Howitzer: nokurondedzerwa. Self-propelled howitzer (mufananidzo)

Sezvo veMubatanidzwa atirari ari arsenals wehondo kunyika dzakasiyana kwaidiwa kuti specialization pakubhadhara siyana zvekushandisa kuti chinangwa chavo inozoshandisirwa. Kuramba uvandudze kuti kuzvidzivirira masvingo, tsamwisa unyanzvi uye nzira zvehondo kwakaita kuti weboka zvombo simba kupinda makirasi.

yekare kamnemety

Chaizvoizvo, kukombwa mano - madzitateguru kure atirari - akabatsira Warriors kukomba kurwisa nhare nenhare refu asati vakawanda kushandiswa gunpowder. The catapult uye tutsamba Ballistae tomu velocity (ndiro dzinowanzoona mabwe mudziyo pamwe kufashaira tara, guru matanda kana Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda) raishandiswa kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi ose tatamuka rope, umo zvaAtemisi zvakanyatsobatana simbi waya. The tichimhanya akawana ari tightening ukasunungurwa panguva pakabudiswa rinokosha zvechizarira. Panguva iyoyowo, uye paiva shoko "howitzer". Magadzirirwo "kamnemetnoy muchina" (sezvo chete neshanduro German neshoko Haubitz) zvaiva nomwero zvikuru, Vanoshamisa mashoma makumi ezviuru metres uye dzikabereka zvakawanda mupfungwa Chaizvoizvo, kunyange pasi zvimwe zvinhu, uye unyanzvi Masvomhu akanaka aigona zvakanaka kuva chikonzero moto (kana goko yakanga incendiary) . Mberi chinouraya mano kwaita kuti nokuwedzera basa kure chombo enyika.

atirari makirasi

Kubvira muzana remakore rechigumi nemana, hondo European vakatanga kushandisa pfuti. Mumaturi panguva vakava kirasi simba kupfuura kwepfuti. Kunyange zvavo zvakunoreva zita (zvinobva Dutch mortier zvaizoitawo akakwereta Latin mudzi mort - «rufu») inoratidza yakakwirira chinouraya kushanda. Uyezve pasi rakanga howitzer, nokurondedzerwa izvo (goko uremu uye range) Apa muduku kuti dhaka. Kupfuura kwakapararira Mobile makirasi vanoonekwa pfuti (seakafuridzirwa). Calibres zvakasiyana, asi yakanga isingori navo. Huru chiratidzo raiva kirasi zvokurimisa Upfu design, zvichiguma kugadzwa kwavo. By ichi, sechivako unova atirari hondo ezvinhu, kunyange zvino zvaibvira vafunga pamusoro inokosha vavariro uye dzidziso uto hurumende yake.

Evolution of mumaturi uye howitzers

In World War positional kurwa kwakaita anorwisana mapato kushandisa rinorema kukomba pfuti. Shoko "dhaka" ndokuwira zvisingachashandiswi nokukurumidza pashure kukunda Nazi Germany muna 1945. Short-gobvu zvikara akasvimha vakareruka guru-caliber mumaturi uye kurwisa Ndege. Mushure kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvombo kusvika zvose nyika zvombo, kusanganisira ballistic, tinofanira kushandisa inorema uye anononoka zvokukurumidzira pfuti trudnotransportiruemyh aneta. Wokupedzisira kuedza kushandisa mukuedza kwavo kuva vagadziri German kusika zvimwe chinosemesa romugungwa nokuda kwayo saizi akadai "Karl", uyo aiva 600 mm caliber. Musiyano mukuru pakati ichi Nhaka kirasi yaiva pfupi hunde pamwe gobvu masvingo. Big pakukwirira anenge anoenderana ano dhaka chakarurama. Kartuzny nzira kuraira, nhasi asara kazhinji kubva simba chikepe uye pamahombekombe anotsanangura pfuti, zvakonzerawo vakawanda mumaturi. Zvinoputika vane hombe chaiyo pamusoro, vane hygroscopic, uye pamberi ezvinhu chaiwo inonzi okuchengetera ezvinhu kutonetsa kuti wakasimba mwando. Asi vakawanda vari projectile uye zvakawanda howitzers vachiridzira zvokuti kuti kirasi iyi atirari chaiva zvinogoneka kuvapa mabasa zvakaitwa kare akaita dhaka.

Parabolic trajectory, kana Sei ndichida kuva howitzer?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, zvakakosha kuti atange kufunga ballistic trajectory rwevamwe makirasi zviridzwa. Munhu wose anoziva kuti akanga asunungurwa pamwe kutanga Linear nokukurumidza muviri, kana zvake ibwe kana bara hakurevi kubhururuka nenzira yakarurama mutsetse uye parábola. The parameters kuti mufananidzo uyu angava akasiyana, asi panguva imwe chete pakutanga kupomba kuwedzera pakukwirira kwaro kuchaderedza ari chinjikira daro panguva iyo chinhu ichi kuchabhururuka. Kukwirira iri kunonyanyisa kuruoko rworudyi pakona yorusvingo kusvikira chinjikira, asi muchiitiko chino kune ngozi kuti inoyerera goko (kana ibwe chete) inowira zvakananga pamusoro mukuru thrower. The steepness pamusoro nzira, uye ndiko akasiyana howitzer pfuti. Zvinoitawo inorondedzera uye zvokurimisa kugadzwa.

In chii nyaya uye chii kupfura

Kana taifunga kuti muvengi anoedza mukudzidzire nzvimbo chero hondo, saka zvinofanira kutarisirwa kubva kurwiswa. Mugore pre-shelled rakavakirirwa nzvimbo boka matangi inifanduri vakatsigira kurwiswa ndege. Achipindura, kudzivirira divi muchashandisa countermeasures kuti moto kubva yavo atirari uye pfuti. Asi kana kurwisa anotarisirwa, chichagamuchirwa kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo chakavakwa dzazvinogara munda masvingo, twakacherwa pemigero zvizere Profile, akavaka bunkers uye pillboxes, vachiridzira sectors kuiita zvakaoma Clearance kudzivirira. Kazhinji, mumwe nomumwe mapato achaita zvose kudzivisa zviito yomuvengi. Pakadaro, moto pasi Hwakadzika kupfuura kudzivirira subunits anogona kuitwa chete nzira inonzi inoshandisa dzidziso. Flatness (kureva, zvinenge noku pajengachenga) moto achava sashanda: varwi Muvengi vari zvakasimba zvakavanzika shure parapets nedzimwe nhengo anodzivirira. Anenge maturo aizova hwandaiva pfuti. Howitzer, vane unhu hwavapo, achaita "zvipfungaire panze" ari kutsigira pemigero uye dugouts, heaping anoshongwa pamisoro yavo kubva kudenga. Cannon ari vachiridzira vaya kudzivirira. Vanofanira kuparadza sezvo zhinji dzehondo muvengi uye mauto achimhanya nzvimbo. Avanotarisira kuti vadzivise kurwisa.

caliber howitzer

Zvinetso ano howitzer atirari kure denderedzwa kare kunorondedzerwa. Inoshandisa dzidziso trajectory of projectile hakuna kunaka chete kuita manpower, anodzivirira mu yacherwa uye dugouts, asiwo vamwe zvinangwa. Masvingo ozodzivirirwa gobvu paiva Akazadzisa kongiri kazhinji uye zvikuru akachera muvhu. The frontal nezvombo Matangi nezvimwe warrior motokari vanokwanisa withstanding zhinji dzokurwa nzira, panguva imwe chete pamusoro wake munjodzi zvakawanda. Kana kwakajairika pfuti yakakwirira zvakarurama kunoitwa nemhaka yakakwirira kutanga velocity pamusoro projectile, mumwe mamiriro ezvinhu kusvika yokupedzisira parameter ndiye hama chiedza kurema projectile pachayo. caliber Large - zvakasiyana kubva howitzer pfuti. Nokuti kirasi iyi zvekushandisa vaida 100-millimeter anoshongwa, uye pane yakatokura.

B-4

Howitzer - chombo chakaoma, uye ichi ndicho zvake, pamwe ane chinangwa inogumbura pave mamwe matambudziko. Muenzaniso zviri kubudirira zvikuru kushanda inogona rinozivikanwa B-4 (52-L-625), dzakasimbiswa thirties uye kwapfuura hondo yose. Weight kwepfuti, kusanganisira ngoro, Upfu huri pamwe zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope zvikamu uye swinging chikamu, vanopfuura 17 (!) Matani. Kuibvisa, unoda tarakita. Kuti kuderedza chaiyo mutoro pasi rikashandiswa Crawler. The caliber of pfuti - 203 mm kana 8 nemainji. Projectile kusimudza rinorema, izvozvo inorema kubva 145 makirogiramu kune quintals (betonoboynymi musimboti), saka kuti kugoverwa zvombo unotakurwa unokosha chinotenderera conveyor. Kukarukureta ine vanhu gumi. Pachidiwa yakaderera tomu velocity (kubvira 300 600 m / s) siyana vachiridzira munhu howitzer B-4 kukasapfuura 17 km. The zvazvingava kunonyanyisa - mumwe pena pashure maminitsi maviri. Pfuti ine rakakura simba rokuparadza kuti kwakaratidzwa mukati kurwisa pazuva Mannerheim mutsetse panguva Winter War pamwe Finland. Zvisinei, pashure pemakore mashomanana zvakava pachena kuti ramangwana ndowenyika vaizviita propelled atirari enyika.

SU-152

Danho rinotevera yakatorwa vagadziri eSoviet nenzira kusika zvemberi self propelled zviyero, akava SU-152. Yakava mhinduro yakadaro kuti chidzoke ane warrior Matangi German simba vakapakata refu-barreled pfuti rinogona moto yedu midziyo kure (makiromita kana kupfuura). Nzira yakavimbika kuparadza zvakanaka kudzivirira chinangwa sokuti kufukidza goko rinorema ichibhururuka panguva inoshandisa dzidziso parabolic trajectory. Howitzer 152 mm caliber ML-20, akatasva tangi (SW) kuti chassis wakaiswa inopiwa aine watemwa uye akaratidza zvigadziriswe resetting kunoreva inokwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.

"Carnation"

The post-hondo nguva muchiuto-hwokugadzira chinoumba kunoratidzwa senguva nokukurumidza kuwedzera kwesayenzi nezvaanogona. Panzvimbo injini pisitoni ndege kunobva ndege vaise. Vamwe mabasa dzinozivikanwa anorayiridza Gunners vanotanga kugadzirisa chombo mauto. Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete pane revaluation uye nhamba kuita uye mutengo. Hondo Yemashoko, dzava makwikwi uye zvoupfumi nehurongwa. akanga nguva apo "mutengo kumira", akabata. Zvakaitika kuti mari imwe atirari rwakapoteredza ari dzinokwanisa kudzika kupfuura tactical chombo pakuparurwa pa pamusoro wakaenzana kubudirira, akaratidza kuva rinoparadza. Mune USSR, zvinonzwisiswa pakarepo: Utungamiri Khrushchev kwakaita akawira mumwe euphoria pashure kuwanika zvombo pakati Soviet Army chombo pakukurukura enyika. Muna 1967 paGungano Kharkov Tractor (Chokwadi) chirimwa yakagadzirwa "Pink" - wokutanga Soviet "ruva" kuzvidzora propelled howitzer. Technical Unhu yekudyidzana mukuru kuna parameters vose atirari, yakabereka nemauto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa pamusoro USSR pamberi. Kunosanganisira kushandisa chitundumuseremusere-achibatsirwa projectile (vamwe vakaberekwa atirari zvombo ine chitundumuseremusere), muchiitiko ichi, kuti vachiridzira siyana yakawedzera kubva 15.3 kusvika 21.9 makiromita. Mhosva aigona kuva zvakasiyana: tinofanira kugara, mukuru-putika yemagetsi (kusika chipingaidzo), utsi uye vamwe, kusanganisira mapiyona (mushonga). Long kure kumagumo pfungwa trajectory vakabvumirwa kushandisa zvombo zvinoparadza. The tumafuta warrior muviri dzichengeterwe zvombo makumi mana anoshongwa.

"Acacia"

Howitzer, yakatanga nepakati - mukupera sixties, akapinda basa muna 1970. Inogona kamwe chinhambwe 20-30? Km (zvichienderana shanduro). The muchina pacharo akanaka nyore, izvozvo inorema shoma zvikuru pane avhareji yacho tangi, rakanga kubudirira vasanyanye mukanyiwa dzokurwa nadzo. Zvinogonekawo yakananga moto, asi chinangwa chikuru inoramba chete - kukunda zvinangwa kure. Chassis rakagadzirwa perednemotornoy zano kwakaratidza mutengo wayo mumakore ehondo. Magadzirirwo inorangarira zvakaitika pakusikwa ACS 100, uye chinangwa nokuda reminiscence yakanga kuvapo kwepfuti American M-109, kukwanisa kuzoposhera yakaderera-simba mutariri ane tactical yenyukireya (TNT nerokuti matani 100). Mhinduro yaiva "Acacia" - howitzer pasina kuipa unhu.

Czech "Dana"

Kakawanda, hondo yose mugovanisi nyika vakanga vakabata Soviet yokutevedzera emauto zvokushandisa, asi pakanga anosiyiwa. Zviri pachena, achirangarira kare pokukudzwa (uye napamberi Hondo Yenyika II, Czechoslovakia aiva mumwe vaitungamirira Vagadziri zvombo Europe uye pose), mainjiniya kubva Czechoslovakia nepakati manonwe, akagadzira uye akavaka mutsva atirari pfuti, iro rine nhamba ane nguva tactical uye michina mashoko. Self-propelled howitzer "Dana" dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira mwero moto (rimwe pena paminiti), ane kukarukureta zviduku (6 vanhu), asi ayo chikuru zvinobatsira aiva chassis kukuru "Tatra", ne mukuru maneuverability, agility uye nokukurumidza. utungamiri, kunyange kufunga kutenga kuCzech chishamiso zvinodiwa Soviet Army, asi achiziva kuti vari kushanda kuti kusika yavo, kunyange nani howitzer anoshongwa munyika yedu munyika, pfungwa akaramba kutirambidza kutenga makopi anoverengeka kuti kudzidza "pamapatya ruzivo ". Self-propelled howitzer "Dana" uye nhasi zviri mubasa pamwe kuCzech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Libya nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka umo chokushandisa uyu akaponawo pashure pokuwa USSR. Panguva Georgian-Ossetian kurwisana, mauto eRussia akatapa vatatu "akapiwa" sezvo mikombe.

D-30: Gun Classics

With zvose zvakawanda anozvipira propelled atirari mugadziriro, kuti yakachipa pashiri munhu zvake vhiri howitzer. 152-mm pfuti Kugadzirwa Soviet inozivikanwa maitiro siluetti munyika. Muna vachiridzira nzvimbo ngoro, nokuisa chose anozorora zvitatu zvitsigiso pasi, saka kuti mavhiri hamubati pasi, iyo inopa - kurudyi rimwe - yakavimbika kusimbisa, uye kuno rumwe - zvinoita kuitisa tenderera vachiridzira. The chikuru tive howitzer D-30 - kuti bara daro 5.3 km izvo kazhinji kacho Zvaringana. Transportation zvombo haisi dambudziko: nayo anoyera matani 3.2, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kutakura payo anenge ose mabhiriji, uye zvatinosiita "Ural" rinogona kushandiswa senzvimbo tarakita. Simplicity, akavimbika uye yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda - Ndiwo maitiro zviri zvombo Russian. D-30 uye D-30a nokuzvidira kutenga achizvidavirira zvinodiwa munyika dzakasiyana, uye vamwe vavo (China, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Iraq) vaiona zvakakodzera kutenga mapepa kuti kugadzirwa kwavo. Uye rimwe basa rinokosha anoita howitzer ichi. Photo of Peter uye Paul Fortress kupa chetsika masikati volley zvirokwazvo shongedza chokushandisa ichi.

Sword uye Shield

Russian howitzer - chinokosha chezvinonhuwira atirari uye chombo nhovo nyika yedu. Kugadzwa yavo tsamwisa anotaura pamusoro sehasha dzidziso muchiuto, asi nekuti hapana hondo munyika harirambidzi mukana kurwisa kana pre-emptive parinouya, zvakarurama? Uyezve, kworudzii atirari shoma yachinja zvikuru uye universalization zvomuviri yakaita howitzer. Technical zvechadenga zvokushandisa unogona kurishandisa vachiridzira pa sandara trajectory, rinoshandiswa nokuda kwokudzivirira, kusanganisira Anti tangi.

A upfu vanofanira nguva dzose kuramba yakaoma.