Human kufema nhengo. Marongerwo uye kushanda kufema hurongwa

Chii chinogona kunzi chikuru chinoratidza nesimba kwevanhu? Chokwadi, ndizvo mhepo. Munhu anogona kuita pasina zvokudya uye mvura imwe nguva. Pasina mhepo chinokosha basa hazvibviri zvachose.

tsananguro

Chii chiri kufema? Zviri kubatana pakati kwezvakatipoteredza uye vanhu. Kana mhepo yaunodya chipi chikonzero kwakaoma, mwoyo uye kufema zvomukati womunhu vari kutanga kushanda zvashata muoti. Izvi imhaka kudiwa kupa okisijeni yakakwana. Nhengo ari kufema mamiriro anogona ajairane kwezvakatipoteredza variability.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Masayendisiti akakwanisa kumisa kuti mhepo kupinda kufema vanhu hurongwa, nokuumba kubuda maviri (akarembedzwa). Mumwe wavo chinopinda mumba parutivi mhino rworuboshwe. Respiratoria Zvakatsvakurudzwa zvinoratidza kuti yechipiri vanopfuura kurutivi rworudyi. Nyanzvi yakaratidzawo kuti uropi arteries vari akatsemura hova maviri pakugamuchira mhepo. Nokudaro, kufema muitiro inofanira kuva zvakarurama. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti tirambe hwandaiva nahwo vanhu. Funga mamiriro womunhu kufema.

zvinokosha zvenhaka

Kana vanhu nezvazvo kufema, ndiko chine pezvakaitwa zvainanga kuunza dzirambe dziripo reokisijeni kuti nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Kana muviri ichi rinobviswa zvinhu izvo kuumbwa panguva carbon dioxide inobvisa exchange. Kufema chinhu chaizvo kunzwisisa kwacho. Anoenda mumatanho akawanda. mhepo Inlet uye nzira yokubudisa mumuviri anotevera danho:

1. Kufefetedza. Tiri kutaura gasi Exchange pakati ambient mhepo uye Formação de. danho iri vaiona kufema kwokunze.
2. Exchange pamusoro magasi, akatakurwa mumapapu. It kunoitika pakati ropa uye alveolar mhepo.
3. Two pezvakaitwa: chokuendesa okisijeni kubva mumapapu kusvikira munyama, uyewo chokufambisa kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa kubva yokupedzisira kune vatanga. Tiri kutaura kufamba magasi vachishandisa muropa.
4. Inotevera Danho negasi exchange. Kunosanganisira zvinyama masero uye ropa capillaries.
5. Pakupedzisira, kufema womukati. Izvi zvinoreva zvipenyu oxidation, kunoitika muna mitochondria nemasero.

chikuru mabasa

Human respiratoria kupa kubviswa carbon dioxide inobvisa kubva ropa. Basa ravo zvaro oxygenation. Kana Pamazita inoratidza kuti kufema gadziriro, ichi - inokosha.

uchida basa

Kune vamwe vanhu kufema basa, pakati pavo vangazivikanwa sezvinotevera:

1. Kutora chikamu mu thermoregulation kwendangariro. Chokwadi chokuti inhaled mhepo tembiricha kunokanganisa chete parameter womunhu muviri. Panguva nedzinovengwa, muviri anorasikirwa kupisa kusvika kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Panguva iyoyo ndiyo dzaserera, kana zvichibvira.
2. Kutora chikamu mune secretory kwendangariro. Panguva yapfuura, pamwe chete mhepo kubva muviri (kunze carbon dioxide inobvisa) vanobviswa mvura mhute. Zvinoshandawo dzimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, ethyl doro apo akadhakwa.
3. Kutora chikamu mu zvirwere siyana. Nemhaka iyi inoti, kufema nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu kunobvira Kuraswa zvimwe zvinhu pathologically ngozi. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira pathogenic nemavhairasi, mabhakitiriya uye mamwe majemusi. Mano iri rusununguko mamwe masero zvemapapu. Nezvenyaya iyi, ivo vanogona kunzi pezvokuvamba zvirwere.

chaizvo mabasa

Kune vari chaizvo kusanyatsotsanangurwa rinotarisa kushanda kufema hurongwa. Zvikurukuru, chaizvo mabasa anoitwa principales, trachea, dokeriro, nasopharynx. Pakati izvi compartmentalized mabasa ndedzinotevera:

1. Kutonhora uye achidziya huri kuuya mhepo. Basa iri rinoitwa maererano ambient tembiricha.
2. Humidification (inhaled) iro chinonditadzisa nokuomesa kubva mumapapu.
3. Wokunatswa Inlet mhepo. Zvikurukuru, rinoshanda dzimwe nyaya. Somuenzaniso, kuuya guruva mumhepo.

Sechivako kufema nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu

zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nevanhu chinokosha makwara. Maererano naye achienda uye kubva mumhepo. Uyewo mune ino zvinosanganisira mumapapu - zvomukati, apo gasi Exchange kunoitika. The chairema zvakaoma uye sei akunoita rakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa. Chimbofunga kufema vanhu maitiro (mifananidzo kuratidzwa pazasi) zvizere.

Information pamusoro nasal mhango

Respiratoria turakiti kunotanga nayo. The nasal mhango anosiiwa pamuromo. Front - ichi ndicho zvakaoma mukanwa uye musana - nyoro. Mugore nasal mhango ane shwashwa uye mapfupa marangwanda. Zvinonzi akakamurwa kurudyi mativi nemhaka rusvingo hwakasimba. Uyewo, pane vatatu turbinate. Pamusana navo, mhango rakakamurwa ndima:

1. Lower.
2. Avhareji.
3. Upper.

Maererano naye anopfuura patinofemera kunze uye inhaled mhepo.

Features mucous

Iye ane zvakawanda namano kuti zvakagadzirirwa mishonga inhaled mhepo. Chokutanga, vakafukidza munhu ciliated epithelium. cilia ake vanoumba chinoramba makapeti. Nekuti kudzima cilia, guruva chinobviswa zvikuru nyore kubva nasal mhango. Vhudzi vari dzokunze micheto mumakomba, vanobatsirawo vasungwe dzimwe zvinhu. The mucous Kamudzira rine mumasero anokosha. chakavanzika yavo chinovafukidza guruva uye hwezvekukurukurirana kubviswa kwayo. Uyezve, humidification kunoitika.

Madzihwa kuti iri mune nasal mhango, ane bactericidal ehupfumi. Rine lysozyme. Izvi zvinhu zvinobatsira kuderedza mano utachiona zvichiberekana. Zvinoitawo inouraya navo. The mucosa iri muzvizhinji kuti mutsinga. Under ezvinhu akasiyana, vanogona kuzvimba. Kana vari zvakakuvadza, ipapo kutanga nosebleeds. Chinangwa masangano aya ari muchidziisa mhepo nomunyika mhino yacho jeti. Masero ropa siya midziyo ropa uye aonekwa mucosal pamusoro. Ivo kuita unodzivirira basa. In nedanho phagocytosis pamusoro leukocytes vanourayiwa. Saka, muna madzihwa riri asunungurwa kubva mhino, rine chaizvo "aidzivirira" akafa. Zvadaro, mhepo zvinoenda nasopharynx, uye ipapo - mune dzimwe nhengo dzose kufema hurongwa.

dokeriro

Iri pamberi hypopharynx. pamwero uyu 4-6-fung remuromo vertebrae. Dokeriro akaumba shwashwa. Recent rakakamurwa vaviri vaviri (achikanganisa, rozhkovidnye, arytenoid) uye unpaired (cricoid, thyroid). Panyaya iyi, iyo epiglottis wanamatira rokumusoro kumucheto rokupedzisira shwashwa. Panguva pakuparadza, vakafukidza nomukova dokeriro. Saka, zviri kutadziswa kupinda zvokudya.

namabote maviri Vocal vanomhanya kubva thyroid kusvika arytenoid cartilages. Glottis iri nzvimbo riri kuumbwa pakati pavo.

General ruzivo pamusoro trachea

Zviri kuenderera dokeriro. Rakakamurwa principales maviri: kurudyi. Bifurcation - inzvimbo umo trachea mapazi. It kunoratidzwa anotevera urefu: 9-12 cm. The avhareji transverse dhayamita ndiyo millimeters navasere.

The trachea zvingasanganisira kusvika makumi maviri kukwana cartilaginous zvindori. Vari zvakabatana pedyo fibrous shwashwa. Nemhaka hafu zvenzeve cartilaginous Airways kuva kwakavharwa nenyama. Mukuwedzera, vari vakaita saka inoyerera nyore passable kuti mhepo.

Membranous posterior tracheal rusvingo flattened. Rine kwakanaka tsandanyama rinenge (matanda kuti vanomhanya lengthwise uye crosswise). Izvi zvinoita kuti basa kwebasa trachea apo vangakosora, kufema uye zvichingodaro. Panyaya mucous Kamudzira vakafukidza ciliated epithelium. Panyaya iyi, kunze ndiko chikamu epiglottis uye tsandanyama dzinobudisa inzwi. uyewo ane mucous omumuviri uye lymphoid tishu.

principales

Izvi peya eremendi. principales maviri, izvo vanokamurwa kupinda trachea, vanobatanidzwa mumapapu kurudyi. Kune muti-kufanana branching madiki okunze, izvo zvinosanganisirwa pulmonary lobes. Saka, akaumba bronchioles. Tiri kutaura yemweya mapazi zvakatonyanya diki. Dhayamita kufema bronchioles kungava 0.5 mm. Ivowo, zvinoumba alveolar ducts. Recent inoguma nhengo muhomwe.

Ndezvipi Formação de? protrusion ichi, vane chimiro matema, izvo iri pamadziro nhengo mabhegi uye runoita. dhayamita yavo 0.3 neMM, uye nhamba zvive kusvika 400 Mill. Izvi zvinopa mukana pave hombe kufema penyika. chinhu ichi yekudyidzana zvarinoita uwandu chiedza. Ekupedzisira anogona ngazviwedzerwe.

Chinonyanya kukosha kwevanhu kufema hurongwa

Ivo vanonzi mumapapu. zvirwere Serious chokuita navo, unogona kuva upenyu pangozi. Light (mufananidzo akurukurwa munyaya) dziri muna mubhokisi mhango, iyo hermetically chisimbiso. rusvingo Its rwemberi kuumbwa runoenzanirana musana uye mbabvu iyo movably chaidzo. Pakati pavo pane nechinzwano kwokunze tsandanyama.

The thoracal mhango anosiiwa ari abdominal pasi. Izvi zvaisanganisira midriff kana diaphragm. bapu anatomi hakusi rakanaka. Muvanhu, pane vaviri. Kodzero zvemapapu ane lobes matatu. Panguva iyoyowo kuruboshwe ine mbiri. Pamusoro mapapu - ndiko yavo kujekesa yokumusoro mugove ezasi kuwedzerwa vaiona chikonzero. masuwo siyana. Vari dzaimirirwa grooves pamusoro romukati pechiso mumapapu. Kuburikidza navo midziyo ropa, principales, tsinga, uye nhengo dzinobudisa nemidziyo. The mudzi rine raora ari pamusoro masangano.

Chiedza (photos kunoratidza nzvimbo yavo), kana pane zvinyama yavo, akaumbwa zvivako duku. Ndivo vakadanwa zvidimbu. Ava munzvimbo duku kuti vane pyramidal chimiro. Principales, izvo dziri runoenzanirana zvikamu, rakakamurwa kufema bronchioles. Alveolar kufamba ipapo panopera neimwe. Ino yose kushanda chairema mumapapu. Zvakanyorwa kunzi acini.

Lightweight Coated pleura. mumuhara ichi une zvinhu zviviri. Tiri kutaura yokunze (parietal) uye dzimwe (visceral) petals (redunhu chiedza wanamatira pazasi). Last kunovafukidza uye panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo chokunze nevamwe. Inoita yezwi vachienda kuruvanze pamusoro Pepa racho pleura uye goko ari rusvingo thoracal mhango yomukati. Izvi zvinoguma geometrically yakavharwa duku rirambe richibvira nzvimbo. Tiri kutaura pleural mhango. Rine shoma akakodzera zvokunwa. Iye wets ari pleura. Izvi hwezvekukurukurirana zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope zvavo pamwe chete. nokuchinja mhepo mumapapu nokuda zvakawanda. Mumwe mukuru ari kuchinja ukuru pleural uye thoracal in. Ndiyo anatomi pakati mumapapu.

Properties chiyamuro mashandiro uye mhepo nzira yokubudisa

Sezvambotaurwa, pakati gasi riri muna Formação de, uye mhepo yakapoteredza vaipanana. It anokonzerwa mutinhimira rakatumbuka kundosvikira. Chiedza haana tsandanyama tishu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, avo ndichibvunza rutapudzo hazvibviri. Panyaya iyi, zvikuru chaizvo rakapiwa kufema netsandanyama. Vakati kutora mweya nourema hazvibviri. Panyaya iyi, nyika kufema maitiro zvisina kukanganiswa.

Inspiration Chiito inhalation. Zviri chinoshingaira chichiitwa, umo nechokwadi nokuwedzera pachipfuva. Kuregedza kushanda Chiito nedzinovengwa. Izvi ndizvo pusa. Ndiye nokuti chokuti thoracal mhango kunoderedza.

Kufema kutenderera rinotaurwa akazotevera maitikiro ose inhalation uye nedzinovengwa. Mukuita mhepo kupinda aperture uye anogamuchira kwokunze oblique tsandanyama zvinobatanidzwa. Kana kuderedza dzavo micheto vanotanga kumuka. Panguva iyoyo ndipo nokuwedzera thoracal mhango. The diaphragm ipfupi. Zvisinei, zvinoda zvinopfuura munhu sandarara chinzvimbo.

Kana incompressible nhengo yacho abdominal mhango, ipapo vari kusundwa kurutivi uye pasi panguva kwacho. Rising diaphragm panguva kufema yakanyarara ari kudzikiswa anenge hafu sendimita. Saka, pane kuwedzera wehunyambiri ukuru pechipfuva mhango. Kana kwazvo befu ari inspiratory chiito pokuita ebetsero tsandanyama, pakati inova zvinotevera:

1. Rhomboid (izvo kusimudza reza).
2. Trapezius.
3. Zviduku zamu.
4. The serratus Anterior.

Rusvingo thoracal mhango uye mumapapu anofukidza serosa. Pleural mhango aimiririra nhete mutswe pakati machira. Rine serous mvura. Light dzose nguva iri akatambanudza mamiriro. Izvi imhaka yokuti kumanikidzwa iri pleural mhango akaipa. It chinhu kwakavharwa nenyama tsvimbo. Chokwadi kuti uwandu chiedza inongogara kuvavarira kutapudzwa. Mugumo-naTidhari anenge ose kufema tsandanyama relaxes. The kumanikidzwa ari pleural mhango pazasi mumhepo kumanikidzwa. vanhu vakasiyana vane basa guru iri inspiratory chiito Mitambo diaphragm kana intercostal tsandanyama. Saka, tinogona kutaura pamusoro mhando dzakasiyana kufema:

1. Raeburn.
2. Diaphragmatic.
3. Fivha.
4. Zamu.

Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti vakadzi vakatonga wokupedzisira mhando kufema. Varume kakawanda pane abdominal. Munguva yakanyarara kufema nedzinovengwa kunoitika nokuda kwakavharwa nenyama simba. It rinoungana munguva yapfuura mweya. Kana tsandanyama kuzorora, mbabvu zvinogona tinyerere kudzokera pokutangira chinzvimbo. Kana kuderedza aperture zvichava kuderera, zvichakutorera yenyu domed nzvimbo yekare. Izvi imhaka yokuti abdominal zvomukati vanoita pairi. Saka, kumanikidzwa mairi kunoderedza.

Zvose pamusoro pezvakaitwa kukonzera compression ose mumapapu. Izvi, mhepo chinobuda (nyararisa). Akazadzisa exhale - ndiwo chinoshingaira chichingoitwa. Zvinonzi wakapindwa dzomunyika intercostal netsandanyama. Saka fibers dzavo dzinovangira negwara risiri kana tichienzanisa kwokunze. Ivo ipfupi, uye mbabvu pasi. Uyewo pane rutapudzo pamusoro thoracal mhango.