Ndeipi nzvimbo chechitima? Ndezvipi orbital nzvimbo chechitima?

Tinoziva saka zvishoma pamusoro pezvakasikwa, sei zvakavanzika asingazivikanwi akawanda hune. Hapana anogona kunyange anenge kuziva zvakavanzika zvose. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu iri zvishoma nezvishoma ichifamba akananga nayo. Kubvira kare, vanhu vanoda kunzwisisa zviri kuitika muchadenga, chii zvivako, asi redu vari zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri sezvo kukanganisika zvakavanzika kuti kuchengeta. zvakavanzika zvizhinji kuti anovanza nyika iri kure, zvakakonzera kuti masayendisiti atanga kufunga kuti munhu anogona kuenda muchadenga kuridzidza.

Saka pakanga wokutanga nzvimbo chechitima. Uye shure kwayo - boka rimwe, zvikuru kunzwisisa uye multi-dzichipfekeka tsvakurudzo zvivako zvainanga kukunda muchadenga.

Ndeipi nzvimbo chechitima?

Ichi chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa kugadzwa chakagadzirirwa kutumira vaongorori uye masayendisiti muchadenga kuti kuedza. It iri muchadenga paNyika, masayendisiti ndipo nyore kuona mhepo uye pemvura nyika, kuti kuitisa vamwe tsvakurudzo. zvinangwa ava uye kuti chakagadzirwa satellites, asi ivo zvinodzorwa kubva pasi, kuti, vashandi vemo kusina.

Nguva nenguva, nhengo vashandi pamusoro nzvimbo yemapurisa rakatsiviwa vatsva, asi zvinoitika chaizvo kashoma chokuita mari yokufambisa muchadenga. Uyezve, kubvira nguva nenguva kutumira ngarava kutamisira zvakafanira zvokushandisa, zvinhu rutsigiro uye zvokudya muchadenga kunoongorora.

Umo nyika ine yayo orbital nzvimbo chiteshi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvakasikwa uye kuidzwa yakafanana kuoma Kurongwa - refu kwazvo uye kudhura muitiro. Hakungodi chete mari zvakakomba, asiwo masayendisiti, vanokwanisa kukurira zvinetso zvakadaro. Naizvozvo, chete masimba makuru enyika vanogona kutenga kutanga, kumhanya uye kuramba mazano aya.

Orbital nhepfenyuro vane United States, Europe (ESA), Japan, China uye Russia. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pamusoro mamiriro vakabatana kuumba International Space Station. Uyewo pane izvi zvinobatanidzwa nevamwe dzakabudirira.

Station "Mir"

Mumwe anobudirira zvikuru mabasa nokuda kuvaka nzvimbo midziyo - chiteshi "Mir" kugadzirwa ari USSR. It kwakatangwa muna 1986 (pamberi akagadzira uye kuvaka rwaiitwa makore gumi) uye akaramba kushanda kusvikira 2001. The nzvimbo chiteshi "Mir" akasika sezvairi Zvishoma nezvishoma. Pasinei chokwadi kuti musi waro kanda zviri kuonekwa 1986, ipapo kwakatangwa chete chikamu chokutanga, okupedzisira makore gumi, matanhatu inokwana zviyero vakaendeswa muchadenga. gore vanopfuura mumwe chakaunzwa mubasa orbital yemapurisa "Mir", iro mafashamo yakaitika zvikuru paya pane yakarongwa nguva.

Mbuva uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakumikidzwa pazvakaringana yemapurisa tichibatsirwa chokufambisa motokari "Progress". Panguva Kuvapo "Rugare" akasikwa mana chikepe zvakafanana. Nokuti mashoko akanga yayo inokosha zviruva kubva pachiteshi kuenda Earth - ballistic zvombo pasi zita "Rainbow". Panguva ariko panhepfenyuro pairi yakashanyira vanopfuura zana muchadenga kunoongorora. The chakarebesa mutsigiri rakanga yake Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov.

mafashamo

In zvinetso 90 kuti kakawanda, uye kwakasarudzwa kumisa kudzidza remakore rapfuura, ravarwi rakatanga. Izvi imhaka yokuti dzakapfuura ipapa zvinotarisirwa upenyu, pakutanga izvozvo aifanira kushanda kwemakore anenge gumi. Mugore ichizadza nzvimbo yemapurisa "Mir" (2001), kwakasarudzwa kutuma naye kumaodzanyemba kunharaunda yePacific Ocean.

Zvinokonzera mafashamo

Muna January 2001, kwakasarudzwa chokusatongofashamidzazve yemapurisa kuRussia. Kambani yaiva maturo, uye kugara kudiwa kugadziriswa zvakare anodhura kuvariritira uye tsaona vakatora mutero yavo. Zvakanzi zvekare aronga vanoverengeka zvirongwa kwake kutendeuka. The nzvimbo chiteshi "Mir" aiva kukosha kuna Tehran, izvo aifarira sei kuti chamber sangano uye chombo chinonyengera. Uyezve, kwaiva mibvunzo pamusoro chinokosha zvinoderedza mabasa, izvo zvinofanira kubviswa. Pasinei neizvi, muna 2001 (gore yamafashamu pamusoro orbital chechitima "Mir"), zvave zvabviswa.

The International Space Station

ISS nzvimbo chiteshi - chisinganzwisisiki, akasikwa kubudikidza akawanda anoti. Pakawanda, nyika gumi vanobatanidzwa kwayo kukura. Kokutanga vachitaura nezvokusikwa chirongwa chakadai ndakadzoka muna 1984, apo US hurumende pamwe nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka (Canada, Japan) vakasarudza kusika munhu super-orbital yemapurisa. Mushure pakutanga kukura, apo akanga achigadzirira kunzwisisa inonzi "Rusununguko", zvakava pachena kuti ashandisa chirongwa nzvimbo iri guru kuti hurumende bhajeti. Naizvozvo, vokuAmerica vakasarudza kutsvaka rutsigiro kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

Kutanga, ivo, Chokwadi, nyaya kunyika, iyo akava kare Zvakaitika kukunda muchadenga - kuna USSR, apo paiva nematambudziko akafanana: kusava mari, zviri kudhura Implementation muzvirongwa. Saka, pamwe nyika dzinoverengeka chaizvo kunzwisisa mhinduro.

Chibvumirano uye kushanda

Muna 1992, chibvumirano pamusoro kwemajoini ubanguranyika nzvimbo yakanga yakasainwa pakati US uye Russia. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, nyika kuronga vagari nzendo zvavakasangana nazvo. Makore matanhatu gare gare, wokutanga ISS chinhu akatumirwa muchadenga. Nhasi inoitwa chine modules, iro aronga zvishoma nezvishoma batanidza mashomanana zvikuru.

ISS modules

The nemamiriro ISS inoumbwa matatu tsvakurudzo modules. Ichi chinhu American rabhoritari "Destiny", iyo yakatangwa muna 2001, muzinda "Columbus" yakavambwa vatsvakurudzi European muna 2008, uye "Kibo" - Japanese module akapa muchadenga mugore iroro. Japanese tsvakurudzo module paakagadzwa pachigaro ISS rokupedzisira. It chidimbu chimwe vakatumwa muchadenga, apo akanga akatasva.

Russia haana Zvatichangobva tsvakurudzo module. Asi pane zvakafanana mano - "Search" uye "Dawn". Izvi Mini-tsvakurudzo module, izvo mabasa ayo zvishoma dzakabudirira ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika, asi kwete zvikuru muduku zvavanoshandisa. Kunze, zvino multifunctional chiteshi ari mune Russia pasi nezita "sayenzi." Zvinonzi akaronga kuti zvichanzi yakatanga kufamba muna 2017.

"Ndikwazisirei"

Orbital chiteshi "Salyut" - chirongwa-refu of USSR. Zvirimwa zvose zvakadaro vaiva vashoma zvidimbu, zvose zvakanga piloted uye rakagadzirirwa Dos chirongwa vehurumende. Ichi ndicho chokutanga Russian nzvimbo chiteshi kwakatangwa kupinda muchadenga muna 1975 achibatsirwa "Purotoni" chitundumuseremusere.

Muna 1960 kukura orbital nhepfenyuro kutanga zvakatangwa. Panguva ino paiva atova "Purotoni" chitundumuseremusere kuti chokufambisa. Kubva pakusikwa kunzwisisa zano yakadai yaiva utsva musayendisiti pfungwa yacho USSR, basa akaenda zvishoma nezvishoma. Mukuita wandei matambudziko. Saka zvakanzi vakasarudza kushandisa zviitiko akagadzirirwa kuti "Union." Vose "Ndikwazisirei" vakanga zvikuru zvakafanana maumbirwo yavo. Huru uye Kudeuka mupanda akanga achishanda.

"Tiangong-1"

Chinese nzvimbo chiteshi kwakatangwa ichangopfuura - muna 2011. Zvichigere yakatanga kusvika kumugumo wayo kuvakwa kuchapfuurira kusvikira 2020. Somugumisiro, izvozvo akaronga kuvaka simba chaizvo chiteshi. In shanduro shoko "Tiangong" rinoreva "muzinda yokudenga". Mudziyo uremu iri vanenge 8500 makirogiramu. Pari, ravarwi ine nezvikamu zviviri.

Sezvo Chinese nzvimbo indasitiri anoronga nokuparura rinotevera-chizvarwa chiteshi, basa "Tiangong-1" zviri nyore chaizvo mune ramangwana. The chikuru Vavariro chepurogiramu kushanda pamwe pokusvika zvikepe "Shenzhou", uyo zvino tirwirei nhumbi kuti yemapurisa, kuti debug huripo modules namano, yokugadziridza navo kana zvakakodzera, uyewo kuti kusika kuipa mamiriro kwenguva refu mutsigiro muchadenga kunoongorora zviri muchadenga. Zvinotevera pazviteshi zviri Chinese gadzira achava watova vakwanise siyana nezvinangwa uye mikana.

"Skylab"

The chete American nzvimbo chiteshi kwakatangwa kupinda muchadenga muna 1973. Rakanga zvainanga kuita tsvakurudzo pamusoro dzakawanda dzakasiyana zvinhu. "Skylab" vakaperekedza rwokugadzirwa, zvoutachiona uye astrophysical tsvakurudzo. At chiteshi ichi paiva nhatu refu nzendo, akazosvika kusvikira 1979, uye ipapo yakadhirika.

In "Skylab" uye "Tiangong" aiva nezvinetso zvakafanana. Nekuti chete ipapo akatanga nzvimbo ubanguranyika, vashandi vemo kuti "Skylab" chaiva kuongorora sei muitiro kuchinja munhu ari muchadenga, uye kuitisa zvimwe kuedza yesayenzi.

Wokutanga rwendo "Skylab" rwakatora mazuva 28 chete. The muchadenga kunoongorora wokutanga rakagadzirwa dzimwe hunenge zvikamu, uye akapotsa haana nguva kuitisa tsvakurudzo. Munguva rwendo rwechipiri, urwo rwakatora mazuva 59 kare, rakanga yakaiswa rimwe chafariz insulating chidzitiro uye achitsiva Hydroscope. Wechitatu rwendo nemhuka "Skylab" rwakatora mazuva 84, nhamba yezvidzidzo.

Paizopera nhatu dzakaitwa kupa mikana inoverengeka sei zvakare mberi pamwe yemapurisa, asi nekuda hazvibviri kutakura mumwe muchadenga yakawanda kure, kwakasarudzwa kuparadza "Skylab". Chii chakaitika muna 1979. Vamwe zvimedu ravarwi aikwanisa kuponesa, vava hwakaratidza mumamiziyamu.

Genesis

Kuwedzera pane zviri pamusoro apa, parizvino ari muchadenga vachiri nhepfenyuro mbiri pasina vashandi - Inflatable Genesis I uye Genesis II, izvo zvakasikwa voga nemakambani vanobatanidzwa mune muchadenga ushanyi. Vakanga yakatanga kufamba muna 2006 uye 2007 azvaitwa. nhepfenyuro idzi regai kufunga pamusoro ubanguranyika dzokunze nzvimbo. Chavainyanya nevamwe kugona - ndiko kuti, kamwe muna muchadenga kana akapeta, vari kuisa, vari kutanga kuwedzera yekudyidzana ukuru.

The muenzaniso wechipiri kurwa nani module zvakakodzera sensors uye 22 makamera. Maererano basa, vakarongwa maererano kambani akasika motokari, chero munhu anogona kutumwa kune wechipiri module duku chinhu nokuda 295 US zvemadhora. Uyewo mungarava Genesis II vane muchina kutamba bingo.

zvabuda

vakomana vazhinji mwana aida kuva muchadenga kunoongorora, kunyange vashoma vavo vainzwisisa sei ichi zvakaoma uye ngozi basa. Mune USSR, nzvimbo indasitiri akaita kuzvikudza ose Patriot. Kubudirira masayendisiti Soviet munharaunda iyi ndivo incredible. Vanokosha chaizvo uye zvinokosha, sezvo vanotsvakurudza izvi zvave mapiyona mumunda yavo, vaifanira kuumba yavo zvose. Yokutanga orbital nzvimbo chiteshi aiva budiriro. Ivo akazarura itsva nguva kukunda wezvose. Set of muchadenga kunoongorora vakatumwa kupinda muchadenga, vakakundikana kusvika incredible miti uye dzinobatsira muchadenga ubanguranyika, kudura zvayo zvakavanzika.