakatanga muzana remakore rapfuura, akapa nyika yakawanda zvakawanwa. Ivo chokuita zvose nzvimbo emapoka enyeredzi kure, uye zvikuru yenyika kwendangariro. Space kukura akasimudzira kuvandudzika muzvigadzirwa kwaita kuti kuwanikwa zviri muminda siyana zivo, kubva wefizikisi kuti mushonga. Zvisinei, izvi akatora nguva yakareba.

akarasika basa

Pokumuka astronautics muRussia uye kunze, akatanga refu isati wokutanga chitundumusere-musere. Wokutanga kwesainzi munhau iyi vakanga chete yokungotaura, uye kupembedza mukana kufamba muchadenga. In nyika yedu, mumwe wemapiyona kuti astronautics pa muromo chinyoreso rakanga Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Mumwe" - nokuti waiva mberi Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, vakatongerwa rufu nokuda chigaro Alexander II, uye kuti mazuva mashoma asati chidzitiro midziyo kuva chirongwa anogona kuunza murume muchadenga. Maiva muna 1881, asi Kibalchicha chirongwa haina rakabudiswa kusvikira 1918.

mudzidzisi hwokumaruwa

Tsiolkovsky, ane nyaya pamwe yokungotaura zvigadziko nzvimbo ndege vakauya muna 1903, haana kuziva pamusoro Kibalchicha. Panguva iyoyo, achidzidzisa Kaluga College svomhu uye geometry. akakurumbira nesayenzi nyaya yake "Investigation dzokunze nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere midziyo yemagetsi" yaibata mukana uchishandisa chombo muchadenga. Pokumuka astronautics muRussia, ipapo vachiri yamambo, vakatanga Tsiolkovsky. Akakurukura chitundumuseremusere mamiriro design, inokwanisa kutakura munhu nyeredzi, akadzivirira pfungwa kusiyana upenyu zvakasikwa, akataura kudiwa rokuvaka chakagadzirwa satellites uye nzvimbo zvechitima.

In dzakafanana, ari yokungotaura astronautics dzakabudirira kwose. Zvisinei, anobatanidza pakati vaongorori kana pakutanga remakore, kana gare gare, muna 30s, rinenge haana. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, uye Esnault-Pelterie, chokuAmerica, mumwe murume wokuGermany uye wokuFrance azvaitwa, akashanda ari nenyaya dzakafanana kwenguva refu asingazivi chinhu pamusoro basa Tsiolkovsky nguva. Kunyange ipapo, kusabatana marudzi kuti kukanganisa kumhanya kugadzira maindasitiri matsva.

Makore Pre-hondo uye Great Patriotic War

Kugadzirwa Space akaramba 20-40-ies vehondo pamusoro Gas Dynamics Laboratory uye Jet Propulsion Research Group, achiteverwa Jet Research Institute. Mukati masvingo zvedzidzo masangano akashanda zvakanaka ouinjiniya pfungwa munyika, kusanganisira F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov uye SP Korolev. Mumarabhoritari kushanda kutanga wokutanga ndege michina kuti mvura uye yakasimba rinochiwedzera, akakurukura yokungotaura hwaro astronautics.

Mumakore pre-hondo uye muHondo Yenyika II magadzirirwo kuvaka ndege injini uye chitundumuseremusere ndege. Panguva iyi, nezvikonzero pachena, zvikuru ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna kukura rwendo zvombo uye unguided zvitundumuseremusere.

Queens uye "V2"

Wokutanga munhoroondo vemauto zvombo ano mhando zvakasikwa muGermany munguva yehondo pasi murayiro Werner von Braun. Ipapo V-2, kana "V-2" hwakonzera matambudziko. Pashure pokukundwa Germany, von Braun kuendeswa kuna America, uko akatanga kushanda mabasa matsva, kusanganisira pamusoro pokumuka zvitundumuseremusere kuti nzvimbo kutiza.

Muna 1945, pashure pehondo muGermany kudzidza "V-2" yasvika boka mainjiniya Soviet. Pakati pavo paiva Queens. Akagadzwa mukuru injiniya uye hwokugadzira mukuru akatanga "Nordhausen", dzakaumbwa Germany mugore iroro. Kunze kudzidza zvitundumuseremusere German, Korolev nevamwe vake vakaita pokumuka mabasa matsva. Mumakore 50 Magadzirirwo hofisi pasi utungamiriri hwake akasika R-7. Izvi zviviri-Danho chitundumuseremusere akakwanisa kuva wokutanga nzvimbo nokukurumidza uye kuitira goho kuti yakaderera-Pasi muchadenga multi-tani nemotokari.

Zvokukura Kugadzirwa astronautics

Kunakisa vokuAmerica mukugadzirwa motokari kuti nzvimbo ubanguranyika chokuita basa von Braun, akasiya kare, kana October 4, 1957 Soviet Union yakatanga ari Satellite wokutanga. Kubvira nayo akaenda nokukurumidza kugadzira astronautics. Mugore 50-60-ies zvinoitiswa kuedza kakawanda nemhuka. In muchadenga, imbwa uye tsoko vakashanyira. Somugumisiro, masayendisiti ndaitora mashoko chaizvo kuti zvikwanisike hwomutambarakede kugara omunhu nzvimbo. Pakutanga 1959 nayo dzakakwanisa kusvika kupukunyutsa velocity.

The yepamusoro Kugadzirwa cosmonautics Russian kwave kugamuchirwa munyika yose, apo denga muchetura Yuri Gagarin. It vakarikunda, pasina kupamhidzira, chiitiko chikuru musi April 12 1961 gore. Kubva zuva rakatanga kupinda kwevanhu mune huru expanses kuti vakombe Earth.

Pakuzadzisa astronautics aishamwaridzana nani hwokugadzira nezvaanogona uye kuumba vasununguka ezvinhu nokuda muchadenga kunoongorora. Cherechedza chikuru nzendo muitiro:

• October 12, 1964 - kupinda muchadenga vakauya muchina pamwe anoverengeka vanhu vaivamo (USSR);
• March 18, 1965 - wokutanga munhu spacewalk (USSR);
• February 3, 1966 - the kumhara wokutanga uri mwedzi midziyo (USSR);
• December 24, 1968 - mhedziso wokutanga aigarira chitundumusere-musere kuti Kutenderera Zuva Kwepasi Satellite (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - zuva iri kumhara rokutanga vanhu pamusoro Moon (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - kutanga vatanga orbiter (USSR);
• July 17, 1975 - kokutanga kwakanga yacho zvikepe zviviri (Soviet uye American);
• April 12, 1981 - wokutanga "Space Shuttle" (US) akapinda muchadenga.

Pokumuka astronautics ano

Nhasi, nzvimbo ubanguranyika mberi. Kubudirira kare takatakura michero - vanhu vakashanyira Moon uye ari kugadzirira kutungamirira kuziva Mars. Zvisinei, ndege chirongwa aigarira zvino dzichiri mabasa madiki kupfuura zvaitika interplanetary yemapurisa. Mamiriro muchadenga ubanguranyika ndechokuti yaibereka michina inokwanisa achitumira mashoko Earth pamusoro kure Saturn, Jupiter uye Pluto, Mercury uye kunyange kupinda kuongorora meteorites.
Parallel nzvimbo ushanyi hwapedyo. Great kukosha nhasi vane dzakawanda vokukurukura. Nzanga yenyika iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuuya pakugumisa kuti zvikuru Kubudirira uye zvakawanikwa kuitika nokukurumidza uye kakawanda kana chokubatanidza kuedza uye zvinogonekwa munyika dzakasiyana.