Formula toluene: chii toluene, uye sei kundoitora?

Arena, izvo zvinosanganisira toluene, anogona kunzi sezvo nomukaka wendarama uye nhengo homologous akatevedzana yokutanga - benzene. The vakawanda yokuita yeimwe izvo muri kirasi iyi - C _N H _2n-6. In mamorekuru Kwezvinonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon yaiva benzene mhete (mhete moyo). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ kunoratidza zvinhu enzvimbo iyi guru boka kuti makemikari yeimwe. Vakawanda toluene anozivikanwa pasi yakasiyana zita - methylbenzene. The fuma kwazopararira mu indasitiri, rinoshandiswa sezvo makemikari solvent, uye aizonyatsovachenesa remover zvimwe zvinangwa.

Chii toluene?

Mumwe arenes zvinokosha - toluene - iri methyl rinobva kuna benzene. Mvura-insoluble Hauoneki mvura ane kunhuhwirira nowenyika pendi, lacquers, zvokufembedzwa.

Chemical fomura toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - anogona kunyorwa zvakasiyana: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. iyi, nhamba maatomu anoramba zvakafanana asi musiyano chaizvo benzene, inova kukuru - methyl.

Kushandisa dzimwe Misimboti Nomenclature, mukomboni inonzi methylbenzene uye fenilmetanom. Ndiyo chete toluene, mukuru payakavakirwa ndiyo C ₇ H _8. aimbova zvakafamba chinotaura nezvokuti mumwe rehydrogen atomu nevaya chokuita kabhoni iri benzene mhete iri akazova munhu methyl kukuru. Nokuti zita wechipiri vakasarudzwa ZVAKASIYANA. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti methane imwe rehydrogen kuchatsiviwa imwe phenyl kukuru. PARTICIPLE ichi, icho mudzoke benzene, zvichipa rehydrogen atomu.

samolecular mamiriro

The Kuronga makemikari nyaya, iine chete kuti kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, kunoratidza toluene fomura. Sharosterzhnevye uye bhuku mhando kupa pfungwa nemamiriro ose morekuru mukomboni, sezvo vakasiyana zvinhu zvakafanana homologous akatevedzana. Pane kufanana pakati toluene uye benzene, inova kuvapo chindori 6 kabhoni maatomu, vachingotya sp ² hybridization. Mumwe nomumwe wevanhu vatatu ava siyana Sigma zvisungo dzakavakidzana nezvimedu (maviri kabhoni maatomu uye mumwe rehydrogen). mhete Perpendicular kunoitika chete yemagetsi hurongwa akasara asiri chemasanganiswa S.-orbitals (mumwe kabhoni maatomu nhanhatu). Mugumisiro rinova simba chinokosha uye kutsiga rose kutenderera, uye saka fuma toluene. The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa zvinosanganisira yeimwe kabhoni wechinomwe kubva methyl boka, rinogona SP ³ hybridization. Rinobatanidzwa rehydrogen maatomu matatu, uye kubatana chechina anopedza remubatanidzwa pamwe chete kabhoni iri benzene mhete.

Structural fomura methylbenzene

The Erekitironi arambe achirema pakati kabhoni maatomu kuti vanoumba anonhuhwirira mhete, ari kuparadzirwa zvakaenzana. Chiitiko kunooneka Formula benzene, toluene, uye dzimwe nomuzikamwi arenes aromaticity (the sekamufarenzi pakati rin'i). It rinozivikanwa uye pamberi methyl kukuru pane imwe kabhoni maatomu ari musimboti. Kukurukurirana pakati zvose zvacho zvinoratidzwa dashes. The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa mune iyi inoratidza nziyo uye dzinokosha zvaidiwa samolecular maumbirwo nyaya.

Zvakawanda toluene fomura - aine mhete mukati Hexagon kana dashes, ane mbiri chisungo. Boka methyl kunogona kuva chero matanhatu mabhomba nuclei, vakaenzana nomumwe. Zvakaipira nzira iyi mufananidzo zvakajeka. Record haripi mashoko pamusoro Zvinoumba yacho uye yokuenzana kwezvinhu zvose kabhoni-kabhoni zvisungo zviri rin'i.

Kuwana methylbenzene murabhoritari uye indasitiri

Murabhoritari, iyo toluene yakatanga kuwana mumakore 1835-1938 P. Pelletier uye A. Deville. Masayendisiti vokutanga DISTILLATION pamusoro nemipaini chingamu, uye yechipiri kushandiswa tolu bharisamu zvikaramba kubva South American muti Toluifera muColombia. Saka pakanga vanhuwo zita nokuti fuma - toluene. Pari vakawanda methylbenzene anopa DISTILLATION epetroleum uye marasha tara, zvichiteverwa acheneswe. Muna coking muitiro, toluene rinobviswa kubva chemubhotoro hovhoni gasi. Mune kwetunhu styrene nayo anosunungurwa somunhu byproduct pamusoro zvakaitwa benzene uye ethylene. Murabhoritari uye indasitiri kugamuchira toluene achiitiswa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana.

1. Dehydrocyclization pamusoro acyclic Mahydrocarbon. Toluene rakagadzirirwa kubva heptane pamberi anowedzera pane imwe tembiricha kuti 300 C °.
2. Alkylation pamusoro benzene, yainzi Friedel-Crafts kuita. Kunze pamberi AlCl3 anowedzera kana zvimwe catalysts kuti: C ₆ H ₅ -H + CH ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Kudyidzana pamwe bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Kuvhenganisa zingi uye cresol: C ₆ H ₄ CH ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ CH ₃ + ZnO.
5. Processing toluenesulfonic acid.

The ehupfumi kuti methylbenzene chaiko

Toluene, ivo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa iyo ine benzene neerekitironi, rinoratidza wenyama ehupfumi kuti anowanzoramba Kwezvinonhuhwirira yeimwe.

1. Transparent Hauoneki mvura ingi inongorira kwakanaka.
2. Methylbenzene anoomesa yakaderera tembiricha otanga itye pa -93 ° C.
3. The Kubika pfungwa toluene ndiyo 110,63 ° C. fuma arambe achirema - 0,8669 g / Rine mamiririta.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility mumvura panguva tembiricha 20 ° C - 0.47 g / l. Matadza guru nefuma M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi pamusoro toluene: oxidation

Properties pamusoro arenes takatsunga mishonga kugadzikana kutenderera kabhoni maatomu matanhatu. Formula toluene - iri mhete benzene riri unsaturated pamutemo uye methyl kukuru. Zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon kuburikidza ehupfumi akafanana alkenes, izvo neimwe Kuwedzera kuita inozivikanwa. Zvisinei, hydrogen maatomu ari mamorekuru ose benzene wayo homologues tinogona kubatanidzwa kuzvitsinhanisa siyana, izvo zvinounza munhandare uye alkanes. Toluene zvikuru reactive pane benzene. Nokuti randinenge oxidation maitiro mumiririri.

1. Kutsva, izvo pamwe kusunungurwa carbon dioxide inobvisa uye paumbwe mvura: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4h ₂ O.
2. In zvakaitwa toluene pamwe potassium permanganate oxidizes ari methyl mapoka parutivi cheni yacho Morekuru kuti carboxyl fuma. Maitiro benzoic asidhi inotengwa.

Nemakemikari toluene inonhuwirira neerekitironi

1. Bromination, riri kuitwa pamberi catalysts. Halogenated zvinhu aumbwa: C ₇ H ₈ + Br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ Br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration rinoitwa pamwe musanganiswa dzichiitika nitric uye sulfuric acids. The nitro boka iri toluene anogona kutora ortho uye a nzvimbo. The kuita rinobva maererano mashandiro ose electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa. trinitrotoluene (TNT), kuti putika achiumbwa panguva pamatunhu tembiricha.
3. Hydrogenation rehydrogen pamusoro tiwedzere kunotungamirira kugadzirira dearomatization uye methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3h ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination pamwe simba kudziyisa kana UV nemwaranzi chakapedzwa fomu hexachlorocyclohexane.

Application methylbenzene

Toluene rinoshandiswa nevakawanda senzira mbishi mashoko makemikari kwetunhu. Iye kunokosha zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakawanda. Kushandiswa toluene:

• pakuwana madhayi;
• mukugadzira aizonyatsovachenesa removers, detergents;
• ZvaAtemisi zvinoputika TNT;
• kushandisa sezvo solvent adhesives, pendi, chakaita zvokugadzirwa anonhuwira uye kuchenesa nevasori;
• Kugadzirwa pendi pakuvaka mabasa;
• goho nokuti nzara;
• Pharmaceuticals;
• kuwedzera mafuta octane;
• Organic kwetunhu benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl doro nezvimwe zvinhu;

The toluene Mabasa muindasitiri solvent pakaoma rokutsvaira indasitiri, rinoshandiswa kusukuta matehwe kuti matehwe. Zviri aizotangira kuti nhamba mishonga mafuta, phenol, formaldehyde, mishonga yezvipembenene nezvimwe yeimwe.

toluene toxicity

Methylbenzene fuma moto njodzi. The chiutsi-mhepo muvhenganiswa rinoputika pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Toluene iri zvinobata moto zvokunwa. The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa zvinopa pfungwa murwiyo uye mamiriro; asi harina ruzivo pamusoro migumisiro zvinhu pamusoro womunhu. Unowanikwa kuti toluene chepfu, carcinogenic chiito. Vakaroorana methylbenzene nyore kupinda napakati ganda, kufema hurongwa, kukonzera kuchinja nechepakati tsinga, nokushatiriswa chifukidziro rinenge dermatitis. Kana inhaled vapor kuti toluene muvanhu sokuti lethargy, chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine, havachanyatsogoni basa racho vestibular midziyo. Shandai toluene, pendi, zvokufembedzwa vanofanira kupfeka rabha Magorovhosi Chipfeko, kwazvo fefetedza nenzvimbo kana kushandisa Hood. Methylbenzene simba marwadzo fuma, kunokonzera zvinhu zvinodhaka toluene. Kumwe chete inokanganisa yamarudzi:

• ziso vasafara uye kuvhiringidza ruvara zvakaratidzwa;
• Kwenguva refu kunogona kukonzera kusanzwa;
• mukuru wevasungwa muropa kunokonzera kukuvara chiropa, itsvo necrosis;
• Inhalation pamusoro yakawanda pamwando kunotungamirira dzungu, hope, kutemwa.

mhedziso

Toluene anogadzirwa yakawanda vari petrochemical miti kana vakawana kuva ne-chigadzirwa chemubhotoro zvirimwa. Mukomboni inokosha mbishi mashoko pamwero mukuru makemikari kwetunhu kushandiswa neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga. Included methylbenzene nezvezvikwata mazhinji zvokufembedzwa, izvo zvinoshandiswa kushanda pamwe pendi. Toluene zvinoreva kupatsanura chepfu yeimwe kusvika III kirasi njodzi. Kana uchishanda fuma wevasungwa kuti mhute mudenga haafaniri kupfuudza kuti mirau akatsunga utsanana. Tinogona kubvumira nokurera toluene zvinoonekwa yakazaruka zvemoto, zvemoto, zvinogona kukonzera kuputika. Panewo nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza chokuita nokusunungurwa toluene mumhepo;

• nomoto mafuta, zvakasiyana rinochiwedzera;
• mu anoputika;
• musango moto;
• kushandisa zvokufembedzwa uye pendi.

The chepfu ehupfumi ose toluene, moto uye kuputika njodzi dzinoda matanho kurapwa mvura nenhumbi dzayo mhute.