Marongerwo uye kushanda Kanotokonya Switch hurongwa. The chikuru mashandiro anoita muchitokisi receptors

The huta dzevanhu hurongwa anoita akaoma Analytical uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa pezvakaitwa kuti anopa kutsanya kwadzakabva zvomukati uye hurongwa kuti kuchinja kwokunze uye zvemukati ezvinhu. Omumwe kuitika kubva kwezvakatipoteredza imhaka nemamiriro kusanganisira dzinotsanagura afferent Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, glial tubhokisi masero oligodendrocytes kana lemmotsity. Ivo kuna kwokunze kana zvemukati kuitika mu bioelectric mananara, inonzi excitation, kana tsinga zvatinganzwa. Zvivako yakadaro inonzi receptors. Munyaya ino, tikaongorora marongerwo uye mashandiro receptors-siyana kwevanhu kutsinga dzinouya gadziriro.

Types tsinga harinzwi

Kuripo, pane zvakawanda mugadziriro kupatsanura. Rakajairika receptors vari rakakamurwa nyore (panofanira mumwe dzouropi Kutumbuka) uye kunzwisisa (boka ebetsero neurocytes uye masero glial mu murwiyo zvikuru kushandiswa kutsinga dzinouya nhego). Zvichienderana nemamiriro kutsinga dzinouya kwendangariro. vari rakakamurwa nesekondari magumo centripetal neurocyte. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana receptors paganda: iri nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors uye Neural pezvakaitwa kuti innervate zvomukati. Secondary epithelial nomukaka zviri zvinhu chiito zvinogona papiwa vakurukurirane (kuravira receptors, kunzwa, pachiyero). Pematanda uye pasikweya pamusoro photosensitive rukoko weziso - the the retina - muimba zvenguva nzvimbo pakati vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi kuti zvikurukuru uye tsinga harinzwi.

Chimwe kupatsanura gadziriro hwakavakirwa musiyano ichi, sezvo imwe mhando anotikurudzira. Kana kutsamwa kunobva zvakatipoteredza, zvino kunonzwisiswa exteroreceptors (zvakadai ruzha, hunonhuwirira). A kweiyi dzomunyika kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu vakaongorora interoreceptors: visceral, proprioceptors, vestibular bvudzi masero. Saka, Switch hurongwa Kanotokonya basa nokuda Chimiro chavo uye nzvimbo nzvimbo mupfungwa dzomuviri.

Pfungwa analyzers

Kuti kusiyanisa uye kusiyanisa pakati Pakuurayiwa kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvinoenderana nayo, muvanhu, pane chinokosha anatomical uye vasiri ezvirevo anonzi analyzer, kana Switch hurongwa. musayendisiti Russian I. P. Pavlov zvinganaka zvinotevera zano kuti zvivako zvavo. The dhipatimendi rokutanga rainzi peripheral (Kanotokonya). Second - waya, uye wechitatu - musimboti kana cortical.

Somuenzaniso, zviri kutarisana Switch hurongwa zvinosanganisira retinal kutsinga dzinouya masero - pematanda uye pasikweya, vaviri optic etsinga uye cortex riri kumashure kwayo.

Vamwe analyzers, akadai kare kutaurwa rinoonekwa uye auditory zvinosanganisira doretseptorny pamwero - zvimwe zvivako anatomical, kuwedzera maonero pokugara kuitika. Nokuti ichi auditory yokunze uye pakati nzeve, kuti kutarisana hurongwa - chiedza refracting mugove ziso, kusanganisira sclera, aqueous humour pamusoro Anterior kamuri, izvo, vitreous muviri. Tichakurukura omerera peripheral chikamu analyzer uye kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro chii mashandiro ari receptors ndezvake.

Sezvo masero nzwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira

membranes (kana ari cytosol) Aya chaiyo mamorekuru zvakagadzirwa mapuroteni, uyewo kunzwisisa hurongwa - glycoproteins. Nokupesvedzera zvakapoteredza zvinhu, izvi zvinhu vachinje spatial configuration sechiratidzo muchitokisi uye masimba nayo kupindura zvakakwana.

Vamwe makemikari anonzi ligands, kunogona kutsinga dzinouya dzinotsanagura muchitokisi, zvichiguma wakange transmembrane Ion dzenzvimbo. Mapuroteni plasmalemma rine ehupfumi inogamuchira, pamwe chete carbohydrate mamorekuru (.. Ie receptors) chemuTestamente annten - kunzwisisa uye kusiyanisa ligands.

ionotropic channel

Rumwe rudzi muchitokisi receptors - ionotropic Mipata riri Kamudzira, kukwanisa kuvhura kana kuti kuvharidzirwa vakadhakwa kwemakemikari chiratidzo vesschestv muenzaniso H-acetylcholine Kanotokonya, vasopressin, uye jekiseni receptors.

By zvivako intracellular vanogamuchira zvinosanganisira transcription zvinhu, izvo kusungira kune ligand, uye ipapo kupinda mukati musimboti. Compounds dzayo kuumbwa ane DNA hunowedzera kana tunodzivisa transcription mumwe kana kupfuura magene. Saka, chikuru kushanda sero receptors - omumwe kwezvakatipoteredza anonongedzera uye mutemo epurasitiki chinjanai siyana.

Tsvimbo uye pasikweya: marongerwo uye mashandiro

receptors izvi the retina sei ziso kuitika - photons, izvo chinoita tsinga harinzwi ari excitation kwacho. Inosanganisira anokosha pigments: iodopsin (pasikweya) uye rhodopsin (tsvimbo). Sticks akatsamwisa chiedza crepuscular uye havagoni kusiyanisa mavara. Pasikweya vane basa ruvara chiratidzo uye vari rakakamurwa mhando nhatu, chimwe nechimwe chine yoga photopigment. Saka, maziso Kanotokonya basa kunoenderana worudzii chiedza-inonyatsoziva mapuroteni, chinosanganisira. Coli kukonzera chinooneka maonero muchiedza yakaderera uye pasikweya vane basa rinoonekwa acuity uye ruvara maonero.

Leather - pfungwa nhego

Tsinga harinzwi pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu dziri dermis, yakasiyana nechivako dzavo uye sei mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira siyana kwezvakatipoteredza: tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, pemvura chimiro. Mabasa ganda receptors - kugamuchira oshandura kuitika mu nemagetsi pulses (achityaira muitiro). Kufurirwa receptors zvinosanganisira corpuscles Meissner raMwari, riri pakati rukoko ganda - iri dermis vanokwanisa kusarudza usingaoneki kuitika (kuva pasi wanda pachikumbaridzo).

Pakazosvika baroreceptors vari Pacinian corpuscles. Ivo dziri mune subcutaneous mafuta. Kanotokonya basa - nociceptor marwadzo - kudzivirira pathogenic kuitika. Uyezve, vakadaro tsinga harinzwi ganda yakarongwa zvose zvomukati uye vane chimiro afferent branching awo. Thermoreceptors anogona kuva zvose paganda uye zvomukati - nhumbi nechepakati tsinga ropa. Vari semhosva kupisa uye kuchitonhora.

Basa kutsinga dzinouya harinzwi izvi zvinogona hwakawedzera, zvichienderana mirayiridzo uye pakukurumidza tembiricha Kuchinja ganda pamusoro. Somugumisiro, mashandiro ganda receptors vari siyana uye kuvimba nechivako yavo.

The mashandiro pamusoro omumwe auditory mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira

Exteroreceptors - masero bvudzi, vane yakakwirira aikanganiswa zvakakwana kuitika - ruzha. Dzinonzi monomodal uye vari vtorichnochuvstvitelnymi. Zvinowanikwa iri nhengo Corti womukati nzeve, akapinda cochlea.

On the mudziyo wacho nhengo Corti zvakafanana norudimbwa. Auditory receptors midzi muna perilymph uye vane, panguva kumagumo microvilli veboka. Urume oscillations kukonzera masero kutsamwa bvudzi, vakapfuura kupinda bioelectric mananara - tsinga nomunhu, kureva kunzwa Kanotokonya basa - .. ndiyo omumwe anonongedzera vane chimiro ruzha, uye avo kuchinja kupinda excitation rikurumidze.

Contact manakiro receptors

Mumwe nemumwe wedu ane sarudzo zvokudya uye zvinodhaka. Uhwiro chikero zvokudya tinoona achishandisa nhengo kuravidza - mutauro. Rine nezvemarudzi mana tsinga harinzwi vemunyika sezvinotevera: muromo rurimi - gustatory papillae kusiyanisa inotapira, panguva mudzi wawo - inorwadza, yakashapa uye wakawanda uye kusiyanisa receptors mativi. Kuitika kune mhando dzose Kanotokonya Morekuru harinzwi makemikari microvilli vakanzwisisa kuravidza namabukira, imwe kanyanga.

Kuravidza Kanotokonya basa - bata zvemakemikari anotikurudzira uye kuichinja kuva zvemagetsi kupomba neurotransmission kuuya kuravira cortex. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti minyatso vari aiwanzopiwa wokushanda pamwe etsinga harinzwi ari olfactory analyzer, iri nasal mucosa. The yaisanganisa mugumisiro maviri Switch hurongwa unokura mouthfeel uye Anopfumisa munhu.

chirahwe kunhuwidza

Uyewo kuravira, olfactory hurongwa anopindura ravo tsinga harinzwi pamusoro mamorekuru ose makemikari akasiyana. The chaizvo mashandiro iyo odorous yeimwe kutsvinyira olfactory girobhu racho, apo kwete aizvinzwisisa. Masayendisiti dzinofungidzira kuti zvichikurukura mamorekuru anosangana zvakasiyana nekunhuhwira kutsinga dzinouya Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu yacho nasal mucosa. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi akabatanidza kweiyi olfactory receptors kuti zvichikurukura mamorekuru dzinowanikwa dzichipfekeka mapoka (semuenzaniso, aldehyde kana phenol) nezvinhu zviri kutsinga dzinouya dzouropi.

olfactory Kanotokonya basa vari maonero kuzvinetsa, uye ayo Kusiyanisa mune shanduro excitation kwacho. Total olfactory Mabumba ari mucosa pamusoro nasal mhango rinosvika mamiriyoni 60 chimwe nechimwe anopiwa ane vakawanda cilia, kubatsira kuwedzera zvinonakisa nharaunda kunyorerana pakati Kanotokonya munda mamorekuru vane makemikari - kunhuwirira.

The tsinga harinzwi ari vestibular midziyo

Munzeve ndiwo muviri anokonzera Kufambisa uye kwemashoko injini mabasa, muviri kuchengetedza ezvinhu zvakanyatsoenzana, uyewo pokuita dzidziso dzepanguva. Rine maonero ari migero semicircular inonzi labyrinth uye anatomically chokuita nhengo Corti. Vatatu channel uri pfupa tsinga harinzwi Kunyudzwa endolymph. Kana kurereka musoro uye mutumbi, izvozvo fluctuates hunokonzera nokushatiriswa pamusoro etsinga harinzwi mativi.

Sami vestibular receptors - bvudzi masero - achariwisira pamwe membrane. It rinoumbwa yakaisvonaka crystals calcium carbonate - otolith. Pamwe chete endolymph, ivo vanotanga kutama, kuti chinhu irritant kune urongwa etsinga. The chikuru mabasa ari semicircular migero yose Kanotokonya pakuti ayo nzvimbo: iri muhomwe anopindura giravhiti uye kudzora pakuenzanisa musoro uye muviri ichizorora. Kutsinga dzinouya kuvhara yaiva ampoules zvakanyatsoenzana nhego chinja kudzora kufamba nhengo dzomuviri (simba regiravhiti).

Basa Kanotokonya pakugadzirwa Neural nematunhu

Ko dzidziso hunenge, kubvira zvidzidzo pamusoro Descartes uye inokosha zvakawanwa I. P. Pavlova uye I. M. Sechenova, kunobva pfungwa Neural basa sezvo zvakakwana kwaiita nhengo kusvika pakunzwisisa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kwokunze uye munyika kwezvakatipoteredza, kunze chete chikamu ari nechepakati huta maitiro - uropi uye musana. Chero mhinduro, sezvo nyore sezvo ibvi-jerk, kana munhu Rocket yakadai kutaura, ndangariro kana mafungiro, ndiyo yokutanga kubatana mabiko - maonero uye rusarura pakati kuitika maererano simba ravo, amplitude, zvikuru.

Kusiyanisa kwakadaro rinoitwa hurongwa kutsinga dzinouya kuti I. P. Pavlov rinonzi "tentacles wouropi." Mumwe analyzer Kanotokonya mabasa sezvo antennas kuti kunhonga mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye inoda kufunga kwezvakatipoteredza: chiedza kana ruzha, mamorekuru pakati mishonga, kurovedza zvinhu. Physiologically zvakajairika basa pasina chaakasiya kutsinga dzinouya gadziriro kunoenderana nebasa weboka rokutanga, inonzi peripheral, kana Kanotokonya. Kubva iye tinobva pasina chaakasiya asi dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama (hunenge).

nevamiririri

Izvi pakugadzira kushingaira fuma, kuita kuchinjwa excitation kubva mumwe dzouropi mumwe zvivako inokosha - synapses. Vari secreted ne axon wokutanga neurocyte nokuita sezvo tide, zvichiita tsinga nomunhu kusvika Kanotokonya kuguma inotevera etsinga sero. Naizvozvo, marongerwo uye mashandiro neurotransmitters uye receptors zviri pedyo nepedyo. Uyezve, dzimwe neurocytes vanokwanisa kwokusunungura maviri kana kupfuura zvinotakura, semuenzaniso, glutamic uye aspartic acid, adrenaline neGebha.