The kwemaindasitiri Kazakhstan: kubudirira uye nokukundikana

Mukutanga 20-ies wekupedzisira remakore ari yose USSR indasitiri dambudziko zvasvika Parainge. Uchapupu matambudziko kwaita kuti pakunzwisisa kudiwa mhanyisa maindasitiri. Asi muMoscow, vakatanga ndichibvunza gakava nezvenzira uye nzira kwayo Implementation.

pfungwa yokurwisana

Sachigaro Supreme Economic Council panguva iyoyo Dzerzhinsky. Iye akataura panzvimbo makatotanga kusimukira chiedza indasitiri. Izvi aivabatsira pakuwana nokukurumidza mari uye nechokwadi miduku yokuruwa mutengi zvigadzirwa. Mutevedzeri Dzerzhinsky Piatakov waitsigira kumhanyisa pakukura inorema indasitiri. Izvi zvakataurwa anotsigirwa Preobrazhensky, Trotsky uye Stalin. Mari inodiwa kuti kweDzimba zvinomera itsva uye mazuvaano kuti zviripo vakafunga kuti kuburikidza reallocating navo kubva private nemauto - kuburikidza mitero miduku yokuruwa, collectivization uye dzisakarurama exchange. Muna 1926, munyika pamutemo taikwira kumhanyisa kuti maindasitiri. Zvisinei, iyi nzira pakarepo kuziva matambudziko.

Kazakhstan munguva kwemaindasitiri

Maererano urongwa chehurumende, nharaunda iyi aifanira kuva mumwe kiyi nzvimbo nokukurumidza zvoupfumi negwaro. Achishingaira vakatevera mumwe mutemo Moscow F. Goloshchekin. Iye waitsigira kuti paumbwe zvokuvhoterwa yemigodhi indasitiri uye njanji chokufambisa, inopa aina mbishi zvinhu. говоря, была направлена на создание материальной базы для передовых промышленных районов СССР. The kwemaindasitiri Kazakhstan, mune pfupi, akanga zvainanga kusika zvinhu hwaro yepamusoro maindasitiri kumatunhu ari USSR. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vemunzvimbo inotungamirirwa Sadvakasova akashora mutemo wakadaro. . Vakabayira nzira kwemaindasitiri Kazakhstan. pfungwa dzavo aiva kusika nebhizimisi kugadzira uye chiedza indasitiri. Izvi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo zvinodiwa zvokuvhoterwa. Zviremera Local vakaedza saka kudzivisa Kushandurwa nharaunda kuva nyuchi. Asi Zvinhu zvakanga kudivi Goloshekin. приобрело неоколониальную форму. Kukura kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan rava chiNazi ichitongwa chimiro.

mugwagwa kuvaka

началось с транспортной инфраструктуры. Implementation kuti maindasitiri muKazakhstan akatanga pamwe nezvifambiso kwezvivako. Yakanga kuvakwa Turkestan-Siberian njanji / D yokutanga guru racho. Zvakabatana kuna Aruma-Ata uye Semipalatinsk. Construction rakapera muna 1931. Muna 1927 akapedza mugwagwa kuvakwa Petropavlovsk - Kokchetau. Muna 1931 zvakanga yakapiwa Akmola. Muna 1939 zvakanzi yakavakwa mugwagwa Rubtsovsk - Ridder, Ileck - Oral, Aqmola - kuKaraganda, uye muna 1940 - kuKaraganda - Jezkazgan. nzira izvi zvinopa aina mbishi zvinhu munyika.

Companies

Pamwechete nzira dzakavakwa uye reconstructed nezvivakwa maindasitiri. Saka, akadzorerwa Karsakpay Ridder uye zvirimwa. Basa raiitwa muna kuKaraganda mumigodhi yemarasha. Yakatanga kushingaira kuvaka Chimkent vatungamirire chirimwa kuti kubudiswa, Zhezkazgan uye Balkhash smelter, Ust-Kamenogorsk kutungamirira-zingi chirimwa. осложнялся нагнетанием темпов и неоправданным завышением планов. Nzira kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan akanga kuoma nokupinza kunonokera uye chikonzero zvirongwa. Muna 1929, zviremera vakasarudza adzokorore urongwa-gore mashanu zvichikwira anokosha zviratidzo. Izvi zvakaguma nematambudziko pamwe midziyo uye manpower pasi kuvakwa. Anonetswa mbishi zvinhu. Yakatarwa zvivako kwave chando. Pasinei nokuti kambani kwakashanda mumwe kugadzirwa vhoriyamu, uzere chinzvimbo, vakakoniwa zvibodzwa. длилась в целом до начала Второй мировой. Maindasitiri muna Kazakhstan anyanya yose pamberi Second World War.

vaitamira urongwa

возник дефицит в рабочей силе. Mumakore kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan makanga kuperevedza manpower. Chinokonzera akurumidze kumhanya maindasitiri kuvakwa. Kupa vashandi uye zvivako apo rokuponesa pamusoro kudzidzisa vemo vanhu simba anoita anoita vanhu kumadokero dziri USSR. Munzvimbo idzi, kuti urovha mwero yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru. Nokuti 1931-1940 biennium. Republic vanopfuura zviuru 550. vanhu vakanga zvifambiswe. A dzakawanda vashandi kazhinji yakaderera-unyanzvi, vaiva vanhuwo zvavo kubva mumisha nemisha yakaparadzwa collectivization.

matambudziko

Somugumisiro yokutama Mutemo mabhizimisi rawa hasha, kwete kuita chete, asi chirango. Pakati vashandi vane unyanzvi uye vasina unyanzvi vokuEurope, kazhinji veko vaiva muhondo. In emakambani vakakunda kudhakwa, hanya. izvi zvose kunokanganisa kwazvo indasitiri. Somuenzaniso, paivakwa Turksib muchando 1928 paiva pogrom muna Sergipole. On Karsakpay chirimwa vakapararira kudhakwa, hooliganism, kazhinji pane kwemadzinza ezvizvarwa. On Ridder chirimwa Kazakhs vaisabvumirwa muhositeri wokuRussia, vakabhadhara zvishoma dzeko pane vashanyi pamwe chete zvinodiwa. Paiva nematambudziko kuwana kurapwa. High turnover zvazvingava raiva Enterprises.

chaiwo hava-

Vakashanda seinokonzera replenishment yevashandi. Special Vagari - kudzinga vanhuwo zvavo, vakaberekerwa kweSiberia uye nechepakati kumatunhu munyika. Muna 1931 Zvaaifamba zvuru 70. Man muna kuKaraganda. Vakanga amisa mumisha 25 ane zvinhu zvakanga zvinotyisa. Special Vagari vairambidzwa kufamba kunze munzvimbo dzokugara. Vakashanda mumigodhi, pamusoro kuvakwa yemauto yakazova. Vaya vaishanda, vakagamuchira 600 magiramu paanofa - 300 magiramu chingwa pazuva. Kubva kupararira chirwere uye nzara, vazhinji chaiyo kugara vakafa. Vakatsiviwa zvitsva vanhu vakaunzwa. Kazhinji, Kazakhstan akatuma vanenge 189 zviuru. Vaimbove kulaks. 150,000 vavo vakaunzwa 1931. The uwandu anokosha kugara muna 1937 yakasvika 360 zviuru.

musasa hurongwa

It akasikwa kuti kupa makuru akaitwa kokupata simba. Muna 1931, musasa kuKaraganda yakatangwa. It riine udzvanyiriri vose kumatunhu ari Union. Panguva 30-40-ies kwemapoka akawanda zvakadaro vakasikwa muRepublic. Kazakhstan, saka, rava nzvimbo huru-pamwero nhapwa.

kusakosha kwemari

проводилась за счет ухудшения качества жизни населения, в частности, крестьянства. The kwemaindasitiri Kazakhstan rakaitirwa tichiregeredza kunaka kwoupenyu, kunyanya miduku yokuruwa. Mumakore mashanu kubvira 1929 kusvika 1934, paiva yakakwirira mwero mitengo. mari zvitengeswa kukura yakasvika 180%, uye mari kugadzirwa zvinhu wakamuka nokuda 250-300%. Yakatarwa pfungwa iri kwemakore mashanu urongwa chokuita, zvikurukuru, chiedza indasitiri, uye vasina rakatangwa.

yakanaka

, эксперты отмечают существенный рост объема промышленного производства, увеличение доли его продукции в хозяйстве. Kana tikadzidza zvakaita kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan, nyanzvi dzinoti kuwedzera bhuku maindasitiri kugadzira, kuwedzera mugove waro kugadzirwa papurazi. By AK ruzivo. Ashinbaeva panguva yokutanga Five-Year Plan munyika kwakatangwa emakambani makuru 40, nokuti yechipiri -. 120, uye yechitatu ine 700 pamwero mukuru kuvaka kwakatanga Aktobe zvemakemikari uye Balkhash mhangura smelter, kutungamirira chirimwa muna Shymkent, kuKaraganda marasha bheseni zvichingodaro chinokosha chaiva Turkestan-Siberian njanji. Mukuwedzera, kuvaka simba zvinomera uye makuru.

extractive indasitiri

In kwemauto ichi vakatorawo nokukurumidza maindasitiri. в первые довоенные пятилетки акцент ставился на добыче природных ресурсов для удовлетворения народного хозяйства всего Союза в продукции нефтяной, угольной, пищевой и легкой промышленности, цветной металлургии. In Kazakhstan rokutanga pre-hondo urongwa-gore mashanu, kusimbisa yakaiswa pamusoro dzokubudisa kuti zviwanikwa kusangana upfumi yose Union kugadzirwa ari mafuta, marasha, zvokudya uye chiedza maindasitiri, nonferrous simbi. Muna 1939, mugove Republic muna zvachose kusunungurwa mutobvu uye mhangura munyika yairema 84,8% uye 16,2%, ukuwo. Pakazosvika 1940, Kazakhstan yaiva munzvimbo yechipiri muna Union vasiri ferrous simbi, uye wechitatu - nokuti mafuta uye marasha. Mugove Bhizimisi zvakakomba goho yaiva 63,7% maringe 13.5% kutangira Year Five Plan.

collectivization

Mumakore 1928-1930 rakavakwazve mune administrative weboka USSR. Munzvimbo enyika, townships uye mumaruwa vakauya nzvimbo uye nharaunda. Ivowo, rakakamurwa maruwa. zvidzidzo izvi vaiva mumaruwa zviduku, asi mumaruwa akawanda nharaunda. сопровождалась коллективизацией. Mugore rokutanga-gore mashanu kwemaindasitiri muKazakhstan akaperekedza collectivization. Pakati pamusoro wayo munyika yakanga yakawanda 550 zviuru mumapurazi ari anongofamba uye Semi-anongofamba mhando. Collectivisation akaenda mutsetse inotungamirwa seboka ehurumende mapurazi, haying muchina-nhepfenyuro (MSS). Hondo isati yatanga, kwakanga vakawanda nokushamwaridzana. Senzira mumapurazi aiva 99% mapurazi zvose. Mukuwedzera, 4 purazi rave akaumba uye 331 MCC.

zvikanganiso

In nedanho collectivization vakanga akabvuma pezvatinokanganisa. Pakutanga, uyewo kwemaindasitiri, akanga achifamba nokukurumidza munguva pfupi zvikuru nguva. Muna February 1930, somuenzaniso, kuti mumapurazi akava anopfuura 70%, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo - 80% mhuri. Uyezve, tsika "kusvetuka" kubva muchimiro basa kune imwe pasina asika prerequisites, kufungisisa specificity chokurima nemauto munyika. Zvakafanana kukosha kwaiva kumanikidzwa socialization nezvipfuwo. Mhuka vakatorwa kunyange varombo. Izvi zvakakonzera Kusagutsikana pakati miduku yokuruwa. Vanhu vakatanga kutengesa midziyo, zvipfuwo uye kutamira pedyo kumatunhu - Central Asia nyika iri munharaunda pakati uchingodzikira Volga, Western kuSiberia, Bashkiria, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko uye mune dzimwe nyika - Mongolia, China nevamwe.

zvabuda

The kwemaindasitiri Kazakhstan akaita chakakomba kukuvara kurima. Kusiyana kubatanidzwa 80% of mhuri iri mumapurazi muna 1930 (muchirimo) wavo akaramba vanenge 10-15%. Nokuti muganhu zvokuvhoterwa takasiya vanopfuura zviuru 180. Farms. Izvi zvinooneka vasanyanya kuti upfumi Kazakhstan, zvakakonzera kwazvo kukuvara zvipfuwo. Zvadaro, zviyero akatorwa kubvisa migumisiro eChechi vakaita. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kudzorera vakarasika vanogara mune pre-hondo urongwa-gore mashanu. Chinhu chakaoma yose muitiro wakanga socio-upfumi backwardness. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vanhu Republic vaifanira kufambira achikwakuka kubva feudalism kusvika gutsaruzhinji pasina kuenda capitalist pachikuva. Zvinhu yakanga kuwedzerwa ndechokuti kuzoita upfumi zvakaoma pashure dzavatorwa kupindira uye Civil War kunonoka kwazvo. Pakazosvika 1926, kuti bhizimisi munyika yasvika 61 chete% of 1913 yakati sandara, pane imwe / s - 82,9%. Zvakanga yakaderera chaizvo, pre-echimurenga chechetere. Aitungamirira nzvimbo indasitiri wakapiwa madiki kugadzirwa, hunokonzera kazhinji mutengi zvinhu chete zvinosanganisira emakambani duku mubasa kubudiswa mhuka yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zvokurima.