Simple uye kunzwisisa nemapurotini. The mamiriro, mashandiro, zvivako, maitiro, mienzaniso mapuroteni dzakaoma

Mumwe tsanangudzo upenyu sezvinotevera: "Life ndiyo kwadzinoita nezvokuvapo mapuroteni miviri." On redu, pasina chakasara zvinenge zvine zvakadai Organic zvokuvakisa, zvakadai mapurotini. Nyaya ino kutsanangura nyore uye kunzwisisa mapuroteni kuzivikanwa kusiyana samolecular chivako, uye inokurukura mabasa avo muchitokisi.

Ndezvipi mapuroteni

Mukuona nemakemikari omuviri - yakakwirira samolecular uremu Organic Polymers, monomers dziri 20 akasiyana siyana amino acids. Vari pamwe chete nokuda covalent namakemikari zvisungo, zvimwe anozivikanwa peptide. Sezvo mapuroteni monomers vari amphoteric yeimwe, dzine vaviri ane amino boka uye carboxyl dzichipfekeka boka. Chemical chisungo CO-NH pakati pavo kunoitika.

Kana polypeptide chinosanganisira amino asidhi residues Links, anoumba nyore mapuroteni. The mamorekuru of polymer, mberi dzine ions simbi, mavhitaminzi, nucleotides, makabhohaidhiretsi - ndivo mapurotini akaoma. Next, isu funga spatial maumbirwo polypeptides.

Kwevari sangano mapuroteni mamorekuru

Ivo dzinoturwa dzakasiyana configurations mana. The mamiriro rokutanga - Linear, ndiko kupfuura nyore uye ane chimiro polypeptide cheni panguva yayo Sezvandakanga ndava muranda wemadhiragi paumbwe dzimwe rehydrogen kusungwa. Ivo kudzikamisa akamonyoroka, iyo inonzi mamiriro yechipiri. Tertiary Masangano vane mano uye kunzwisisa mapuroteni, ruzhinji chirimwa uye mhuka masero. Zvapedzisira configuration - quaternary ichibudira ari kudyidzana anoverengeka mamorekuru zvizvarwa mamiriro, yakabatana coenzymes, kureva mapuroteni akadai vane kunzwisisa yakarongeka, anoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri mabasa.

A-siyana nyore mapuroteni

boka iri hakusi vakawanda polypeptides. mamorekuru yavo inosanganisira chete amino asidhi residues. Kubatanidza mapuroteni, akadai histones uye globulins. Chokutanga kumiririrwa mu echivako, uye vari pamwe chete DNA mamorekuru. Boka rechipiri - globulins - ndivo vanonyanya zvinoumba ropa plasma. mapuroteni akadai akadai gamma globulin, anoita mabasa ose masoja kudzivirira uye chiri antibody. yeimwe izvi zvinogona kuumba zvivako, ane makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma uye mapurotini. Kwakadaro fibrillar nyore mapuroteni akadai collagen uye elastin, tiri chikamu connective zvinyama, shwashwa, nemarunda, ganda. basa ravo chikuru - kuvaka uye kutsigirwa.

Tubulin mapuroteni inhengo microtubules, izvo zvinoumba cilia uye flagella unicellular zvinenge zvakadai ciliates, Euglena, parasitic flagellates. Uyu mapuroteni inhengo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu (flagella spermatozoa, OVA cilia, ciliated epithelium pamusoro ura diki).

Protein sealbumin zvinoshanda kuti Stock munhu basa (semuenzaniso, imwe puroteni mazai huku). Mune endosperm mbeu ezviyo - rye, mupunga, gorosi - mapuroteni mamorekuru -wedzera. Dzinonzi cellular inclusions. Izvi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mbeu mudumbu pakutanga kwayo kukura. Mukuwedzera, muprista mapuroteni zviri gorosi weevil chinhu chinokosha chaizvo chokukomborerwa unhu hwakatsetseka. Chingwa chakabikwa kubva gluten-mupfumi yakatsetseka ane kukaringa unhu mukuru uye zvikuru. Gluten ane anonzi zvakaoma gorosi. Pakadzika-gungwa hove plasma rine mapuroteni kuti kudzivirira rufu yavo nechando. Ivo nhaka antifreeze ehupfumi kutadzisa rufu muviri panguva yakaderera mvura tembiricha. Ukuwo, zviri murwiyo muchitokisi rusvingo thermophilic utachiona mu geothermal zvinyorwa aive mapuroteni anokwanisa kuyeuka dzinongoitika configuration kwayo (tertiary kana quaternary chivako) uye asingauyi denature pane kutonhora kubvira +50 kusvikira + 90 ° C.

proteid

Ava mapuroteni akaoma, ayo anozivikanwa ne zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chokuita akasiyana-siyana anoitwa navo. Sezvambotaurwa, boka polypeptides, asi puroteni mugove chine prosthetic boka. Nokupesvedzera siyana zvinhu zvakadai mukuru tembiricha, weheavy metal munyu, yakaomerera alkali uye iine acid kunzwisisa mapuroteni angachinja ayo spatial chimiro, kurerutsa nayo. Fani iyi inonzi denaturation. Sechivako mapuroteni kunzwisisa zviri kwakakanganiswa rehydrogen zvisungo apwanyika, uye mamorekuru anorasikirwa zvivako zvavo uye mabasa. Sezvo kutonga, denaturation iri kusingarapiki. Asi vamwe polypeptides ave anowedzera, kutyaira uye zvichikurukura mashandiro, zvinokwanisika renaturation - kudzorera dzinongoitika nemamiriro proteids.

Kana zviito chinhu kuzungunutsa chinoita kuenda kwenguva refu, puroteni morekuru rinoparadzwa zvachose. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti atsamwira pakati peptide zvisungo zvikuru mamiriro. Dzosai mapuroteni wayo mashandiro haasisiri zvinobvira. Fani iyi inonzi kuparadzwa. Muenzaniso hari mazai: emura mapuroteni - sealbumin, iri tertiary mamiriro rinoparadzwa zvachose.

mapuroteni biosynthesis

Zvakare, yeuka kuti polypeptides zvipenyu inoumbwa 20 amino acids, zvimwe zviri irreplaceable. Izvi lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, uye zvichingodaro. D. Ivo kupinda muropa kubva ura duku pashure anotsemura nayo mapuroteni zvigadzirwa. To synthesize zvinokosha amino acids (alanine, proline, naSerine), notumwe nemhuka vanoshandisa senitrogen tubhokisi yeimwe. Plants, ari autotrophic, vakazvimirira kuumba rinofanirawo constituent monomers achimiririra mapurotini dzakaoma. Nokuti ichi kuitwa siyana vari kushandiswa nitrates, amoniya, kana senitrogen-akasununguka. Mune dzimwe mhando tusingaoneki kupa pachavo aine zvakakwana akagadzirwa amino acid, apo vamwe chete vamwe synthesized monomers. Zvokukura biosynthesis kwemapurotini dzinoitika masero zvose zvipenyu. At chinoumba transcription kunoitika, uye cytoplasm muchitokisi - yenhepfenyuro.

Danho rokutanga - kubatana kwetunhu mRNA aizotangira kunoitika maererano enzayemu RNA polymerase. Anoparadza hydrogen zvisungo pakati DNA ngetani, uye mumwe wavo panheyo complementarity anounganidza pre-mRNA Morekuru. Zvinonzi pachena kuti slaysingu kuti raibva, uye ipapo anobuda musimboti kusvika cytoplasm, dzikaumba mutumwa ribonucleic acid.

Ezvidzidzo Danho rechipiri chinoda yakananga organelles - ribosomes uye samolecular ruzivo uye uchatamisa ribonucleic acids. Chimwe ezvinhu chinokosha pamberi ATP, sezvo zvinoitwa purasitiki muviri, raiva pamberi biosynthesis kwemapurotini kunoitika pamwe Absorção de Água simba.

Makemikari, mamiriro avo uye mashandiro

Iri boka guru mapuroteni (anenge 2000), kuita basa zvinhu kukanganisa mwero nokukanganisika siyana ari mumasero. Vanogona kuva nyore (trepsin, pepsin) kana zvakaoma. Complex mapuroteni Kunoumbwa apoenzyme uye coenzyme. The specificity of puroteni hama kuti yeimwe kuti icho anoita, anosarudza mumwe coenzyme, uye proteids basa iri kuchengetwa chete panyaya apo rokuti mapuroteni chokuita kuti apoenzyme. The CATALYTIC basa enzayemu ndiyo yakazvimirira Morekuru, asi bedzi yezviri centre. mamiriro ayo rinoenderana makemikari maumbirwo zvinhu catalyzed nokuda nheyo "kiyi-zvechizarira", saka kuti zvinoitwa makemikari ndekwokuda zvakananga. Mashandiro anoita mapuroteni kunzwisisa vari kubatanidzwa metabolic pezvakaitwa uye kushandisa pavo acceptors.

Makirasi mapuroteni dzakaoma

Vakanga yakataurwa biochemists, pana 3 nzira: physico-namakemikari zvivako, zvinhu uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu proteids specificity. Boka rokutanga kunosanganisira polypeptides akasiyana electrochemical zvivako. Vari rakakamurwa zvinokosha, nedivi uye acidic. Hama kuti mvura mapuroteni zvinogona hydrophilic, amphiphilic uye hydrophobic. The boka chechipiri makemikari kuti zvakurukurwa kare. Boka rechitatu rinosanganisira polypeptides kuti zvisingapindirani makemikari anoumba prosthetic boka (ndiko chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Funga ehupfumi kwemapurotini kunzwisisa zvizere. Saka, Somuenzaniso, acidic mapuroteni kuti chikamu ribosomes, rine 120 amino acids uye anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji. Zvinonzi munzvimbo puroteni-synthesizing organelles, zvose prokaryotic uye eukaryotic masero. Rimwe nhengo boka iri - S-100 mapuroteni, ine necheni mbiri chokuita karusiyamu Ion. Ndiye nhengo Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu uye glia - nokutsigira zvinyama pakati tsinga. Vanhuwo pfuma yose acidic mapuroteni - refu zviri dicarboxylic acids: glutamic uye aspartic. By alkaline mapuroteni zvinosanganisira histones - mapuroteni hunoumba RNA uye DNA nucleic acids. The peculiarity pakati makemikari anoumba ndiye yakawanda lysine uye arginine. Histones, pamwe renyukireya chromatin chromosome fomu - yakaoma sero mamiriro nhodzera. mapuroteni aya munyaya dzinotsanagura transcription uye shanduro. Amphiphilic mapuroteni nevakawanda kumiririrwa muchitokisi membranes, pova lipoprotein bilayer. Nokudaro, boka akadzidza pamusoro kukurukurwa mapuroteni yakaoma, taiva nechokwadi chokuti avo physico-kwemakemikari ehupfumi nokuda sechivako rokuti mapuroteni uye prosthetic mapoka.

Vamwe kunzwisisa Sero Kamudzira mapuroteni vanokwanisa kuziva-siyana makemikari, dzakadai maantigen uye sei kwavari. Izvi zvichikurukura basa proteids, zvinokosha chaizvo kuti anyatsosarudza Absorção de Água urongwa, zvinhu kubva zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kuidzivirira.

Glycoproteins uye proteoglycans

Ndivo mapuroteni zvakaoma kuti usiyane pakati nokukanganisika sezvamunoita prosthetic mapoka. Kana makemikari zvisungo pakati rokuti mapuroteni uye carbohydrate chikamu - covalently-glycoside, zvakadai zvinokuvadza dzinonzi glycoproteins. Apoenzyme vakapa mamorekuru ose mono- uye oligosaccharides, mienzaniso mapuroteni dzakadaro prothrombin, fibrinogen (mapuroteni zvinobatanidzwa muropa coagulation). Kortiko- uye gonadotropic mahormone, mainterferon, makemikari uye Kamudzira muri glycoproteins. In mamorekuru proteoglycan mapuroteni chikamu 5 chete%, chasara ari prosthetic boka (geteropolitsaharid). zvikamu Ose zvakabatana neboka glycosidic chisungo boka-threonine uye arginine mapoka OH uye NH₂-glutamine, uye lysine. Proteoglycan mamorekuru kuridza chaizvo pakuita mumvura-munyu muviri masero. Pasi tafura mapuroteni yakaoma, taidzidza.

metalloproteins

zvinhu izvi ane sorutivi yaro samolecular Ion mumwe kana kupfuura simbi. Funga mienzaniso mapuroteni akaoma weboka racho pamusoro. Zviri pamusoro zvose makemikari akadai cytochrome oxidase. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pamusoro cristae ari mitochondria uye zvaanopa simba pamusoro kwetunhu ATP. Ferrin uye transferrin - proteid chine ions simbi. Origin deposits navo mumasero, uye wechipiri chokufambisa ropa mapuroteni. Mumwe metalloproteins - alfaamelaza rine karusiyamu ions rwuripowo Zvinoumba nemate uye pancreatic muto, kuita kukamurwa starch. Chizenga sei metalloproteins uye hromoproteidov. Iye kushanda chokufambisa mapuroteni kuti anotakura oxygen. Zvinoguma remubatanidzwa wenyika oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation pamusoro carbon monoxide, kana carbon monoxide inonzi, ayo Chizenga mamorekuru vanoumba kugadzikana chaizvo akakura erythrocytes. Rakakurumidza anopararira kusvika nhengo uye munyama, zvichiita sero chepfu. Somugumisiro, pashure mazhinji inhalation kuti carbon monoxide rufu kunoitika kubva kubitirwa. Chizenga aoma anotakura uye carbon dioxide akaumba mune catabolic kwendangariro. Kubva ropa karwizi carbon dioxide inobvisa kuti mapapu uye itsvo, uye kwavari - kusvikira kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Vamwe crustaceans uye molluscs chokufambisa mapuroteni kuti anotakura okisijeni, ndiye keyhole. Panzvimbo pesimbi rine ions mhangura, saka ropa remhuka haasi mutsvuku, uye zvitema.

chlorophyll basa

Sezvatambotaura kare, mapuroteni kunzwisisa zvingaite zvivako pamwe pigments - chitsvuku Organic zvinhu. ruvara kwavo kunoenderana hromoformnyh mapoka kuti zvokusarudza kupinza zvimwe spectra chezuva. In chirimwa masero ane mitema plastids - chloroplasts ane chlorophyll ruvara. It rinoumbwa magnesium maatomu uye munhu polyhydric doro, phytol. Vari chokuita mapuroteni mamorekuru, uye pachavo ane chloroplasts thylakoids (ndiro), kana Kamudzira vanosonganirana muzvikochikari - chinhu. Vane photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll - uye yokuwedzera carotenoids. Heano zvose makemikari kushandiswa photosynthetic siyana. Saka chromoproteids, izvo zvinosanganisira chlorophyll, kuita dzinonetsa mashandiro ari muviri, kureva muna wanda kuitwa uye dissimilation.

nemavhairasi mapuroteni

Vanosanganisira vamiriri non-cellular zvipenyu, kupinda muushe Vir. Nemavhairasi havana zvavo mapuroteni-synthesizing midziyo. Nucleic acids, DNA kana RNA, anogona kufurira kwetunhu nezvimedu vakawanda masero pachako noutachiona hweHIV. Simple nemavhairasi acho chete mapuroteni mamorekuru, yakabatana isiri vakaungana mune helical marongerwo kana polyhedral chimiro, akadai fodya wezvidimbu utachiwana. Complex nemavhairasi vane mamwe Kamudzira achiumba chikamu plasma Kamudzira wehondo muchitokisi. Sezvazvakanyorwa ingasanganisira glycoproteins (chiropa B utachiona, chibhokisi utachiona). The chikuru kushanda glycoproteins - kuziva chaizvo receptors pamusoro musero membrane. The Zvinoumba dzokuwedzera nemavhairasi membranes uye mapuroteni zvinosanganisira makemikari ichipa reduplication DNA kana RNA transcription. Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, mumwe anogona kugumisa zvinotevera: nemavhairasi PARTICIPLE mapuroteni anoshongwa vane chaiyo yakarongeka, zvichienderana Kamudzira mapuroteni vehondo muchitokisi.

takapiwa hunhu mapuroteni zvakaoma munyaya ino, akadzidza nechivako dzavo uye kushanda mumasero ezvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.