Kunzwa - ndechokuti kwepfungwa? Manzwiro uye maonero ari kwepfungwa

upenyu hwevanhu uzere siyana nazvo, inoyerera kubudikidza Switch hurongwa. Nyore Fani vose kushanda kwendangariro - ndiyo kutekenyedzwa. Hapana zvoga kwatiri, kana tichiona, ngaanzwe, vanonzwa kubata zvinhu.

Pfungwa chishamiso mu kwepfungwa

Nei chaizvoizvo nyaya: "sensación"? Psychology Fani iyi yave adzidza kwenguva refu, kuedza kupa kunyatsoenderana tsananguro. To musi, masayendisiti dzichiri kuedza kunzwisisa kudzama kwenyika yomukati uye yevanhu physiology. Kunzwa - iri mukuru zvepfungwa pamusoro muitiro kuratidza zvimwe unhu uye unhu zvinhu uye mananara chokwadi tichitarisa zvakananga kukanganisa pfungwa. Kugona kuwana yakadaro chiitiko hunhu zvipenyu, vane tsinga. Uye vanoziva pfungwa zvipenyu kuva uropi.

The chikuru Danho pamberi panowanikwa yakadaro mupfungwa muitiro yaizova kushatirwa nyore, nemhaka iyo zvokusarudza kuita chinokosha zvinokonzerwa kwokunze kana zvemukati ezvinhu. Zvaakazoita azvaitwa achiperekedzwa nokuchinja rehurumende uye maitiro ane muviri mupenyu, chii vakandoteka pfungwa vakawanda zvepfungwa.

Kunzwa - ndiwo zvepfungwa rokutanga link zivo wokunze uye yomukati nyika. Pane mhando dzakasiyana pane chiitiko ichi, pasinei mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti kuagadzira. zvinhu izvi kana mananara vari kukurukura nezvirwere zvakasiyana simba uye, naizvozvo, tanga siyana unhu Unzwe: aural, dermal, kutarisana. In zvepfungwa, uyewo kubudisa manzwiro chokuita zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro uye nhengo dzomukati. Kwakadaro mananara asina kunzwisiswa nevanhu. The chete kunze ndiwo inorwadza nezvekufadza zvinobva zvomukati. Havazivi kusvika nokure pfungwa, asi panoonekwa tsinga. Uyewo, munhu anowana manzwiro dzinoitwa pfungwa dzakadai nguva, kumhanyisa, vibration, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.

Incentives nokuti analyzers dzedu remagetsi mafungu kuti kuwa mukati imwe siyana.

mamirire nezvekufadza

Mitemo manzwiro zvepfungwa uye zvinopa tsananguro dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana. Wokutanga kupatsanura chokuita imwe nguva yekare. Kwakavakirwa analyzers kuti kusarudza mhuka dzakadai kunhuwidza, kuravira, kubata, kuona uye kunzwa.

Chimwe kupatsanura pakati manzwiro zvepfungwa akapa B. G. Ananevym (sarudza 11 marudzi). Panewo hurongwa typology pakati vakanyora Chirungu physiologist Sherrington. Zvinosanganisira interoceptive, proprioceptive uye mhando exteroceptive pamusoro nezvekufadza. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Interoceptive mhando chishamiso: Description

Izvi mhando manzwiro kunopa anonongedzera kubva dzomunyika kwezvakatipoteredza, kubva siyana nhengo uye hurongwa vari nevamwe parameters inozivikanwa. Receptors vanogamuchira anonongedzera kubva zvomudumbu ino (kuburikidza dumbu uye intestinal rusvingo), kumwoyo (mwoyo uye mudziyo ropa masvingo) kubva tsandanyama rinenge nezvimwe nehurongwa. Zvivako tsinga yakadaro inonzi - receptors of womukati kwezvakatipoteredza.

Manzwiro aya ndezvaJehovha kupfuura kare uye chinyakare boka. Vari kuzivikanwa kufenda, diffuse uye pedyo zvikuru kunetsa. Chimwe zita chepfungwa izvi pezvakaitwa - Organic.

Nyorai proprioceptive nezvekufadza: Description

Information pamusoro ezvinhu muviri wedu, anopa munhu ari proprioceptive manyawi. In zvepfungwa, kudoma subtypes vanoverengeka ichi mhando, kureva kunzwa kunofambira mberi (zvakanyatsoenzana) uye kinesthetic (kufamba). Tsandanyama uye mapfundo (nemarunda nemarunda) - nzvimbo localization pakati receptors. Zita vasanonoka dzakadaro chaizvo anonakidza - mhuru Pachchini. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro peripheral receptors proprioceptive nezvekufadza, vari mupasi riri tubules womukati nzeve.

Pfungwa manzwiro ari kwepfungwa uye psychophysiology akadzidza kwazvo. Izvi zvaitwa A. A. Orbeli, P. K. Anohin, N. A. Bernshteyn.

Exteroceptive mhando nezvekufadza: Description

nezvekufadza izvi dzevanhu kutaura kunze nyika, uye kuwira kuonana (tactile uye kuravira) uye kure (auditory, olfactory uye kutarisana nezvekufadza mu wepfungwa).

Olfactory manzwiro ari zvepfungwa pane masayendisiti pamakakatanwa, nekuti havazivi kupi chaizvoizvo kuiisa. Nenyaya inongorira kwakanaka, iri kure, asi yeshoko mamorekuru neVadzidzi nasal receptors. Kana kuti chinhu hachisisiri varipo, uye munhuwi ichiri mudenga. Uyewo olfactory nezvekufadza zvinokosha kuziva kushandisa chikafu uye chigadzirwa unhu.

Intermodal nezvekufadza: Description

Sezvinongoitikawo zvinonhuwirira, pane mamwe manzwiro akaoma patsanura. Somuenzaniso, izvi vibration wanda. Chinosanganisira auditory manzwiro ari analyzer, uyewo kubva ganda uye zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Maererano LE Komendantova, vibration utetsa inzira inzwi maonero. Rakaratidza rayo guru kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu dzisina kana pasina kunzwa uye vhoti. vanhu vakadaro vane yakakwirira azvipire tactile-vibratory phenomenology uye anogona kudoma inonakidza rori kana mumwe muchina, kunyange panguva zvenguva refu.

Other classifications nezvekufadza

Uyewo kuti kudzidza kupatsanura pakati manzwiro zvepfungwa M. Heda, uyo isimbiswe majini tinosvika kuna aikanganiswa weboka. Vanozivikanwa vaviri rwaro - protopathic (Organic manyawi - nyota, nzara, chinyakare uye vasiri) uye epicritic (izvi zvinosanganisira zvose anozivikanwa nezvekufadza masayendisiti).

Uyewo vakatanga kupatsanura pakati nezvekufadza B. M. Teplov, ichijekesa nezvemarudzi maviri receptors - interoreceptors uye exteroreceptors.

Maitiro ehupfumi of nezvekufadza

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chete kunzwa pamusoro modality anogona kuva akasiyana zvachose mumwe. Properties of zvishande muitiro uri mumwe zvachiri: yakamboita, zvikuru, spatial localization, kwenguva refu, manzwiro nezvikumbaridzo. In zvepfungwa, izvi mananara vave rakarondedzerwa nemasayendisiti, physiologists, vaiva vokutanga vakatanga kudzidza dambudziko iri.

Unhu uye kusimba manzwiro

In Zvinotaurwa, zviratidzo zvose rakadai rinogona rakakamurwa quantitative uye Qualitative marudzi. Quality kunzwa anosarudza kusiyana kwayo nemamwe marudzi Fani iyi uye nderei ruzivo pamusoro nditsigire. Hazvibviri kuyera unhu kushandisa chero sezviverengo namano. Kana isu kutora kuona manzwiro ari zvepfungwa, unhu raro ruvara. Nokuti kunaka uye kunhuhwidza-wanda - pfungwa inonaka, anovava, shungu, vava, anonhuwira uye zvichingodaro.

Quantitative characterization pamusoro nezvekufadza - ndiwo simba rake. pfuma iyi kunokosha murume, nekuti zvakakosha kuti isu kuziva ruzha kana nyoro mumhanzi, uye chiedza kana rima mumba. The kuchinyanya ruzivo zvakasiyana zvichienderana zvinhu zvakadai pamusoro: simba kuita anotikurudzira (panyama parameters), uye dzichipfekeka mamiriro Kanotokonya iro pachena. The zvakawanda zviratidzi zvainyanya ari vakurukurirane chaiko, chikuru kusimba ari kutekenyedzwa.

Kureba uye spatial localization chishamiso

Chimwe maitiro anokosha anonzi nguva iyo inoratidza nguva zviratidzi nezvekufadza. pfuma Izvi zvakare pasi zvinoitwa chinangwa uye kuzviitira zvinhu. Kana vakurukurirane chinoshanda kwenguva refu, uye kunzwa kuda runyararo. Ichi chimwe chinhu. Nyaya iri pamusoro dzichipfekeka mamiriro ari analyzer.

Mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti kutsvinyira pfungwa vane nzvimbo yavo muchadenga. Nezvekufadza kuvabatsira kutsvaga imwe chinhu kuti anotamba basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu.

manzwiro nezvikumbaridzo mu zvepfungwa: Mhedziso uye hama

Under Mhedziso pachikumbaridzo anonzwisisa parameters zviri vakurukurirane iri shoma mari kuti anokonzera chishamiso chaiko. Pane mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuti vari kudzika pane Mhedziso chikumbaridzozve, uye vanokonzera nehanya. Asi muviri ichiri kunetsekana nemitemo nezvekufadza. In zvepfungwa mutsvakurudzi G. V. Gershuni akauya migumisiro kuedza iyo yakawanikwa kuti inzwi mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, vaiva kuvatumwa paMhedziso chikumbaridzozve, kunokonzera vamwe uropi zvemagetsi basa uye kuwedzera mudzidzi. Nzvimbo iyi ndiyo nzvimbo subsensornuyu.

Panewo repamusoro mhedziso chikumbaridzozve - chiyero anotikurudzira kuti hazvigoni zvakakwana panoonekwa pfungwa. Zvakaitika zvakadaro marwadzo, asi kwete nguva dzose (Ultrasound).

Uyezve ehupfumi, munewo mitemo nezvekufadza: synesthesia, sensitization, kwadzakabva, kudyidzana.

Zvinoitwa maonero

Manzwiro uye maonero ari zvepfungwa ndivo zvishande pezvakaitwa pazvinhu pakuyeuka uye mafungiro. A tsananguro pfupi pamusoro Chiitiko mafungiro akadai Takatambanudzira, uye zvino maonero. Ichi mupfungwa pakupfuura RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA kuratidzwa zvinhu uye mananara chokwadi yavo zvakananga nevanhu masimba flair. Manzwiro uye maonero ari zvepfungwa achidzidza physiology uye zvepfungwa L. A. Venger, AV Zaporozhets, V. P. Zinchenko, TS Komarova nemamwe masayendisiti. Muitiro nekunhonga mashoko anopa mumwe nomumwe wezwi kuruvazhe nyika.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti maonero mamirire chete nemhuka dzevanhu uye yakakwirira, anogona kuumba mifananidzo. It inofanira objectification. Delivery of cortex mashoko pamusoro ehupfumi zvinhu - kutekenyedzwa chaitika. The perceptual zvepfungwa yoga paumbwe chifananidzo, vakawana inobva yakaunganidzwa mashoko pamusoro chinhu uye ayo zvivako. The mufananidzo yaunganidzwa nesungano pakati vakawanda Switch enyika.

mhando maonero

In maonero pane mapoka matatu. The inonyanya kupatsanura:

ehupfumi maonero

S. L. Rubinshteyn akati maonero vanhu generalized uye achitaura.

Saka, kutanga kuchiitwa ichi kwacho ichaongororwa zvizere. Perception hazvibviri pasina zvinhu, nekuti vane zvavo zvakananga ruvara, chimiro, ukuru uye chinangwa. Violin isu kutsanangura sezvo chiridzwa, uye ndiro - akafanana Forogo, Banga Nechipunu.

The pfuma rechipiri - kuvimbika. Vakaudza kunzwa kuti uropi nyaya zvinhu zvayo zvakananga unhu, uye maonero aya nomumwe miitiro kuva mune RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA nzira. Pandakauya kubhendi, mumhanzi isu mimhanzi holistically, pane manzwi chiridzwa nerimwe (gitare, Bass, chiridzwa chavo chinonzi cello) oga.

The pfuma wechitatu - nguva dzose. Rinoreva hama dzose maumbirwo, rinoreva uye tsika kuti tinonzwisisa. Somuenzaniso, tinoona katsi, sezvinoita vamwe mhuka, kana murima kana muchiedza mukamuri.

The pfuma chechina - kunanga. Zviri vanhu kuti kuiswa mumapoka zvinhu uye kupa kune imwe kirasi, zvichienderana zvinhu dziripo.

The pfuma rechishanu - meaningfulness. Muchinzwisisa zvinhu isu rondedzera navo kwedu ruzivo uye ruzivo. Kunyange kana nyaya womutorwa, uropi ari kuedza kuzvienzanisa nawo kare zvaizivikanwa zvinhu uye kuziva zvakafanana zvinhu.

Nhanhatu ehupfumi - selectivity. Chekutanga paakaziva zvinhu zvine chokuita oga ruzivo kana basa nevanhu. Somuenzaniso, achiona mabasa, mumwe mutambi uye mutorwa zvakasiyana vachaona zviri kuitika pachikuva.

Mumwe muitiro zvingaitika zvose chaiye uye zvokurwara. Havachanyatsogoni maonero funga hypersensitivity (hypersensitivity vakaderera zvezvakatipoteredza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira), hypoesthesia (akaderedza wanda), agnosia (kutyora kuziva zvinhu ezvinhu zvakajeka kuziva zvishomanana kuderera zvinonyatsorehwa wanda), fungidziro (maonero vasiri aripo zvinhu chaizvoizvo). Neunyengedzi dzinoratidzwa pasi akapomerwa maonero zvinhu kuti zviripo chokwadi.

Pakupedzisira ndinoda kutaura kuti vanhu psyche - mudziyo nani kunzwisisa, uye vakaparadzana maitiro kurapwa zvakadai manyawi, maonero, ndangariro uye mafungiro - chakagadzirwa, nokuti chokwadi zvose izvi zvakavapo kuitika zvakafanana kana dzinotevedzana.