Fission kuti uranium exchange nuclei. Chain kuita. Description acho

Kupatsanura chinoumba - unorema atomu kukamurwa kupinda zvimedu maviri anenge wakaenzana uremu, zvichiteverwa kusunungurwa yakawanda simba.

Kuwanikwa renyukireya fission kutanga kwenguva itsva - "mabhomba zera". The zvinogona yaro zvichibvira pevara uye pakuenzanisa ngozi kubatsirwa kushandiswa kwayo, kwete chete chamuita zhinji Sociological, enyika, zveupfumi uye zvesayenzi nokubudirira, asiwo nechinetso chakakomba. Kunyange kubva evasingatombonamati esayenzi maonero, renyukireya fission muitiro wakasika vazhinji Puzzles uye yematambudziko, uye yakakwana yokungotaura tsanangudzo nokuti chinhu remangwana.

Kugoverana - betsera

ndichisunga simba (pa nucleon) zvisingapindirani nuclei siyana. Kwakanyanya kuva akaderera kunyorerana simba pane kuti iri pakati periodic table.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti rinorema nuclei umo maatomu nhamba kupfuura 100, advantageously rakakamurwa zvimedu zvidiki maviri, nokudaro ichibudisa simba kuti mudzoke kunyika kinetic simba nezvimedu. Izvi anonzi kukamurwa mabhomba neerekitironi.

Maererano pakusimba munyonga, izvo zvinoratidza kuvimba kuti nhamba protons kugadzikana nuclides kuti Nyuturoni kwakanyanya neerekitironi vanosarudza yakakura dzinoverengeka neutrons (ichienzaniswa nhamba protons) pane kupenya. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kukamurwa muitiro achapiwa chaibwinya zvimwe neutrons "kupembedza". Mukuwedzera, vachateerera rutavi pamusoro dzimwe simba akasunungurwa. Study fission kuti uranium exchange maatomu akaratidza kuti ichi zvinowanisa munhu Nyuturoni 3-4: U → ^{238 145 90} La + Br + 3n.

The mabhomba nhamba (uye mabhomba uremu) muchinyorwa ichi haana kuenzana hafu maatomu gobvu nomubereki. Musiyano vakawanda kwemaatomu vakaumba somugumisiro cleavage rinowanzova anenge 50. Zvisinei, chikonzero ichi haisati pachena zvachose.

Nokusungwa masimba ose ²³⁸ U, ¹⁴⁵ La Br uye ⁹⁰ vari 1803, 1198 uye 763 BSN azvaitwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba asunungurwa uranium exchange fission wakaenzana 1198 + 158 = 763-1803 BSN kunokonzerwa kubva zvakaitwa.

vaingoerekana fission

vaingoerekana kukamurwa pezvakaitwa vanozivikanwa zvakasikwa, asi ivo vari mashoma chaizvo. Avhareji youpenyu iri kwacho anenge 10 ^17, uye, somuenzaniso, avhareji oupenyu Alpha-kuora pamusoro radionuclide anenge 10 ^11.

Chikonzero ichi ndechokuti kuti vaparadzane muzvikamu zviviri, chinoumba anofanira kutanga kumbotambudzika deformation (tatamuka) nenzira ellipsoidal chimiro, uye ipapo, asati chokupedzisira cleavage kupinda zvimedu maviri vanoumba "mutsipa" pakati.

zvinogona chipingamupinyi

Munguva akaremara mamiriro musimboti masimba maviri. Mumwe wavo - chichiwedzera pamusoro simba (pamusoro kusawirirana emura mumate rinotsanangura ayo idenderedzwa chimiro), uye vamwe - the Coulomb kuvenga pakati fission zvimedu. Pamwe chete pave zvinogona chipingamupinyi.

Sezvandakakupai yeAlpha kuora kuitika vaingoerekana fission kuti uranium exchange mabhomba nuclei, zvimedu vanofanira kukunda chipingamupinyi ichi achishandisa quantum tunneling. The chipingamupinyi anenge 6 BSN, sezvakaitwa yeAlpha-kuora, asi ndingangokuvara tunneling kuti α-inoramba iri zvikuru kupfuura zvikuru kwakanyanya chigadzirwa kukamurwa atomu.

kumanikidzwa kudzikisirana

Vanowanzoguma anonyengetedzwa fission kuti uranium exchange nuclei. Panyaya iyi, mubereki neerekitironi riri irradiated pamwe neutrons. Kana mubereki izvozvo absorbs, ipapo ivo vakasungwa kusunungura nokusungwa simba ari muchimiro vibrational simba anogona pfuura 6 BSN vaifanira kukurira dzingangoitika chipingamupinyi.

Apo mamwe Nyuturoni simba hakuna kukwana kukurira dzingangoitika chinodzivirira, nezvechiitiko Nyuturoni anofanira kuva shoma kinetic simba kuti kukwanisa kufurira kukamurwa atomu. Kana ²³⁸ U okuwedzera Nyuturoni kunyorerana simba chinoshayikwa anenge 1 BSN. Izvi zvinoreva kuti fission kuti uranium exchange nuclei vakafurira chete neutrons ane kinetic simba kupfuura 1 BSN. Ukuwo, zviri ²³⁵ U isotope ane unpaired Nyuturoni. Kana neerekitironi absorbs mimwe, anoumba nazvo vakaroorana uye mamwe kunyorerana simba iri pamusana pairing ichi. Izvi zvakakwana kusunungura uwandu simba rinodiwa kukunda dzingangoitika chipingamupinyi pamusoro neerekitironi weboka isotopes kwakaitika imwe kudhumhana chero Nyuturoni.

Beta kuora

Pasinei nokuti fission maitiro vari chaibwinya vatatu kana vana neutrons, zvimedu vachiri ane zvakawanda neutrons kupfuura zvavo yakagadzikana isobars. Izvi zvinoreva kuti cleavage zvimedu Kazhinji kusagadzikana pakureva Beta kuora.

Somuenzaniso, kana paine ipiwe musimboti uranium exchange ²³⁸ U, akatsiga isobars pamwe A = 145 ¹⁴⁵ neodymium Nd, izvo zvinoreva kuti chinyorwa ichi lanthanum La ¹⁴⁵ rinotsemuka muzvikamu zvitatu, nguva imwe neimwe zvichiratidza Erekitironi uye neutrino kusvikira mudanga nuclide aumbwa. Akatsiga isobars pamwe A = 90 ⁹⁰ ndiko zirconium Zr, saka cleavage kukamuka Bromo Br ⁹⁰ rinotsemuka kupinda shanu matanho cheni β-kuora.

Izvi cheni β-kuora emit zvimwe simba riri Akatapa zvinenge vose Erekitironi uye neutrino.

Nuclear siyana: fission kuti uranium exchange

Direct nuclide kubva Nyuturoni nemwaranzi pamwe wo vazhinji vavo kuitira kutsiga musimboti ungangova. Pano ndeyekuti hapana Coulomb kuvenga, uye saka pose simba kunoita kuramba Nyuturoni nokuda mubereki. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzimwe nguva zvinoitika. Somuenzaniso, fission chomudziyo Br ⁹⁰ rokutanga Beta-kuora kunobereka krypton-90, izvo zvingazivikanwa munzvimbo yaifara ezvinhu chete zvakakwana simba rokukunda pamusoro simba. Panyaya iyi Nyuturoni nemwaranzi zvingaitika zvakananga kuti vaumbe krypton-89. Ichi isobars ichiri kusagadzikana pakureva Beta-kuora harisati kupinda mudanga yttrium-89, zvokuti krypton-89 rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

Uranium exchange fission: Chain Zvaakazoita

Neutrons chaibwinya ari cleavage zvinogona nyura nemamwe mubereki-neerekitironi, iyo zvino kaviri kuzvipira Kutemeswa fission. Kana uranium exchange-238 neutrons matatu, iyo simuka kunze simba asingasviki 1 BSN (simba kusunungurwa fission kuti uranium exchange chinoumba - 158 BSN - kunyanya dzikwanise kinetic simba cleavage zvimedu), saka havagoni kukonzera mberi weboka nuclide ichi. Zvisinei, kana munhu chinokosha pfungwa yacho isingawanzowanikwi isotope U ²³⁵ izvi vakasununguka neutrons zvinogona akatapwa nuclei pakati ²³⁵ U, zvinogona chaizvoizvo kukonzera cleavage, sezvo iri mhosva hakuna simba pachikumbaridzo pazasi iyo nokupesana haisi vakafurira.

Ndiyo musimboti cheni zvakaitwa.

Mhando Nuclear Reactions

Regai k - Nhamba neutrons anobudiswa ari muenzaniso fissile acho danho N pamusoro cheni, yakakamurwa nokuwanda neutrons achibudiswa Danho N - 1. nhamba iyi achavaponesa nhamba neutrons anobudiswa tichifambirana N - 1, vari yokuita zvinoitwa chinoumba, izvo anogona chaidzo vafurira fission.

• Kana K <1 pamusoro, cheni kuita rinongova kunze hwemvura uye muitiro achamira nokukurumidza chaizvo. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika yepanyama uranium exchange mhangura, umo wevasungwa ^{ose 235} U riri diki kuti ndingangokuvara Absorção de Água ane Nyuturoni isotope izvi zvikuru kunyora nezvavo.

• Kana K> 1, cheni kumashoko acharamba kukura sokuvapo ose fissile zvinhu haangavi kushandiswa (maatomu bhambu). Izvi zvinoitwa huchiita rwokuzvarwa mhangura kuwana zvakakwana yakakwirira Kuwanda uranium exchange-235. For idenderedzwa mharidzo ukoshi chaithanya kunowedzera pamwe ndingangokuvara Nyuturoni Absorção de Água, riri novimba nharaunda yacho bhora. Naizvozvo U uremu inofanira kupfuudza imwe guru zvikuru fission kuti uranium exchange (cheni maitiro) aigona kuitika.

• Kana K = 1, ipapo inodzorwa maitiro. Rinoshandiswa zvenyukireya reactors. The kwacho rinodzorwa kuparadzirwa pakati uranium exchange matanda cadmium kana Boron, izvo rwezvinhu vakawanda neutrons (zvinhu izvi vanokwanisa rokutora neutrons). Kupatsanura uranium exchange cores zviri kuchinja inotongwa kutamira netsvimbo kuti, k mutengo inoramba akaenzana mumwe.