Kurambidza pamuviri. A bhiri kuti kurambizwe pamuviri muRussia

Pamuviri muna Russian Federation kugadziriswa panguva zvemitemo chechetere. Matanho aya mari neHurumende bhajeti. Kana gestational zera vhiki 12, pamuviri rinoitwa pasi womukadzi chikumbiro. Kana ya nguva vhiki 12-22, muitiro rinoitwa panyaya pave chokwadi chibharo. Chero pavaipfuura pamuviri zvinogona wakagumiswa kwezvikonzero zvokurapa.

nhoroondo mashoko

Kurambidza pamuviri muna USSR wakasuduruka muna 1920. The Soviet Union yakava nyika yokutanga munyika, akabvumira nzira iri pamutemo chechetere. MuUK Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo wabatwa 1967, muUnited States - muna 1973, kuWest Germany - muna 1976, muna France - muna 1975. The Union pamuviri kurambidzwa wakatangwa shure muna 1936. The Kusara aiva pamuviri uchi. zvairatidza. Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho, muitiro akatakurwa kunze zvisiri pamutemo. Ban pamuviri muna Russia yakanga ichishanda kusvikira 1955

emuchina

Maererano nenhamba, nhamba pamuviri munyika zvinodzongonyedza vachiwira kubvira 1980 pagore. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinonakisa prices kuramba yakakwirira zvikuru. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kubvisa pamuviri, sezvo Kunoshandiswa mutemo nguva uye nhamba yevana vanoberekwa, haichisina pakushandisa nhumbu ano. Izvi Muitiro ari kunyanya segwapa pakati pevechiduku.

iyezvino chaizvoizvo

Shoko rokuti "kubvisa pamuviri" riri pakurapa kunzi "nokupfupfudzika". Zvinogona kwatangwa kana chokunyepera. Kubvisa nhumbu rwuripowo ndandanda mhando okurapwa yakafukidzwa inishuwarenzi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero mugari wenyika iri kodzero kushandisa kukiriniki kuti nzira tichiregeredza ehurumende bhajeti. Maererano kunyatsogona mitemo yokudzora zvoutano zvekutepfenyura, mukadzi mumwe nomumwe mukana kusarudza vakazvimiririra pamusoro vanamai vavo.

Specificity

Kubvisa Pamuviri chakagadzirwa tsika kuburikidza masvondo kusvika 12. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri kuitwa chikumbiro mugari wacho. Nokudaro musi 4-7 uye 11-12 mavhiki nzira rinoitwa kwete kwokutanga pane pashure 48 h. Pashure kutendeuka kukiriniki, kwevhiki 8-10. - kwete yapfuura pane mazuva 7. Resolution of Government rakabvisa iri pamuviri Mikoko 12-22, kana nhumbu chakaitika chibharo. Kana pakurapa nzira rinoitwa zvisinei Kureba nguva uye mvumo yomukadzi.

nuances

Vashandi Health kodzero yokuramba kuita pamuviri ari oga zvitendero. Kunze ndiko kana kubvisa pamuviri zvakakodzera pamusoro pechipupuriro, kana iwe usingagoni kutsiva mumwe chiremba. Kana akura mugari kwave kuchizivikanwa tadza, kubvisa pamuviri anobvumirwa nokugombedzerwa ane hurongwa dare. Chisarudzo akadaro muchabatwa maererano kushanda nyaya nomumiririri nevakadzi. On July 1, 2014 akaisa chirango pamutemo muitiro. It anokodzera kuva administrative kutyora.

Maonero ehurumende uye vanhu

Panguva dzakasiyana pane kwave maonero akasiyana pamusoro kugumiswa pamuviri nenzira chakagadzirwa nzira. Maonero mamiriro uye nzanga kunoenderana zvinoitwa zvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi ezvinhu munyika, ari arambe achirema uye uwandu vagari, zvitendero. Muna 15-18 emakore. etching nokuti mudumbu kushandisa potions, kana achitaura nyamukuta mukadzi seari sakaremende 5-15 litres. In yechipiri yezana remakore rechi17. Emperor Alexis mutemo chaiwo wairambidza pamuviri akabvumirwa. Nokuti kutyora rufu hwakagadzwa. Peter kwakadzikira zvirango muna 1715. Maererano mujeri zvokudya kune 1845 kugumiswa pamuviri hunofananidzwa vachangozvarwa. Panguva iyoyowo mhosva kuzivikanwa uye vakadzi pachavo, uye vaya vakabatsira kuti Implementation pakati nzira. Sechirango akagadza pakupona kwemakore 4-10 kuti chiremba kuutapwa kuSiberia, achiisa vakadzi correctional nzvimbo nokuda 4-6 litres. Maererano Art. 1462 Ulozhenie dzine yatyora kurambidzwa pamuviri, kana kubudirira akavhiyiwa vari kunyimwa inoti uye mirayiridzo munzvimbo kure. Kana kugumiswa pamuviri kwakakonzera zvakaipa utano womukadzi, murume, ezvidzidzo payo, vakatyisidzira makore 6-8 zvakaoma. Panyaya iyi, kuvapo medobrazovaniya ake vaiona sechinhu sembura ezvinhu.

Kuchinja Mitemo

Pamberi chimurenga, vakapfuura mutemo wairambidza pamuviri, zvichienderana iyo, amai mhosva yokuuraya munhu mudumbu, akasangana kuti trehh makore mujeri muimba kururamiswa. The chete mutongo akagovera munhu kubatsira nzira. Panyaya iyi, kana munhu vakakanganisa mutemo wairambidza pamuviri, akaita nyamukuta kana chiremba, dare aigona kuramba vakwanise yokuita kuti kwemakore anosvika mashanu uye pachena mutongo waro. Mutongo inopiwa mumapati rechitatu, kunyange kana vaiitawo nzira kana kugadzirira paro mvumo mukadzi pamuviri. By basa akakwezva pevatsigiri zvose, anopa anodiwa zvishandiso uye zvinoreva kuuraya azvarwa. Kana chidzivaidzo yakaitika pasina mvumo yomukadzi, akakuvadza achava makore 8 zvakaoma. Hanya pamuviri basa kwete envisaged.

Mamiriro pashure chimurenga

Pamwe kuuya nesimba Bolsheviks zvakavharwa vakanzwisisa akasununguka rudo somumwe kiyi ezvinhu kuti nekodzero dzevanhu vakadzi. Pasina nenguva pamuviri mafungiro akadaro apa pave akurumidze kuwedzera nhamba yevana mubvandiripo. Izvi zvakaita zvakakodzera kubvisa zvachose kurambidza pamuviri. Somugumisiro vakadzi vose vaifarira zvokugumisa pamuviri yavo chaiyo sangano pachena.

Chirevo 1920

Kubvisa Pamuviri zvaibvumirwa chete munzvimbo kuchipatara uye chiremba chete. Nokuti nzira, zvakanga zvakakwana kuti mugari mvumo. Nezvikonzero zvoutano rakanga nekodzero:

• Mupfungwa kurwara.
• Ekukurerai (kusvikira mwana 9 months.).
• Varwere chenjera itsvo kuzvimba, njovhera, hosha dzomwoyo, tibhii, 2 uye 3 tbsp.

Akabvumira pamuviri pamusoro munzanga. Nokuti nzira vane kodzero:

• Large.
• Vanaamai Single.
• Vanotambura.
• Chibharo.
• Vasina nzvimbo yakakwana pakati musha.
• Rokunyengera Kudhakwa.
• Avo vanotya amai.
• Kusangana nezvavasingadi kumurume.
• Mugari, kwakamanikidzwa kakawanda uye nezvimwewo.

Zvisinei, muna 1924 imwe raundi chinokosha anzverwa. Iye ichikutadzisa vakadzi. Saka, kubvira zvino vanofanira citizenesses kwaiva kugovera raikosha mvumo. It wakabudiswa pachishandiswa magwaro akadai:

• Chitupa pamuviri.
• Chitupa hwevakaroorana hweHIV.
• Gwaro iri muhoro.
• The mhedziso pamusoro chirwere.

kurambidzwa

Muna 1925, chiuru vanhu vanogara mumaguta makuru, chakaita kuti vanenge 6 nyaya yokubvisa pamuviri. Kodzero kuchikosheswa kuurayiwa nzira kureva vabati mafekitari zvinomera. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi nguva kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo pamuviri yapera. Hurumende Zvishoma nezvishoma akawedzera ayo kudzora zvose nzvimbo munzanga. Pakazosvika 1930, simba hwapinda mukati nokure kuberekana. rugwaro irambidzwe pamuviri akabvumirwa muna 1926 kuti vakadzi vave nepamuviri kokutanga, uyewo kuita nzira iri mwedzi isingasviki mitanhatu apfuura. Muna 1930, kuti muripo wakatangwa kuti oparesheni. Pakazosvika 1931, muitiro arasikirwe anenge 18-20 S., muna 1933 -. 2-60 S., muna 1935 -. 25-300 p. Muna 1970-80-XX makore. vakadzi kugamuchira 80-100 p., ndakaabhadharira pamuviri 50 rubles. Free kuitisa nzira aigona vachirwara tibhii, schizophrenia, pfari, uyewo ane vachiberekwa mwoyo urema.

kuderera wembereko

Kuwedzera pamuviri kurapa zvakaitika zvakafanana pamwe kuwedzera pamusoro wevanotungamirira ezvinhu munyika. Nechekare pashure pemakore 4-5 mushure kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo rokuzvarwa kwacho vakatanga kuwa nokukurumidza. Panyaya iyi tabled gwaro irambidzwe pamuviri. Muna 1936 zvakanzi vanotenderwa. Zvino, nokuti kutyora zvokudya mungozi mhosva kuita. Kunyange zvakadaro, pamuviri zvaibvumirwa pamusoro nhandare. Ban pamuviri Vanotsigira aitarisira kugadzirisa wevanotungamirira ezvinhu. Sezvo pamuviri panguva havana kushandiswa nokuda kwavo asipo, nechiyero chaizvoizvo pave nokuwedzera chokubereka. Zvisinei, iri kiyi kwemauto mumvuri upfumi akatanga kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo. Criminal pamuviri, saka, vava vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. Nokuti kuti akavhiyiwa kazhinji kuitwa vanhu vasina dzidzo chaiyo, kazhinji vakadzi kupedzisira asingachakwanisi kuita vana. Kana mukawana yematambudziko mugari kwakadaro havagoni kufadza hurumende kukiriniki nekuti chiremba aifanira kuuya nacho gona hurongwa. Somugumisiro, mumwe mutemo wairambidza pamuviri kuRussia, kwete chete haana kubatsira kuwedzera kuberekwa zvazvingava, asi zvakaita kuti varambe kuderedza nayo.

chirevo 1955

The Presidium of USSR Supreme Council akatora mutongo wayo kuti ishande kurambidzwa. Maererano aifarirwa chirevo, muitiro anobvumira vakadzi vose vakanga vasina contraindications kwariri. Resolution inofanira ashandiswe akavhiyiwa chete kushandiswa zvokurapa nemasangano vanachiremba. A bhiri kuti kurambizwe pamuviri toga makiriniki akaramba kushanda. Vanotyora mutemo pakati mirau mungozi mhosva kuita. Kunyanya, chiremba anogona kunyimwa rusununguko kwenguva gore kusvika rimwe, uye kana murwere akafa pakuvhiya - kusvika makore 8. Muna 1956, mirayiridzo inokosha waidzora hurongwa remapazi yakabudiswa. Muna 1961, munyika normative gwaro akachinja, izvo nechokuita issuance kuti machira urema.

zvemakore

Pasinei haasaruri kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo remapazi munyika anoramba akatsiga kudiwa voga mabasa. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti pashure nzira, mukadzi aifanira kuva imwe nguva mune imwe zvokurapa jeri. Shure iyi akatambira zvokurapa tsamba, izvo zviri "chirwere" akadaro "kubvisa pamuviri." Havasi vose mugari aida kuti ruzhinji mashoko hwake. Panyaya iyi, nzvimbo uye pasiri paruzhinji mabasa mazhinji. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti apo magweta akakurukura mukana kutsiva nechirwere kuti "mutengi achimukuvadza." panyaya kwakadaro kunobva pakuti, kufanana pamuviri, zvinoita hakudi mumagariro muripo. Pfungwa iyi Zvisinei mune tsika haina rakatangwa.

Mamiriro pakupera remakore rechi20

Pakutanga 1980. upenyu yakawedzera, iyo aibvumirwa kubvisa pamuviri kusvika vhiki 24. Muna 1987 basa redu ikasimudzwa pamuviri pane mavhiki 28. Mukupera nyaya, kuvhiyiwa aifanira zvinoenderana zvimwe ezvinhu. Zvikurukuru vakadzi vanobvumirwa pamuviri kana:

• murume wangu aiva 1 kana 2 magiramu. urema.
• Mudzimai akafa panguva wake pamuviri.
• The muchato yaishaiswa.
• Naye vari mujeri.
• Husband / mukadzi, kana vose kamwe kunyimwa nevabereki kodzero kana kurambidzwa maari.
• The pamuviri pashure chibharo.
• Mhuri ine mamiriro guru.

outpatient Kuvhiya (Mini-pamuviri) - Muna 1989, Vacuum chido yave kugadziriswa. Muna 1996 akanga pamutemo wakaatapudza kupedza kugumiswa pamuviri kusvika vhiki 22. Panguva iyoyo isu akawedzera mazita evanhu anoratidza kuti nzira. The Pamazita zvinosanganisira:

• Kushaya pokugara.
• Mamiriro pamutemo / mupoteri.
• Kushomeka mari mhuri (pazasi subsistence zvishoma).
• Mamiriro asingashandi.
• Nezamuzhestvo.

Zvinofanira akati kuti mumhuri mutemo chokufuka pamuviri, vaiona munyika kumwe sunungukei.

tsika

Of aripo nemirayiro mabvisa nyaya yokudzora pamuviri nokurambidzwa toga yekuongororwa. Saka yaitanga kuwanda nyaya anogona kubvisa pamuviri mabasa. Sezvo nzira inokosha nzira anoita dilation uye curettage. Nzira iyi kuzivikanwa WHO isashande. Zvisinei, maererano Federal State Statistics Service, muna 2009, mugove waro zvose pamuviri kwacho kwakanga 70% mune utano zvivako paruzhinji. Muchiitiko chino, akachengeteka zvikuru nzira - vacuum chido uye kurapwa pamuviri - anoshandiswa chete muna 26,2% uye 3.8%, ukuwo. Zvichakadaro, mune asiri ehurumende masangano nhamba kuchinjwa. Medical pamuviri rinoshandiswa 70% nyaya.

nhamba

Zvichienderana migumisiro zvakawanika, kubva 1990 uwandu pamuviri munyika iri zvishoma nezvishoma shoma rimwe gore. Saka, somuenzaniso, muna 2012, 1.063.982 nyaya dzakanga Zvinonzi, uye muna 2013 - kare 1012 399. Zvisinei, Masvomhu vari kuoma ndechokuti inorangarira kwete chete hazvizivi zviitiko zviri pamutemo nhamba, asiwo vaingoerekana pamuviri. Kuwedzera Rosstat, migumisiro tsvakurudzo rakabudiswa Bazi Health. Zvisinei, zvichangobva Data zvisinganyanyi kura. Rosstat Nhamba kufungawo kwete chete mashoko ari zvokurapa masangano akaisa kuna Ushumiri, asiwo vamwe madhipatimendi uye masangano uyewo oga zvipatara. Ruzhinji kwema inowira veruzhinji nemasangano (90%). Private makiriniki vanenge 8% maitirwo. Kazhinji, kugumiswa pamuviri kuti vakadzi vari muwanano uye vanotova nevana 1-2. The Extras vanotaurawo kuwedzera avhareji yezera yevakadzi kupinda zvikoro kubva 28 kusvika pamakore 29,37. Nyanzvi vanoti simukai uyu kuverenga chizvarwa chevechiduku kuti kazhinji kubata pamuviri ano. Izviwo, ane kwaibatsira pamusoro pekuronga mhuri.

Kubvisa Pamuviri uye Demography

Kuderedza uwandu pamuviri, kunyange achinonoka, asi akatsiga zvikuru nhasi. Inouya kuzorwa pakanyorwa vakaronga kuwedzera kuberekwa mwero munyika. Muna 2007, gore negore nhamba yokubererwa vakapfuura uwandu pamuviri. Pakakoromoka ruchigona kuwedzera. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kusavapo kwainge nokuwanda kwema kuwedzera wembereko. Somuenzaniso, nhamba vaiva pasi kubva 1990 kusvika 1993 panguva iyoyo. Maererano zvichangobva kudzidzwa, basa rakakura kurwisa kuberekwa mwero zvinhu pabonde basa uye kuroorana. Vakadzi vazhinji vari dzokubereka makore avo, regai dzisingatsvaki kuva vanaamai nekuti havana zvachose naye.

pachena maitiro

Pane Songaniro rutsigiro kuti kurambidza pamuviri. Russian Federation - a yegutsaruzhinji rinoedza nechokwadi pakuchengetedza kodzero uye rusununguko murume uye mugari. Naizvozvo, voruzhinji zvesimba, kutaura siyana pfungwa maonero ndiyo welcome munyika. Kazhinji, vagari vachengetedze kwazvakarerekera pezvaaitsigira. Kazhinji, vanhu haatsvaki kubatana sangano kuti kurambidza pamuviri, asi zvinonzi nevakawanda vakatenda kuti nzira dzakadaro vane inokanganisa vakadzi utano. Chikamu vagari kutsigira pakusuma vamwe kurambidzwa. Maererano zvokutsvakurudza achiitiswa "Levada Center", muna 2007 57% of vomunyika yaitipikisa pamuviri kurambidzwa. Pakazosvika 2010, nhamba yavo yakaderera kusvika 48%. Panguva iyoyo kwenhamba vatsigiri chisarudzo remapazi kuvinga zvokurapa kwemakore matatu, vakawedzera kubva 20 kusvika 25%. A wepachokwadi mutsigiri yokurambidzwa pamuviri yakawedzera 1%. Muna 2011, State Duma razopedza kushanda zviyero kurambidza kodzero kuitisa kushandiswa. Maererano Portal Superjob, inoitwa kana munhu ongororo, 91% kuti vagari kutsigira okusuma fanira nhau migumisiro pamuviri, 45% vakanga vachida nhungamiro kwevakadzi yokuteerera kwemwoyo mwana ari mudumbu, 65% funga zvakakodzera kupa vanepamuviri mai "Nguva Yokunyarara" kufunga nezvechisarudzo wake. Panguva iyoyowo 63% pane vakabvunzwa vanotenda kuti chinodiwa kupa mvumo kubva kumurume wake aite nzira kuchaita kuti nokuwedzera nyaya zvisiri pamutemo remapazi pavarwere vakaroora, 53% vakanga pamusoro achisiya pamuviri kubva pamazita akasununguka medetsinskogo mabasa.

Mutemo kusvikira murau vevatariri pakati Samara

Muna 2013, urongwa boka racho wakatangwa, maererano iyo inotarisirwa yokugadziridza Art. 35 of Federal Mutemo yokudzora nzira rweinishuwarenzi rokubva zvokurapa. Maererano yaida kunatsiridza, kubvisa pamuviri risingabatanidzwi pamazita yakapiwa vakasununguka mabasa. Kunze apo pamuviri hungangokanganisa upenyu mukadzi. Asi bhiri adzoka wevatariri, mune asiri zvaidiwa mitemo h. 3 tbsp. 104 reMitemo uye Art. 105 of State Duma Regulation. Samara wevatariri haana kuwana pfungwa kubva kuhurumende. Other kuedza hadzina kuendeswa kurishandura.