Maitiro uye maitiro evanhu

Mutsipa inhengo inoshanda ye musculoskeletal system.

Kuenzanisa kwemisungo kunoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: nzvimbo mumumuviri womunhu, maitiro, kutungamirirwa kwemagetsi, mabasa, mafungiro emajoini, nezvimwewo.

Mhando huru yemasumbu

Kurongeka kwemasumbu evanhu uye mavara anofananidzira kuvepo kwemarudzi matatu akasiyana-siyana: akabatwa maronda emakumbo, akarova mwoyo musikana (myocardium) uye misoro yakashata, iyo masvingo emidziyo yeropa uye nhengo dzomukati dzisina mukati dzakanyorwa.

Chinangwa chemasvosve akarovedzwa ndechokuunza mapfupa kuti aende, kuti aitewo pakuumbwa kwemasvingo emuromo, thoracic, mimba yemimba. Icho chikamu chezvikamu zvinobatsira zveziso, zvinokanganisa ossicles yokuongorora. Basa remakumbo emakumbo rinogadzirisa kuchengetedza kwemuviri wemunhu mukuenzanisa, kufamba mumhepo, kushanda kwekufema uye kumedza kufamba, kuvapo kwezviso zviso.

Skeletal muscles: chimiro

Inenge 40% yehutatu hwehutano hwevanhu vakuru inongova mishonga yemaviri. Skeletal muscle mumuviri inopfuura 400.

Zvimwe zvemasapfupa emakumbo zvinokonzerwa nemakononi uye masisita emasumbu asina kuchengetwa nemuchina weunoromotori. Nokubatsirwa nemafungiro anotumirwa nemagetsi, masvikiro anobuda mumashandi.

Skeletal muscle inomiririrwa nenhamba yakawanda yemasikironi. Vane chimiro chakakosha. Kuenzanisa kwemisungo yevanhu inoratidza kuti hupamhi hwacho ndeye 10-100 microns, uye urefu hunosiyana kubva 2-3 kusvika 10-12 cm.

Serose musero yakakomberedzwa nechemberi membrane - sarcolemma ine sarcoplasm (protoplasm) uye nhamba yakawanda yenuclei. Chibvumirano chechibvumirano chemuviri wechipfuko chinomiririrwa nemisungo yakareba yemasumbu - myofibrils, iyo inowanzobatana nechinhu chinonzi actin.

Myosin iri mumasero ari munharaunda yakapararira. Iine zvakawanda zveproteiniti, iyo inotora basa rinokosha pakuchengetedza kukonzera kwe tonic. Kunyangwe, kunyarara kwakanyanyisa kwemafupa emakumbo hazvirevi kutora kwaro kwakakwana. Panguva ino, kukanganisa kunonongedza kunochengetwa, i.e. Muscular tone.

Zvishandiso zvinobatsira zvemisungo

Chimiro uye maitiro emakumbo emakumbo anosarudza maitiro avo. Saka, vanokwanisa kuita zvimwe zviito chete nekubatsira uye nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirirwa izvo zvinoumba zviyero zvekubatsira, izvo zvinosanganisira fascia, tendon sheaths, synovial bags uye blocks. Iyo inofadza ndeye chifukidziro chinosanganisa maviri, chinotsigira mimba yemukumbo, kana ichikwira, inodzivisa kupesana kwemisungo kubva kune mumwe. Mumamiriro ekurwara, kuvapo kwefascias kunodzivirira kupararira kwepus uye ropa munguva yekushaya ropa.

Kuenzanisa kwemafupa emasumbu nemasimba ane simba uye akasimba

Skeletal muscles, zvichienderana nehukama hwehukama huri pakati pemisumbu yemasumbu uye maitiro ekubatanidza maitiro, anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya mukugadzirisa, izvo zvinosarudza kushanda kwavo zvakasiyana. Izvo simba remasumbu rinogona kutsanangurwa nenhamba yemisungo , sezvo inotarisa kukosha kwehupenyu hwemaviri. Ndiwo mafungiro ake kumatenderedzwa ekutenderera anobvumira munhu kutonga pamusoro peizvi kana simba iro rinosimba uye rakasimba.

Kuenzanisa kwemafupa emakumbo kubva kune kusiyana kwezvinhu izvi kunoparadzanisa maronda emakumbo mune simba, static uye static.

Chimiro chakareruka chimiro chemasimba anosimba. Mukuvapo kwezvinyoro zvinyoronyoro, mavara avo akareba anopfuura nepakati refu yechipfuva kana mushure maro, iyo inotarisa kusangana kwemaatomical mapaundi nemuviri wepamwechete. Iyi misumbu inoita mutoro mukuru. Vane hukuru hwakakura, asi havana kusiyana nesimba. Tsvina idzi dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinokurumidza, dzakasuruvara, asi dzinokurumidza kuneta.

Stethodynamic misumbu yezvinowanikwa (mukati nekunze) yakanyanyogadziriswa kupfuura mumasimba anesimba, uye mushupa wemisumbu ndehupfupi. Dzinofamba nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kureva kuti, dzinogadzira, kusiyana nekusimba, zvakawanda zvehupenyu hukuru. Kana pane imwe inowanzozivikanwa mumatomu, zvinogona kuva 2, 3, kana 10 zvakakura zvepanyama. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti titi kuti mitemo yemasimoni yakasimba kudarika iyo yakaoma. Basa ravo rinonyanya mukuchengetedza basa rinosimudza panguva yekusigirwa, kuchengeta majoini asingabatsiri kana amire. Ivo vanosiyaniswa nesimba guru uye kutsungirira kukuru.

Kuenzanisa kwemasumbu kunosanganisira kuvapo kwetatu rudzi. Idzi ndidzo tsitsi dzakasimba. Vanogona kukura mukuita kwekutakura kukuru kwemaitiro kuwira pamusoro pavo. Icho chiri pasi chigadziro chemasumbu pamuviri, chikuru chakanyanyisa chinopesana mukugadzirisa. Basa rakakura rakasimba kana rimire uye richibatsigira chikamu pane ivhu richifamba, kugadzirisa masangano mune imwe nzvimbo, chikamu chemabasa avo chaiwo.

Kurongeka kwemasumbu mune chinangwa chemasuru fiber uye ukama hwavo kune tete

Misumbu, iyo mafizha ayo akafanana neaya yakareba, inonzi shinje-yakafanana, kana yakafanana. Apo micheka iri pamakona kusvika kune axis, mutsara wakadaro unonzi pinnate. Mumigumo inowanikwa munzvimbo, inowanzova fusiform uye pinnate musungo.

Intramuscular tendon interlayers, kana kuti pane nhamba yavo, uye nheyo dzemakumbo emasumbu dzinoshanda seanoshandiswa apo mapundu epa pinnate akaparadzaniswa muzvidimbu zvakasiyana:

• Chimwe chinyararire, umo maine maitiro ematanda, kusungirirwa kwemashuruti kumatope, kune rumwe rutivi;
• Two-pinnate; Vane tambo imwechete interlayer uye kushamwaridzana kwemasikisi kumatope;
• Dzakawanda-dzakawanda, dzine mbiri kana kupfuura dzakawanda, izvo zvinokonzera kupindirana kwemisungo mitema, vanoswedera kumatoni kubva kumativi akawanda.

Misipi inoparadzanisa sei?

Kuenzanisa kwemasumbu mune chimiro kunoparadzanisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana mumhando dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana.

1. Yakareba. Zvinowanikwa zvikuru mumakumbo. Chimiro chavo chinofanana nesimbi. Mutsara mumwe nomumwe wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: chikamu chepakati chinonzi mimba; Kutanga kwemuviri kunonzi musoro, kumativi ekupedzisira ndiwo muswe - ndiyo muswe. Maitiro avo ane bhandi-sechimiro. Kune misi yakadaro yakareba, iyo isina imwe chete, asi maverengi misoro pamapfupa akasiyana, izvo zvinodiwa kuti kusimbise rubatsiro rwavo. Mitsipa yakadaro inonzi ma-musoro-musoro.
2. Short. Iko ndiko kusina kuwanda kwekufambisa. Aya ndiwo majoini epartebrae akaparadzana, nzvimbo dziri pakati pezvinyorwa uye mbabvu, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
3. Flat flat. Izvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo inowanzo pa trunk uye mabhanhire emusoro nepamusoro. Vakaparadzira tendon, dzinonzi aponeuroses. Tsvina yemapuranga haisi chete motokari, asiwo inotsigira uye inodzivirira.
4. Misungo yemamwe mavara: nzvimbo yakakomba, tsvina, deltoid, dentate, trapezoidal, fusiform, nezvimwewo.

Kupatsanurwa kwemisumbu mumapoka, zvichienderana nenhamba yemisoro uye nzvimbo

Chimiro uye mararamiro emasumbu anoshamwaridzana. Saka, chikamu chimwe chine misoro yakawanda. Vanopiwa zita maererano nehuwandu hwemusoro: biceps (biceps), triceps (triceps), nezvimwewo.

Zvichienderana nenzvimbo iyo mishonga inobata mumuviri, inofadza uye yakadzika, yakasvibirira uye yakasara, kunze uye mukati.

Misumbu maererano nemigumisiro pazvibatanidzwa

Kuenzanisa kwemisumbu maererano nejoinini kunoreva kuvapo kwekubatana-kamwe (kunongedza imwe chete yakabatanidzwa), bipartite (inokandwa mumasangano maviri), uye miviri yakasiyana-siyana (itai pazvikamu zvitatu kana kupfuura).

Kuenzanisa kwemasumbu nemaitiro

Nechirevo ichi, musikana synergists uye vanopesana nemasumbu vashoma. Synergists anounza chibatanidzi mumushandisiro imwechete (flex flex or extensors), uye vanopikisa vanoita zvakabatanidzwa mumativi maviri akasiyana (flexor and extensors).

Kuenzanisa kwemasumbu nemabasa kunosanganisira mamwe maitiro. Uyewo, misumbu iri kutungamirira, kubvisa. Unogona kuita zvishandura, kunyanya, kuderedza, kuwedzera, kusimudza, pasi, kutambanudza, kudhonza.