Don Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin: Biography, nhoroondo, kiyi misi uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Stepan Timofeevich Razin akaberekwa muna 1630, gore, sezvo tichiziva, kuverenga Streiss anoshanda, mumwe mufambi kubva Netherlands. Vaiva misangano mishomanana. Muna 1670, munyori munyaya basa rake kuti shamwari yake vakatanga kuenda cheshanu gumi. Zvakawanda zvinonakidza kudzidza nezvazvo munhau pazasi kubva munyaya.

Nokufungidzira maererano aberekwa

Coast Don aiva imba yokutanga yakanga Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Oupenyu ruzivo haripi kunyatsoenderana mashoko. Pane shanduro, ndoupiko unonyanya hwakavimbika uye rinotaura kuti akazvarwa mumusha Zimoveyskoy. Zvino nyika ino akapiwa zita Pugachovskoy.

Vamwe vanotsvakurudza akapikisa shanduro iyi. A yakawanda yokufungidzira uchiripo kunhivi nzvimbo yokuberekwa Stepana Timofeevicha Razina. Biography ake anogona siyana pamwe nevanyori zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanoti kuti akaberekwa muna Cherkassk, iyo zvino iri Rostov mudunhu. Saka pakanga chaizvoizvo Razin Stepan Timofeevich kworudzii Circassian sultans? Folk tsika yakasiyana mumwe.

yokwaakazvarirwa anonzi uye nezvimwe nzvimbo dzakadai Esaulovsky kana Kagalnitsky. Zvisinei, nziyo munhoroondo akadana musha wake nawo Cherkassk.

upenyu

Stepan Timofeevich Razin kare Akakwezva vanhu vazhinji. Around unhu hwake yakaumbwa ngano uye kutanga Russian cinema. KuMadokero, akava wokutanga Russian Stenka ani akadzivirira chinyorwa chake mumakore mashomanana pashure pokufa kwake.

Akafa vasati richisvika kukwegura Razin Stepan Timofeevich. Makore anenge 1630-1671. Akararama uye kuita mabasa ake. Iye nemhuri yake vave chevarwere nziyo, izvo Unounza mashoko matsva kuita nezvazvo anenge naka hunhu.

Pamberi paiva kwebope

Zvikuru dzinonakidza ndiye Biography Razina Stepana Timofeevicha. mazuva Key hwake kubvira muna 1652, gore. Panguva iyoyo akanga jinda uye nemhaka yesimba rayo kumiririra Don varwi. Razin Stepan Timofeevich - Cossack, uyo aiva noruzivo atova kwakadzama zvehondo, uye vakanakidzwa kuremekedzwa hama dzake pachipfuva. Kunyange mumakore ake okutanga akanga yatova makings utungamiri.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin airwa boka mukuru Ivan mukoma wake ave chikamu Don mauto. 1661 The gore zvinokosha kuti apo Nhaurirano yaiitwa pamwe Kalmyks. Shamwari murwi aiva Fedor Budan uye Cossacks kubva Don uye Zaporozhye. Akakurukura pokugadzwa runyararo uye vanhuwo matanho kudzinga Tatars kubva kuCrimea uye Nogais.

1663rd gore chakanyorwa zvemadzimambo sezvo nguva apo Razin Stepan Timofeevich akatungamirira Don uye Cossacks, Kalmyks kuti varwi kuCrimea, vaiva pasi Perekop.

Muna 1665-metres, Dolgorukov akaurayiwa mukoma mutungamiri. Zvino, kana kurwa payakatanga, panguva iyo mauto vanoda kuenda Don, pasinei yamambo basa. Stepan Timofeevich Razin yakazara nechido vatsive muchinda, uyewo yose ezvinhu wamambo. Aidawo kuti vakasununguka uye rugare upenyu hama dzavo vaimutevera. pfungwa Great vakatanga kutakura Razin Stepan Timofeevich. Zaporizhzhya sich aifanira kuva muenzaniso zvechiuto uye democratic ezvinhu nokuda yose Russian wehurumende.

Munguva yemuna

Akasimudza kufamba kwake. Chikonzero ichi anganzi kuti sembura mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu urongwa, izvo akatonga munyika Cossacks. The kwacho kwakaita azvaiitwa raiva Don. Munzvimbo dzakapoteredza akazviratidza zvikuru kutiza vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvinogona kunzi mutsika Council Code muna 1647, gore. Vanhu vakanga vakatapwa chakakwana, akanga akasungwa ruoko uye rutsoka nevaitonga.

Sei munhu uyu ari akanyorwa "Great vanhu Russian"? Razin Stepan Timofeevich akapa vanhu mukana kufema pachena, kuva Cossacks, akasununguka varwi. Nepo wose anoda kurega kunzwa mufanidzo simba. Uye kuti zvingangoitika akapa Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Biography pamusoro Don Cossacks haana kuyeuka kuchamuka kana dzinza rake guru ukama, akanga mamwe magavhuna zhinji. akagara pamusoro munharaunda munzvimbo riri akamira yakaenzana nevamwe. To Rakashandiswsa rokuti "golutvenny" Cossack. Akamira kunze akare-timers Aidawo vanhu vakaderera, vasina chinokosha pfuma, kwete kuzvirumbidza madunhurirwa.

Ndiani ari Stepan Timofeevich Razin? Izvi zvose gamba negororo. Akanga muponesi kuti vavanoda, uye njodzi nokuda nevaya kurwisa. At kumhomho kuti kuenda Volga ugororo. Iye panguva iyoyo yaidiwa mukurumbira uye pfuma. More vapfumi nevakakurumbira Cossacks akatsigira Nzendo idzi ezvinhu chokuudza chakapambwa. Ose wehondo - Yaik, Don uye Terek - vaiita pakuvhiya izvi.

Razin Stepan Timofeevich mhando muEgipita Sultans rakazova muzinda pakavakirwa vakaungana varombo, kuburikidza izvo vanogona kunzwa kukosha uye yakarurama vanhu, sezvo chinhu chinokosha pamusoro Cossack mauto.

Vazhinji nokukurumidza akakura zvikuru uye kuoneka zvikuru nokuda akanga atiza serfs vaida apanduke.

Cha1667 gore fung yaiva nguva apo Cossacks inotungamirwa Razin. Muchirimo paiva vanenge 700 masoja ari Volga-Don Perevoloki. Pakazowedzerwa nevapanduki itsva, zvokuti ivo vakava vanhu zviuru zviviri. Vakapfuura pedyo Volga uye Yaik. Chinangwa chaiva kuratidza vasingabvumirani mutemo nehurumende Moscow uye blockade pakati nevezvokutengeserana, nomunyika rwizi. Royal vehurumende vakabvuma dambudziko uye kudhumhana chakaitika.

Kukura Cossack masimba

Stepan Timofeevich Razin makore hwake kuna akaita mishandirapamwe, uye izvi zvakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha. Zvakatangira muna May cha1667-ndipo. hondo yake aenda Volga. Pedyo Tsaritsyno neboka rengarava Shorin, muenzi nyika, uyewo mamwe vatungamiriri vatengesi. Vanoverengeka ngarava dzavo dziri pano uye tateguru Iosaf, sezvo pava paya kumbozvidemba. Stenka pamwe makororo vakarwisa zvikepe, vakapamba kwavari, ndokuuraya vanamabharani uye misoro matare.

By uye huru, Cossacks kazhinji paaivatambudza zvaibiwa kwakaenderera. Zvisinei, gare gare, mumwe nyore kuba kwakawedzera kuva kupandukira, vakati vachimupikisa hurumende akakundwa vapfuri uye akatora Yaitsky muguta. Winter akanga akatakurwa pamusoro munharaunda Yaik. Kana vakaita 1668-fung gore, hondo itsva yava nzvimbo mvura kweGungwa reCaspian. Kutonyanya vakagara Don Cossacks, cherkastsev uye vagari nevamwe mumaruwa Russia. Paiva kurwisa Shah wacho mauto pedyo Rasht, guta nevaPezhiya.

Zvakanga chirwa, uko kwakaguma Nhaurirano. Panguva iyi, Suleyman Shah akashanyira nhume wamambo uye Russia yakashuma kuti mbavha zviumbu tisangoti gungwa. NevaPezhiya akadana zororo razintsev. Panguva kuti hurukuro uye akaputsa. The Cossacks vakanga kusungwa. Mumwe wavo akafa pakutambudzwa imbwa. Vapanduki hapana sarudzo asi kutora Farabat ugarepo muchando, kubviswa kubva mauto muvengi.

kunozivikanwa zviitiko

Zvino gore 1669, vave hondo kanoverengeka mundima "Trukhmen nyika." Pane dzaikanganisa vamwe Razin, mumwe Cossack zita remadunhurirwa munyonga. Kana hondo paakasvika tabhenakeri chitsuwa, ivo vakaita kurwisa vanhu Shah varume, akarayira Mamed Khan. Ivo vakarwa upenyu uye rufu.

Muvengi vakabata rengarava wake takapoteredzwa cheni uye Don Cossacks, asi nzira haana abhadhare. Ship flagship mupikisi rikanyura. Zvadaro razintsy nayo navamwe rengarava. Vakakwanisa kugumisa mwanasikana uye mwanakomana, musungwa wacho mukuru Persian Navy.

Somugumisiro, mumwe Persian muchindakadzi Razin mhirizhonga, achinyudza musikana ari Volga River, sezvo yakazonzi akanyora rwiyo. Cossacks akahwina, asi pakanga pachine wandei nezvinetso. Sefividskie mauto akanga achiuya, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvinotevera rava nzvimbo razintsev Astrakhan. Held hurukuro nevatungamiri vemunzvimbo. Somugumisiro, Razin akanga validly wokurera Knyazhye ipapo Prozorovsky wokutanga warlord uyo akarasikirwa Cossacks kuna Don. Nokuti aifanira kubhadhara chokuendesa kwepfuti kugoverana yabudisa nemidziyo vasungwa vaibatwa vavengi. Zvisinei, varwi akakwanisa kupfuura pasina kuzadzika izvi ezvinhu.

Hondo vanhuwo zvavo

Paiva gumi idzva. Senguva dzose, akavhiyiwa zvechiuto akatanga muchirimo 1670. Zvakare, kuita rwendo kuenda Volga. Zvino raiva kwete kuba, asi kumukira chaiye, yaiva pasi chinzvimbo uye nzvimbo yakadaro. Ani aida kuda rusununguko, makadanirwa basa Razin.

Kuitira Jinda akanga asiri sapakuparadzwa mambo, asi aida kukunda ipapo maitiro anoitwa kubva kuvarimi mombe. Vakaronga kubviswa dzakanga nemapoka aimiririra vanamabharani, vatongi uye nevafundisi uyo zvichipomerwa akachinja Imperial simba. Rakanga zvazvichanyungudutswa kunzwa nezvokuwana razintsev Tsarevich Alexei, uyo chaizvoizvo akanga kubva January akafa.

Vaitiwo vane simba pamusoro upenyu pamusoro Patriarch Nikon. Kutaura zvazviri, iye chete akaenda kubatana. Razintsy rwaigara nhare uye guta vakanga hwakatangwa ikoko mudziyo nevatongi vemo, achiparadza zvinyorwa. Kana vakasangana pamusoro Volga nomushambadzi, izvozvo vakabata uye vapambwe.

"Tsamba kubva Stepan Timofeyevich Razin pamusoro" - kuti Musoro apo gwaro kuti rwunotumirwa nemhomho. Abvunzwa kuti kushumira Mwari uye hurumende, uyewo kutsigira mauto uye mutungamiri waro, kupa zvose vatengesi uye vanhu vanwe ropa vanhu. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vauye bhodhi kuna Cossacks.

Massively Akamukirawo vanhuwo zvavo uye akaperekedza jinda Volga panguva rutsigiro rwake. Nharaunda vemo yakanga ichangobva varanda uye vanhuwo zvavo havana kubvumirana kushivirira yezve rusununguko. Hondo yaiitwa pasi utungamiriri Cossack gavhuna panzvimbo ino. Kurwa akatanga Maris, Tatars, Chuvash uye Mordovians.

Tsarina vakabatwa, uyewo Samara, akatora Astrakhan, Saratov uye yakakunda dzimwe nhare. In kuwa 1670, gore rakapera ne kukundikana Kukomba kushanda pasi Simbirsk. King munzvimbo ino uto akatumwa uwandu 60 zviuru kudzvinyirira vanhu pakaitika. Razintsy vakakundwa muhondo pedyo Simbirsk.

ipapo Voivod aiva Yuri Baryatinsky. Razin pachake akuvadzwa ronda chakakura, akaendeswa kuna Don akavimba vanhu. Nokuti dzimwe nguva yava nzvimbo Kagalitsky muguta. Yakanga kubva ipapo akatamira mushandirapamwe gore rakapera. Ataman achiri ndaviga urongwa kuunganidzwa revarwi matsva. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akanga kuwedzerwa, uye hasha dzamambo atova kure illusory kutyisidzira. Ataman Yakovlev Kornila nevamwe Cossacks akatengesa mutungamiri waro, vakapfuura iye musungwa musi 13 April 1671, gore apo kurwisa Kagalitskogo. Razin yakapiwa nemauto Russian.

Usungwa nerufu

Mwedzi April 1671, gore rakayeukwa chokuti Ataman Frolka uye hanzvadzi, uyo akanga ari muduku kuna iye, vakanga vari mumaoko amambo evatsigiri. Vakanga vakasungwa. Vakatora zvavo Kosogov Gregory - mutariri uye Bogdanov Andrey - wezvokukurukurirana.

Vapanduki vakauya kuna Moscow pakati June, ivo vakatambudzwa zvikuru. Mumwedzi iwoyo Stepan Akatungamirirwa scaffold, uye quartered. Nzvimbo yose yaiva chapupu. Mutongo yakanga yakareba. Rebel akateerera pamwe kudzikama. kuonekana ake aiva kugutsurira kuchechi. The kuuraya yakatanga akagura rworudyi ruoko kusvikira kugokora. Zvino akagurwa kuruboshwe gumbo pamusoro pebvi, uye pakupedzisira musoro. Stepan asati musoro mukoma wake Frol akaedza kukumbira ruregerero pamusoro pangu, asi akatora chete chiduku kunonoka rufu. Akaurayiwa panzvimbo uye saizvozvo.

In muchiuto chiito ichi pamusoro Volga haana magumo. Cossack machinda akava Vasiliy Us uye Fyodor Sheludyak. Astrakhan akatorwa kubva razintsev vehurumende muna November 1671 ndipo. Yave hondo kunyanya vanotyisa, uko kwakaguma pavanotaurirana.

Attention kubva kunze kwenyika

enyika European vakanga vakarinda nezviito Razin. Chinonyanya kukosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana vaiva mungozi muhondo iyi. Ivo nehofisi Europe Persia uye Russia. Nepo mupanduki wakaitwa yakafanana kurwisana kuGermany, England uye Netherlands. Munyika idzi, rakabudiswa nyaya uye mabhuku pamusoro adventures ari mutungamiri. Vamwe mashoko akanga tarenda pamwe mashoko anokosha.

Vatorwa vakatarisa sezvo Cossack kuna guta ari musungwa uye vakaurayiwa. Nokuti mambo akanga zvinobatsira kunyanya kuratidza kuti simba iri zvachose mumaoko ake, uye hapana munhu anogona kuizunungusa. Kunyanya vamwe thug anobva varombo.

Kunyange zvazvo kukunda yakanga isati chokupedzisira, achiri mutungamiri Cossacks rufu akatarisa anoyevedza chaizvo. Mumwe mabhuku mabasa panyaya iyi "Three kufamba", iro rakanyorwa Yan Streys. Akapupurira kwazvakarerekera, akashanyira nharaunda iyo inotongwa Razin. Nokuti zvisikwa nyaya ino vakashandisa zvakawanika zvake uye zvinhu kuti munyori vakadzidza kubva mashoko inopiwa nevamwe vanyori.

mabasa Scientific uye mabhuku

Muna 1674 masvingo venhau dzakaitika Wittenberg Institute akadzivirira basa, izvo rinotiudza dzezvakaitwa mutungamiri. Shanda kakawanda ikazobudiswazve muna 17-18 emakore, Pushkin akaratidza anofarira wake kufarira.

Zvadaro, gamba kuti vapanduki akatanga kunyora zvakawanda ngano. Somuenzaniso, nezvake tinogona kuverenga basa "How Stepan Timofeevich Razin akasiya mujeri."

On Ataman vakanga akanyora chevarwere nziyo Russian. Mune dzimwe ake idealized segamba, kukunda kwehondo yakakura. Dzimwe nguva kuwirirana Ermak Timofeevich, mumwe yakakurumbira Cossack, uyo akakunda kuSiberia. Kune basa neyakarurama, atanga dryly rakanyorwawo facts, Biography uye munhau.

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin aipedza matatu Razin mabasa avo. Also zvakanyorwa pamusoro pake DM Chikwata. Muna 1908 pane wokutanga dzomufirimu anobudiswa Russia. Rainzi "Ponizova libertines." Giljarovsky VA Ndakanyora detembo inonzi "Stenka Razin".

Chero echimurenga kufamba vanoda simba mutungamiri anogona yokurasha kutya uye kutungamirira guru zvavo. Against mukuru uranda kwevanhu ndaida munhu aigona kuunganidza uye kuronga kuti vawane zvachose rusununguko. Stepan Razin vakaita Cossacks mumhuri iyi, rakabatana simba kuti vakarwa kodzero dzavo. Zvakanga zvakadaro asingatyi uye kutsunga, anouya kwatiri kubva mapeji enhau. Kunyange iye ava kutandadza, akaratidza hapana chiratidzo kutya, uye kuti pakupedzisira mweya akarambawo maonero ake. Hazvina unhu izvi uye mabasa maiita chinokosha munhau uye gamba kuti ngano.