Kodzero dzepamusoro uye mabasa evanhu. Kodzero dzeMutemo, rusununguko, mabasa evanhu uye vagari venyika

Munharaunda yaro yese, vanhu vakaedza kuwana mhando dzakagamuchirwa dzekusangana nevanhu. Pashure pezvose, zvakave pachena kubvira pakutanga kuti munhu haagoni kupona ari oga. Anoda rubatsiro. Izvo chete, mumapoka, vanhu vanogona kukunda matambudziko ose enyika yanhasi. Yokutanga yakagadzirwa yaiva mharaunda yemadzinza. Zvisinei, haana kusimbisa kutarisira, nokuti simba romutungamiri harisi nguva dzose rakarurama uye rakakwana. Nokufamba kwenguva, mharaunda iyi yakatanga kubatanidza mumasangano makuru emagariro evanhu, izvo zvakabva zvaita kuti kuvepo kwehurumende. Iyo yekupedzisira, zvakare, hairegi kuchinja kusvika ikozvino. Kuchinja kukuru kwakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekugutsa zvido zvevose vagari venyika iyi kana iyo nyika. Zvisinei, zvinonetsa kuti uite izvi. Sezvatinoziva, kune marudzi mazhinji ehurumende simba. Masayendisiti kusvikira nhasi anoitirana nharo kuti ndeipi iyo inogamuchirwa zvikuru pakuzadziswa kwezvido zvezvikamu zvose zvevanhu. Asi mhinduro yacho hairevi mumhando dzesimba, asi muhurumende yepamutemo yehusununguko rwevanhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinokwanisika kugutsa zvido zvevanhu vose chete kana vanhu vari muhurumende vakapiwa masimba nemabasa asina kuvasunga. Nokudaro, nenyaya yacho ichabata nekodzero nemabasa emugari uye munhu.

General concept

Kodzero uye mabasa evanhu zvinogona kuonekwa kubva panzvimbo mbiri dzinokosha: semasimba anogamuchirwa uye sekubatana pakati pehurumende nemumwe munhu. Rudzi rwekupedzisira runonziwo "kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo". Pakutanga, kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha, rusununguko nemabasa zvinofanira kuonekwa kubva panzvimbo imwechete. Maererano nezvayo, iyo yakarongerwa chikamu ndechemitemo yemitemo nemitemo inotungamirirwa nemaitiro enyika nemaitiro enyika anotonga hukama hwemagariro evanhu. Muchiitiko ichi, kodzero dzose dziripo dzevanhu dzinogadzirisa hutsika hwemunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Ratio yemutemo uye kodzero dzevanhu

Inofanira kuonekwa kuti kodzero, rusununguko nemabasa akanyorwa mumitambo yepasi rose zvinogadzira imwe nheyo yemasimba ehurumende. Mune mamwe mazwi, nyika haigone nenzira ipi zvayo kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu rwakagadzwa mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Iyi nheyo yakaitwa pashure peHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, apo vanhu vakaona kukanganisa kunokonzera kukanganisa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Nokudaro, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nemabasa evanhu uye vagari venyika muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechi20 yakatanga kushingaira kufungidzirwa nevasayendisiti. Mukuwedzera, hupenyu hwevanhu hwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kukudziridza nzira yekuchengetedzwa kwavo nokukurumidza nekushanda.

Mhemberero dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa kodzero dzepamusoro nemabasa

Kodzero dzerusununguko uye mabasa evanhu uye vagari vemazuva ano zvinofungwa nevanosayenzi vanobva maonero akasiyana-siyana. Kuvapo kwemaitiro akawanda kunoratidza hukuru hwekudzidza kwedambudziko iri. Pfungwa yepamutemo yekodzero, rusununguko nemabasa evanhu zvakagadzirwa muGreece neRoma. Iko mune idzi dzinotaura kuti fomu repamerica yemasimba yakatanga kuonekwa, iyo inoreva kuti democratism yehukama hwehukama uye kuenzana kwevagari vemo munyika. Zvisinei, maererano nevasayendisiti, kodzero uye rusununguko hazvibvi kuvanhu, asi kubva kuhurumende, sezvo iyi yekupedzisira inopa nemitemo yayo mararamiro ezvomutemo evanhu mumwe nomumwe. Asi kutaura kwakadaro ndiko kunopesana. Pashure pezvose, munyaya iyi, chokwadi chekuvapo kwekodzero, kodzero dzechisikirwo : kwehupenyu, rusununguko rwokutaura, nezvimwe, rinoramba risinganzwisisiki.

Kubva pamaonero efilosofi uye emurairo, kodzero dzevanhu uye mabasa ndezvekushamwaridzana kwevanhu. Saizvozvowo, vanhu vanoronga kutaurirana pakati pavo nehurumende. Vaiva mafilosofi vakatsanangura kuti vanhu nevevanhu vanobatana sei. Kodzero uye mabasa evanhu chaivo panguva imwechete ndeye kuchengetedza kwemukana wekudzivirira zvavanoda pamberi pehurumende.

Pfungwa yekuenzana

Dzidziso yekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko nemabasa zvinonyanya kuvakirwa pamutemo wekuenzana kodzero yevanhu vose. Kufambira kwayo kwakadzika kwakatanga makore mazhinji akapfuura, asi zvakatorera mazana emakore kubvisa zvachose zviratidzo zvekusarura pane chero zvikonzero. Asi ikozvino muChiratidzo chekodzero dzevanhu uye vagari venyika, iyo yakasayirwa muna 1789, mutemo wekuenzana wakagadziriswa. Maererano naye, vanhu vose vanoberekwa zvachose vakasununguka uye vakaenzana kune mumwe nomumwe mune kodzero dzavo uye zviremera. Kutaura zvazviri, iyo yakataurwa inorambidzwa yakarambidzwa chero rudzi rwekuvhiringidza kune rusununguko nerukudzo rwemunhu nekuda kweunhu hwake.

Kodzero, rusununguko uye mabasa evanhu uye vagari venyika, kana kuti, pane dzidziso yemasimba aya, akazoshanduka pashure pekuzivisa kwekuenzana kwekodzero pakati pevarume nevakadzi. Iyi nheyo yakagadzirwa uye yakagamuchirwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope pakati pezana remakore rechina. Kubudirira kwakanyatsojeka kwacho kwakave kuwanikwa muFrance.

Democracy uye mutemo wemutemo

Kodzero dzemitemo-soro, rusununguko uye mabasa evanhu aripo mune imwe nyika yakasiyana. Asi maitiro avo haafaniri kungoenderana nemutemo wekutanga, uyo uchakurukurwa gare gare munyaya yacho, asiwo nezvimwe zvinhu. Chinyanya kukosha kwavari ndechekuti "democracy" uye "kutonga kwemutemo". Kana iri democracy, ndiyo iyo inogadza kuvapo kwehumwe rusununguko rwevanhu. Pasina hutongi hwehurumende, chokwadi, pakanga pasina kuenzana. Pamusoro peizvi, chikwata chinobudiswa chinonyanya kugadzirisa hutano hwevanhu hwepamutemo mune imwe nyika.

Dare rezvemitemo nderimwe chikamu chinoratidza kubatana kwakananga pakati pevanhu uye hurumende, pamwe nekuvapo kwemaitiro ekudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu. Munzvimbo ipi zvayo yepamutemo, masangano ose evanhu anofananidzwa zvakanaka. Nokudaro, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nemabasa emuunhu munyika yakadaro hazvizivikanwi chete, asiwo inodzivirirwa nemutemo.

Iko kodzero dzevanhu dzinoiswa sei?

Iko kunofanira kuyeukwa kuti, kufanana nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu uye hwepamutemo, kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko runoenderanawo nekugadzirisa. Sezvakaratidzwa zvinoratidza, kuparadzanisa kwemasimba ose kunoitwa muzvikoro zvezvesayenzi nenzira dzakasiyana zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti akawanda anobata maonero ekuti kodzero dzevagari vemunhu uye munhu ndeyezvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Asi, sezvazvakataurwa kare, masimba edzimutemo haagoni kuvapo kunze kwekujairika, ayo, chaizvoizvo, anogadzira nheyo yavo. Nokudaro, kusvika panguva ino, mapoka emarudzi anotevera akasiyana-siyana: evanhu, vezvematongerwo enyika, ezvezvakatipoteredza, tsika, zvehupfumi nehupfumi.

Kodzero dzevanhu uye mabasa evanhu

Kodzero dzekodzero inokosha chikamu chevanhu vose pasina. Vanoona hurumende yepamutemo. Kodzero dzevanhu dzakapiwa kune vose pasinei nehutano, rudzi, ruvara, makore, chitendero, nezvimwewo. Kusvika iye zvino, masayendisiti anoratidza kodzero dzevanhu dzinotevera: kodzero yehupenyu, uchapupu hwakakwana hwokusava nemhosva, kusagadzikana kwemusha uye munhu, basa rakatendeseka uye rinozvidira, chiremerera, nezvimwewo. Inofanira kuonekwa kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzinotsigirwa nemitoro yega, iyo inofanana nemasimba mashoma anomiririrwa. Nokudaro, munhu anosungirwa kuremekedza hupenyu hwevamwe vanhu uye kodzero dzavo, uyewo kuti arege kuvhiringidza nenzira ipi zvayo.

Kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro

Kodzero dzeMitemo-soro, rusununguko, mabasa evanhu uye vagari venyika inonyanya kuvakirwa kune kodzero dzenyika dzose uye dzezvematongerwo enyika. Mushure mezvose, anonyatsonyatsoratidza kubatana pakati pevanhu nehurumende. Kana zviri zvekodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika, dzinofanana nehutano hwekugara kwevanhu mune imwe nyika uye kushamwaridzana kwayo nehurumende. Izvi zvinosanganisira kodzero yekusununguka kwekutaura, kufungidzira, kokorodzano, hana, kubatana, kurwisana, kuenzana kwevose zvisati zvaitwa nemitemo, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Kodzero dzevanhu uye mabasa mune imwe nzira kufanana nevezvematongerwe enyika, asi chinangwa chavo chemutemo chakasiyana zvakasiyana. Izvo, kutanga kwezvose, zvakasikirwa pakuzadzikisa kwebasa revanhu pakuzvipa ivo pachavo nemupiro wezvokunyama kana zvemweya. Izvi zvinosanganisira kodzero yekushanda, kuchengetedzwa kwemhuri, dzimba, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kuchengetedzwa kwehutano nemamiriro ekushandira zvakanaka.

Nokudaro, munhu ane kodzero nemitoro yezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro evanhu, ndiye muridzi wemhando ye "nhoo" iyo nyika iri kuvakira iye.

Kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika, tsika netsika

Mukuwedzera kune mapoka emakodzero evanhu akambomiririrwa munyaya yacho, panewo zvakatipoteredza, tsika uye zvehupfumi. Zvechokwadi vane simba rakafanana remutemo uye rinokosha, sekuti, somuenzaniso, munhu wega uye wezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, maitiro avo ezvinyorwa zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, kodzero dzezvemari dzinodzora zviitiko zvemari zvevanhu, tsika dzinopa rusununguko rwesainzi uye kubudirira kwetsika, kodzero dzezvakatipoteredza dzinopa kodzero yekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakachengeteka, nezvimwewo.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nzvimbo dzinomiririra dzemutemo dzinewo mararamiro akasiyana. Ivo, ivowo, vanonyanya kugadzirisa nyaya dziri mukushanda kwekushandisa kwavo masimba avo. Semuenzaniso, hapana munhu anogona kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu rwebasa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa ivo pachavo.

Kodzero dzeMitemo-soro uye mabasa muRussia

Kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakuvaka yese yepamutemo muRussian Federation. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti masimba makuru anogadziriswa mumutemo mukuru wenyika, iyo, mumutemo. Uku kutungamirirwa kwevanhu kwakashandurwa neRussian Federation mushure mekudengenyeka kweSoviet Union, apo yakabudirira kupedza zvachose chihedheni munharaunda yaro. Nhasi tinogona kutaura nechivimbiso chokuti Russia inyaya yezvematongerwe enyika yenyika ye XXI, iyo vanhu vasiri mari chete yakachengetedzwa, asiwo yakachengetedzwa zviri pamutemo. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti vagari veRussia Federation havana kodzero uye zvinotarisana nemabasa, asiwo vanosimbisa kushanda kwezvikamu izvi.

Nyaya yakawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu muMutemo weRussian Federation

Sezvambotaurwa, kodzero nemabasa evanhu munyika yedu zvakagadzirirwa muRussia Constitution - mutemo wekutanga. Izvi zvinobvumira hurumende, mumunhu wehutongi hwayo, kutonga zvakanyatsorondedzerwa uye zvakakwana, pamwe nekudzora nzira yekushandura nzira yekusununguka kwebumbiro remitemo. Muchidimbu chayo, Mutemo weRussian Federation unowedzera zvose zvinowanikwa pamusoro apa zvakagamuchirwa kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko, kureva munhu, zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, nezvimwewo. Nezvemabasa, ivo vanogadziriswa. Mushure mezvose, mugari wehurumende nehurumende vari mu indissoluble kuwirirana kune mumwe nemumwe. Nokudaro, rimwe remabasa chaiwo ndekudzivirira vagari venyika yavo nehuchangamire hwavo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuvapo kwebasa rekushandira muRussia.

Mhedziso

Saka, munyaya ino yakaudzwa pamusoro pei kodzero nemabasa evanhu uye vagari vemo, uyewo kuti kusiyana kwavo chii. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti iyo yakarondedzerwa nyaya yakakosha inodawo kunyatsodzidza nevanosayenzi. Mushure mezvose, mune dzimwe nyika, nzira yekuita kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzisati dzagadzirwa. Izvozvi mune ramangwana zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro enyika idzi uye nyika yezvematongerwo enyika evanhu.