Chii chinonzi hydrophobic zvinhu?

Mumwe munhu ari muchikoro aine ruzivo mune zvidzidzo zvemakemikari kwete kungozvinyora nekudzivirira kutora uye kuverenga hukuru hwemhepo kana kuratidza kuvimbika, asi zvakare tarisa kuti mudzidzisi anoita sei kuedza. Zvisingabvumirwi, sechikamu chekuedza, sekunge kana nemashiripiti, mvura iri mu test tubes yakashandura ruvara rusingafungiri, uye chimwe chinhu chinogona kuputika kana kupisa zvakanaka. Zvichida hazvibudiriri zvakadaro, asi zvichiri kufadza kuongorora umo hydrophilic uye hydrophobic zvinhu zvinoshandiswa. Nenzira, chii ichi uye chii chavanoda kuziva?

Physical properties

Pazvidzidzo zvemakemikari, kupfuudza chikamu chinotevera kubva patafura ye periodic, pamwe chete nezvose zvakakosha zvinhu, zvakange zvakakodzera kutaura pamusoro pemhando dzavo dzakasiyana. Kusanganisira maitiro avo: kuwanda, huwandu hwehurumende pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, kusvibiswa uye kuvira, chinetso, ruvara, magetsi ekutengesa, kutema conductivity uye mamwe akawanda. Dzimwe nguva paiva nekutaura pamusoro pemaitiro akadaro se hydrophobicity kana hydrophilicity, asi zvakasiyana, sekutonga, havatauri nezvazvo. Zvichakadaro, iyi iboka rinofadza rezvinhu zvinogona kusangana nyore nyore muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Saka hachisi kunze kwekudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo.

Hydrophobic substances

Mienzaniso inogona kutorwa nyore nyore kubva muupenyu. Saka, haugoni kusanganisa mvura uye mafuta - munhu wese anoziva izvi. Iyo inongoramba isina kuparara, asi inoramba ichitenderera nemabhuru kana firimu pamusoro, sezvo uwandu hwayo hudiki. Asi nei zvakadaro uye zvimwe zvipi zvinonzi hydrophobic substances?

Kazhinji, boka iri rinosanganisira mafuta, mamwe mapuroteni uye nucleic acids, uyewo silicones. Zita rezvinhu zvinobva pamashoko echiGiriki hydor - mvura uye phobos - kutya, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti malekoro anotya. Zvinongova zviduku kana kuti zvisingatauri zvachose, zvinonziwo kwete-polar. Absolute hydrophobicity haitike, kunyange izvo zvinhu zvinoratidzika hazvisati zvichishamwaridzana nemvura zvachose asi zvinoshambadza, kunyange zvazvo zvisinganyanyi kukosha. Mukuita, zvisinei, kusangana kwezvinhu zvakadaro neH ₂ O kunoita sefirimu kana madonhwe, kana kuti mvura inoramba iri pamusoro uye inotora mawonekedwe emutambo, sezvo ine nzvimbo duku kudarika uye inopa zvishoma kubatana.

Hydrophobic properties zvinotsanangurwa nekemikemu yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehotera yakaderera yekukwezva kumvura zhinji, sezvinoitika, somuenzaniso, ine hydrocarbons.

Hydrophilic substances

Zita reboka iri, sezvo zvatova nyore nyore kufungidzira, rinobvawo nemashoko echiGiriki. Asi munyaya iyi chikamu chechipiri chephilia rudo, uye chinonyatsoratidza hukama hwezvinhu zvakadai nemvura - zvakakwana "kutaurirana pamwe chete" uye kusakwana kwakakwana. Bhuku iri, dzimwe nguva rinonzi "polar", rinosanganisira zvinodhaka zvisingasviki, mashuga, amino acids, nezvimwewo. Saizvozvowo, vane maitiro akadaro, sezvo vane simba guru rekukwezva kumvura inonzi molecule. Kunyanya kutaura, kazhinji zvinhu zvose zvinonzi hydrophilic kusvika kune imwe huru kana zvishoma.

Amphiphilic

Izvi zvinoitika here kuti hydrophobic zvinhu zvinogona kuva zvose hydrophilic zvinhu panguva imwe chete? Inosvika, hongu! Iri boka rezvinhu rinonzi dphilic, kana kuti rinopindirana. Icho chinotarisa kuti mamolekemu imwechete inogona kunge yakagadziriswa-inonzi polar uye mvura-inodzokorora - isiri-polar zvinhu. Zvinhu zvakadaro, somuenzaniso, zvine zvimwe mapuroteni, lipids, zvinokonzera mahara, mapolymers uye peptides. Paanenge achitaurirana nemvura, anogadzira zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zve-supermolecular structures: monolayers, liposomes, micelles, bilayer membranes, vesicles, nezvimwewo.

Kukosha uye kushandiswa muupenyu

Mukuwedzera kumubatanidzwa wemvura nemafuta, kune zvakawanda zvinotsigira kuti hydrophobic zvinhu zvinosangana kwose kwose. Nokudaro, nzvimbo dzakachena dzematare, semiconductors, pamwe chete neganda rezvipfuwo, mashizha emiti, mashizha emuti, chifukidzo chezvipembenene chezvipembenene, vane zvimwe zvakafanana.

Muzvisikwa, zvose zviri zviviri zvezvinhu zvakakosha. Nokudaro, hydrophiles inoshandiswa mukuendesa kwezvakakwana mune zvipenyu zvemhuka nemiti, zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvemasabetism zvinotorwawo nenzira yekugadzirisa zvezvisikwa zvehupenyu. Nonpolar zvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru pakuumbwa kwemasero echechi ane chisarudzo chakasarudzwa. Ndokusaka nzvimbo dzakadaro dzichiita basa rinokosha munharaunda yehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, masayendisiti ave achivandudza zvinhu zvose zvitsva zvehydrophobic, izvo zvingaita kudzivirira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pakusvibisa uye kusvibiswa, nokudaro zvichigadzira kunyange kuzvichenesa. Zvipfeko, michina yesimbi, zvivako zvekuvaka, magirazi emotokari - zvakawanda zvekushanda. Kuwedzerwa kudzidza kwechinyorwa ichi kunotungamirira kukurudzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zve phobic, izvo zvichava huru yezvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvevhu. Nokugadzira zvinhu zvakadai, vanhu vachakwanisa kuchengetedza nguva, zvigadziro uye zvigadzirwa, uyewo pachava nemukana wekuderedza kuwedzerwa kwekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa nekuchenesa maitiro. Saka humwe huri kubudirira huchabatsira vose.