Karl Kautsky - Economist German, wenhoroondo uye muzivi

Munyika zvoupfumi dzidziso nenzvimbo imwe nzvimbo chaiyo nezvoupfumi German, vazivi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru varume nguva yake yakanga Karl Kautsky. mabasa ake vane zvakawanda zvakafanana nemabasa Marx, asi akanga ane vanoverengeka anokosha zvinhu kuti maonero muzivi wokuGermany nenzira yake akasiyana. Akakwanisa kukwezva vatsigiri vakawanda uye vamwe basa rake richiri kushanda. Zvino Kodzero-bapiro vatungamiriri mubhuku ravo anoshandisa pfungwa kuti zvakataurwa mune Karl Kautsky.

Biography

Upenyu ramangwana Economist inotanga muPrague yekare kuti ndiko murume uyu mukuru akazvarwa muna 1854. Panguva iyoyo, Central Europe akatungamirira upenyu zvakanaka kunyarara, uye nemasangano yakwo vaikwikwidzana naye nomukurumbira British kumayunivhesiti. Karl Kautsky dzidzo yakanaka paYunivhesiti Vienna. Vachiri mudzidzi, akaudzawo maonero ari Socialist uzivanewo zvinyorwa Karl Marx. Kubvira pakupera 1870, akaudzawo maonero Marxists zhinji. Zvikurukuru, saka anonzi mubvunzo yekurima anotanga ake kufarira pamwe peculiarities yokushanda kufamba uye kudzora revisionism. Chinzvimbo mupepeti zvikuru nevakawanda magazini «Die Neue Zeit» zvinobatsira kuti kupararira pfungwa mugovanisi muna Central uye Western Europe, kunyange zvazvo vaverengi ake akataura zvimwe pedantry basa rake uye penchant nokuda scholasticism nesayenzi.

anoparadzirwa Marxism

Muna 1885 -1888, Karl Kautsky muLondon, apo akanga ari pedyo nevanhu Shona uye vatsigiri Marxism. Kubvira 1890, akatamira Germany, apo akaramba kubudisa mapepa ari zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa Marxism. Educator tarenda uye virtuosity akaita basa pfupi pamusoro Kautsky rakanyatsojeka akakurumbira pakati vatsigiri mugovanisi uye okunyanyisa kufamba. Pakati mabasa ake Kuongorora Thomas More uye dystopia ake (1888), "Comments kuna Eksfurtskoy Program" (1892), "Antecedents Newest Socialism (1895).

Kautsky uye chiKristu

Mumwe mabasa ake, Economist German uye muzivi wakayeriswa kuti chidzoke uye kukura zvikuru pamwero mukuru rechitendero nguva yake - Christianity. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, Kautsky rinoti pamusoro zvoupfumi uye magariro zvinokonzera kuti kuona reSosaiti kudiwa nokutenda mutsva, anotsanangura kukosha nhoroondo chaizvoizvo uye vaJudha mumwechete, nemhaka iyo chiKristu akasimuka somunhu yoga chitendero. Basa "The Origin of Christianity" aikosheswa zvikuru vaairarama Zvisinei, uye ikozvino chinokonzera yakawanda gakava pakati pavatendi uye pakati hakuna Musiki.

basa zvoupfumi

A hwakadzama kuongorora zvoupfumi ukama yakaitwa naye muna 1887. "The Economic Dzidziso Karla Marksa" zvichida ndiro basa inozivikanwa kwazvo musayendisiti ichi. Mariri svikika uye zvinonzwisisika mutauro rinotaura huru yaiva yakakurumbira "Capital". Places apo Kautsky anorondedzera dzidziso guru, zvinopa mifananidzo yakajeka ounyanzvi nyore vanhu kure kubva dzidzo zvoupfumi.

Agrarian chikamu

pfungwa capitalism mune zvokurima vakanga sowakajeka kuratidzwa mubhuku Karl Kautsky, "The agrarian mubvunzo." Pano zvaanorondedzera huru yokurera taumba zvishoma nezvishoma kufanana nenyika zvarinoroora kwenguva refu: kubva feudal zvoupfumi kuti ano nguva yemhando capitalism. German Economist kukwanisa streamline uye rairatidza Statistical zvinhu, izvo panguva akaunganidza vakawanda zvikuru. In basa rayo, Kautsky chakavakirwa pamutemo mashoko kubva kuongorora siyana uye kwevanhu inoitwa England, France, USA, Germany. The anotsvedzerera aibuda nyaya yokutanga feudal hukama nokurima ano inoratidza kuti kurima munguva pfupi nguva hwakabva yemhuri kuti zvidzidzo sayenzi, kuti vawane kunonyanyisa purofiti. All pfungwa yake zvakakwana nhema pamusoro Masvomhu pamusoro Marx vake ezvoupfumi zvichemo.

Kubva pfungwa Marxism

Pakutanga kwezana remakore yakanga kuwana kuwedzera kukurumbira pfungwa pamusoro proletarian udzvinyiriri. Pfungwa kuchinja zvoupfumi marongerwo vakaridza panguva II Congress of RSDLP, yakatanga muna 1903 muna kweBrussels, uye ipapo akaramba kushanda muLondon. Kautsky wakanyatsokuteverai ari kunzvera enhume, asi pakutonga kwake akatora Mensheviks (Anti-Iskrists). Pachiitiko ichi, Karl Kautsky yakabudiswa mabasa akawanda akanyorwa nomudzimu Marxism. Pakati pavo paiva "Gwara kuna Simba", "The Slavs uye Revolution." mabasa Economist German vakanga ukaongorora VI Lenin, uyo kazhinji nezvawo kutaura ake. Kautsky Nyaya Lenin achitaurwa kakawanda anobudiswa "Iskra".

Before World War

Zvishoma nezvishoma rethinking pakati pfungwa Karl Marx anoita Kautsky kufamba kubva pfungwa echimurenga kutamburira uye anobatwa kirasi kufamba. Anoitisa mutemo rokuyananisa chete siyana shanduka. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hazvina kumisa naye basa rake kutsigira kwebasa liquidators pakati Russian Social-Democrats. Iye anoramba zviga Party pamusoro Marxist uzivi, achibhandara mutero siyana kunyunyuta neorganizatsionnym. Scientific gutsaruzhinji basa rake kuedza mushandirapamwe kuvapo nevasiri Marxist pfungwa dzouzivi. maonero Kautsky vari uchisangana kuchinja. Kutamira kure echimurenga nemaonero Marxism, iye anoedza kutsanangura uye kusimudzira misimboti zvemagariro chauvinists.

Kautsky muna 1917

Mukutanga 1917, Kautsky rinobatanidzwa zvakananga pakusikwa bato idzva, vane maonero anonyatsonzwisisa vakagoverana. Zviri yakazvimirira Social-Democratic Party muGermany, iyo ichiri rwakapoteredza sarudzo wokutanga kukwezvwa vazhinji mavhoti. Asi October Revolution, Kautsky akaita chaizvo nezvinenge kushora nokupfuuridzirwa vashandi simba uye vanhuwo zvavo, apo kuramba mitemo Bourgeois hweruzhinji.

Panguva mikuru kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kuGermany, akaramba nzira rokuyananisa pakati capitalism uye mugovanisi pfungwa. Nzvimbo musayendisiti German panyaya kudzokororwa zvakadzama uye vakatsoropodza VI Lenin, mu nyaya yake "The Proletarian Revolution uye Kautsky wakaipa."

Sezvo kazhinji zvinoitika, pfungwa muzivi wokuGermany outgrown musiki kwayo. In post-hondo Germany yakanga chikuru capitalist hurongwa. Favorite mwana Kautsky wacho (Social Democratic Party) anowana inotyisa zvinhu. Kana Fascism muCentral Europe akatarisa Kautsky haana zvakakwana akaziva kuti chii migumisiro yakaipisisa izvi zvingaita. Muna 1938, munyika dzinodiwa Vienna wake vaNazi akauya, uye Karl Kautsky aifanira kutamira Prague uye ipapo Amsterdam, apo akapedza basa rake.