Kodzero upenyu. Kodzero yekuva nezvakavanzika

Kuri kuti munhu wose kodzero upenyu, iyo runochengetedzwa mutemo. In yayo kugutsikana kunoratidza kuti hapana chinogona nemaune aisarudza mukana wokurarama. mutemo uyu zvinoisa musengwa pamusoro hurumende kuita zvose kuitira kuti munhu aiva nengozi. Mukuwedzera, mamiriro vanofanira kutarisira inobudirira kuferefeta nezvokukanganisa nokuurayiwa. MuRussia, kuvapo kodzero upenyu zvakatangwa reMitemo.

yezve upenyu

In ezvinhu akafanana maererano nomutemo anogona kunyima munhu upenyu? Izvi zviri kuitwa kana zvakakodzera chaizvo kushandisa simba kudzivirira munhu kubva nomutemo vanodzvinyirirwa. Saka, akatakurwa pamutemo kusungwa kana kudzivirira kupukunyuka munhu musungwa kuvharirwa zviri pamutemo. Asi zvakafanira kudzvinyirira, nomurayiro, kwebope kana bongozozo.

Tsika kugumiswa upenyu vanhu vanotambura nehosha uye achirapwa sokusingatsungiririki kurwadziwa, rinonzi euthanasia. Mune dzimwe nyika, kune dzimwe vanhu vanobatsira zvokuzvidira kuzviuraya pamutemo.

Kudzivirira kodzero vana vasati vaberekwa

Nyika dzakawanda funga kuti kodzero upenyu munhu anowana chete panguva pakukurukura. Zvisinei, vavengi pamuviri uye kuedza pamwe hunde masero vanoedza kutevedzera izvozvo pakunambwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Eighth Amendment kusvika Constitution of Ireland, vakagamuchirwa muna 1987, anobvuma muchero kodzero kurarama chete kumiganhu, umo chiri kuzivikanwa uye mai vake. MuHungary muna 2011, vakapinda nechisimba itsva shanduro Basic Mutemo anopa kuchengetedza upenyu hwevanhu kubva panguva yokunambwa. Kutaura zvazviri zvinonzi kurambidza pamuviri.

Gestational zera vanhu vanoonekwa zvipenyu vagara vandifungira vanodzika mitemo munyika imwe neimwe. The States vava dzakasiyana-siyana zvinodiwa chinhanho hwomwana asati aberekwa. Saka, Ukraine anoonekwa chine musoro mudumbu chete yairema anodarika 500 d mhinduro iyi mutoro nenyanzvi kuonesesa zvakasiyana. Uye zvose nekuti vazhinji zvipatara maternity havasi vakagadzirira kutarisira vana vakadaro.

rufu

The yezve upenyu kutsiva inonzi rufu. Rinogona pamutemo nehurumende uye vakaurayiwa anobudirira dare mutongo. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona mhinduro vamwe muchiuto kana hurumende masangano. Sezvaunogona kuona, ine mhirikiro dzakawanda kodzero upenyu.

Munguva yakabudirira nyika rufu imhosva nevatongi zhinji. Asi vamwe funga Muzvarirwo tsotsi kurangwa, kunyange zvazvo rinoshandiswa chete vanenge mhosva zvikuru chakakomba. In China, rufu rinoshandiswa kwose kwose uye zvikanganiso zvishoma. Munyika ino, mune ichi noutsinye kuranga vakuru vakuru vane uori, pimps, kunze kwemutemo, forgers, vasingapupuri mutero, uye zvichingodaro.

Russian uye Soviet pamutemo tsika, kuziva rufu panguva dzakasiyana, yemanyorero anoshandisa madimikira. Kupfuura kunaka evanhu vemazuva ano iri vapfurwa. Vari akashandisawo nzira kuurayiwa zvakadai, sezvo yemagetsi cheya, nechidzitiro, ngozi jekiseni, kutemwa nematombo uye musoro.

zvakavanzika

Kodzero oga ari jurisprudential nesayenzi anopinda muchikwata che inalienable. Chinosanganisira anotevera zvinhu:

• Kurambidzwa kwacho, kuchengetwa, kuparadzirwa uye kushandisa ruzivo pamusoro private hwevanhu vasina zvavo mvumo.
• Kodzero kudzora mashoko pamusoro pachavo.
• Kodzero kuchengetedzwa nokukudzwa uye zita rakanaka.
• Kodzero kudzivirira pachavo mashoko.
• Kodzero toga pakukurukurirana. Dzimwe nguva iri rakapa somunhu yoga muchikwata.
• Kodzero kuchinjanisa zvakavanzika (zvokurapa, muchivande kureurura nevamwe and said.).

In mugovanisi nyika, pane rokuti "zvakavanzika", akashandisa mashoko okuti "upenyu pachake". Magweta Russian kazhinji govera kodzero yekuvanzika ari yakamanikana uye rakafara pfungwa. Kana wechipiri rinoreva kudzivirirwa munhu chakarondedzera basa munhu, kwete ukama pachena basa. Kutaura zvazviri, mune ichi ezvinhu, kodzero yekuvanzika kunosanganisira mitemo mhuri uye pachedu zvakavanzika, kudzivirirwa proprietary data, kuvimbika mudzimba uye zvakadai. Yakamanikana pfungwa rworudyi inotaura kudzivirira chete chidukuduku idenderedzwa yebasa yevanhu kuti haana kutangira pamutemo. Zvingatova kuipa ushamwari, somuenzaniso.

Zvechokwadi, vakawanda kunyika pamutemo kuzivisa kodzero dzevanhu hakusi kuitwa tsika. Uye kuvimbika private upenyu kazhinji kunogara papepa, kunyange inosimbiswa reMitemo uye mitemo.

nyaya

Kodzero upenyu - ndiko kutoti Mashoko kupfuura inonzwisisika izwi. Hobbes akapikisa kuti zvaichengetedza Ibasa chikuru mumwe munhu, saka kuti sechinhu dzinongoitika kodzero yokuita zvose chinowedzera zvaichengetedza.

Saka, zviri nani kuzivikanwa kodzero iyi yakaitwa panguva nyika dzokuEurope munguva iri Bourgeois nokumukirana. zvakanzi wakanyorwa France, mumutemo pamutemo. Uye US Constitution uye Bill of Rights pakati kuUnited States saka kure haana wagadzirirwa, kunyange zvazvo rinobva dzinoverengeka yepamutemo yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita.

Kekutanga kodzero upenyu hwemhuri vave nesayenzi yakatanga kuva masayendisiti akakurumbira, magweta Brendaysa ld uye "kodzero yekuvanzika" SD Warren waMwari, rakabudiswa muna America muna 1890. Zvadaro, kodzero iyi akatsigira dzakatevedzana US Supreme Court neizvi. dare iri akafarirwa kuvapo kwayo uye akaisa panze anoverengeka yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti US Constitution.

Munguva yepashure pehondo, muna vamakumi mashanu, kodzero yakasimbiswa wandei dzomunyika zvibvumirano, nyika munyika dzakawanda. The USSR zvinosanganisirwawo pemazita ichi, uye gare gare Russia, apo kodzero yekuvanzika iri pasi pehurumende kudzivirirwa.

pamutemo chengetedzo

MuRussia, kodzero iyi haanzi 23, 24 uye 25 nyaya reMitemo. Mitemo dare kudzivirirwa kodzero yekuvanzika kunosanganisirawo Civil Code, Federal Mutemo "On Personal Data" uye vakawanda zvibvumirano dzakawanda. Chokutanga tiri kutaura pamusoro Universal Declaration of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Sungano International musi Civil uye Political Rights.

Kuvimbika upenyu pachake anochengeta Art. 137 yemutemo weCriminal Code of Russia.

tsvakurudzo

In Russia kodzero upenyu vakaongorora pamusoro monographic chechetere M. N. Maleinos, IL Petruhin konstitutsionistami IM Huzhokovoy uye G. B. Romanovsky.

Kodzero yekuva nezvakavanzika anogona shoma chete munzira waakaudzwa nomutemo, uye chete sarudzo mudare. IM Huzhokova anotaura kuzvipokanidza pakati wokuRussia bumbiro Dare dzemunharaunda of Federal Mutemo "On State of Emergency" uye mazuva ano. Zvaaiswedera pfungwa yokuti kuti magwaro iwayo kodzero pakururama upenyu hwemhuri, kududzirwa sezvo zvisingachinji kukamurwa. Uye ichi ndicho mugumisiro nokusanzwisisana yake Implementation of Western zvinyorwa.

absolutism Hobbes

Munzvimbo musoro chibvumirano Hobbes vanhu vari paakavapa kodzero vose muviri wake uye unhu vaya vanosarudza mambo. Ngatitii ivo bvumidza zviito zvake zvose. Absolutism Hobbes anobvisa chimwe chokwadi: sezvo chibvumirano pachena anokanda panguva zvaichengetedza, vagari vayo changamire ane hazvigoni kuti kuzviuraya.

Locke vanonyatsokwanisa rehurumende munharaunda sezvo sungano, unochengetera upenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Mashoko aya aishanda muenzaniso kutaura, aisanganisira muna American Declaration of Independence: "Tinobvumirana pachena chokwadi kuti vanhu vanozvarwa vakaenzana. Tinonzwisisa kuti murume hwakapiwa noMusiki wavo pamwe nekodzero inalienable, dungwerungwe zvinosanganisira kodzero norusununguko, upenyu uye kuda mufaro. " Kuudzwa panguva yakadaro yakakwirira yakati sandara, kodzero upenyu Zvisinei, hakusi pamutemo.