Russian nesayenzi kunzwisisa. Scientific-Technical Complex weRussia: ezvinhu, Zvaifungidzirwa uye tarisiro kukura

Scientific Complex weRussia chinoenda nenguva yakaoma. Sezvo Nguva perestroika, mamiriro ayo nguva dzose kuitwa kurongwazve, vari aparadza, kudzorwa, optimized - maererano matambudziko kuitika munyika uye nzanga, uye kukwanisa avo vatungamiri vanodanwa kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi.

Russian sayenzi specificity kwayo budiriro

Modern dzesayenzi bhora, uyewo chero mumagariro akatarisa hurongwa izere yokurwisana uye STRUCTURAL kuzvipokanidza. Panguva imwe chete inokosha kukanganisa kukura nesayenzi zvinogona weHurumende kupa upfumi mutemo chinozoiswa nehurumende. Maererano vamwe vaongorori kuti systemic dambudziko anenge akasviniwa vazhinji pamakwara, kusanganisira zvikuru dzakabudirira, kuti rebound kukuvadzwa Russian yesayenzi kunzwisisa. Asi pane chikonzero chokuva netariro - nyika yedu agara kukunda munguva dzenhamo tichionga simba womukati zvakawanda kusanganisira mberi mirayiridzo.

Kukura nesayenzi mu Russia yakanga kuitwa nhanho, nokuti nyika kunooneka nechisimba "mvumo", ipapo vakakurumidza akapora pashure pehondo uye kuparadzwa kwayo noruzivo dzakawanda ukapisa murwi - chimurenga uye kuchinja. Nguva dzose chaizvo nzira yokuvaka basa ravo, Russian Academy of Sciences - zvichienderana iripo "kusaenzana" nyika mauto uye mikana kuti zvinofanira kubviswa. Achifunga, tinogona kuona kuti zvinetso Russian yesayenzi kunzwisisa kuzomukazve kwete nhasi, asi tinofanira kuagadzirisa - zvakanyatsorongwa uye pamwe.

Scientific kunzwisisa nyika: marongerwo uye mashandiro

Key mashandiro anoita zvesayenzi - kufanotaurwa kwechimwe mberi kuitika, migumisiro yacho kuongororwa uye pave chikuru uye vakashandisa kutsvakurudza sechinhu chikuru kosi mabasa masayendisiti.

Sechivako zvakaoma kwesayenzi inosanganisira zvose masangano kuti nzira imwe kana rimwe basa ramangwana, uye "zvakanakira nyika yenyu." Russian dzesayenzi kunzwisisa chinhu chimwe-chidimbu inotungamirwa zvinosanganisira minda siyana, kusika michina mitsva uye unobereka zivo itsva. Munzvimbo Central nharaunda yacho nekutsvaga hafu kutsvakurudza masangano ose, kushanda kusvika 70% of nhamba yevashandi (vatsvakurudzi - vanhu vane dzidzo yepamusoro, musarudzo uye vanachiremba sciences) uye anoumbwa 75% of wechipfuwo mari pakutsvakurudza.

The kuipa uye vakarongeka kushanda muminda kwesayenzi hazvibviri pasina kuvaka mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira kukwanisa zvachose, izvo mberi kunoenderana Vhoriyamu mari kubva zvemari vose siyana - ichi runoratidzwa nenyika tsika. matambudziko Scientific zvakabatana nezvinetso upfumi. Maererano mutungamiriri Institute for Economic Strategies B. N. Kuzyka, zivo upfumi panguva kuri kuva inokosha kukura hwevakuru vaikudzwa nyika munyika, uye nguva ino dambudziko nyika yedu.

Scientific zvinogona weRussia ano: kukura itsva tsvakurudzo munzvimbo

The huru dambudziko iri "pfungwa vaitungamirira" - kukura nesayenzi kuRussia, zvakasikwa uye dzigadziridzwe ndaisagona chirongwa-chipfuro varonga masayendisiti hwaro kurapa kukura zvose hurongwa vari Russian zvesayenzi kunzwisisa.

Nokuda kwenguva mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira Zvaifungidzirwa, uyewo migumisiro kunzwisisa richiona musayenzi uye kwesayenzi zvinogona munyika (tinyatsonzwisisa yaaizova pakutsvakurudza Masangano nomumwe kugadzirisa dambudziko) yakanga yakataurwa rinokosha mazita kukosha nhungamiro musayenzi uye nzira itsva kukura uye kwokukurukurwa ushandiswe zvigadziriswe Implementation kwavo.

Nokuti azvino pakutsvakurudza nzvimbo zvinosanganisira budiriro Michina nzvimbo: Nanotechnology uye hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, mashoko uye yekufambisa, zvinhu zvitsva, uyewo yezvinoreva yesayenzi-maindasitiri yakaoma, vachibvumira synthesize dzinokosha ruzivo uye kubudirira mune dzataurwa. Nemhaka kukura kwezvinhu nzira itsva, nyika yedu vanogona kubudirira zvikuru yezwi kuvandudza, nokuti nyika ndicho nokuchinja kukuru mune zvoupfumi uye magariro mabhora iri kwakarongwa 2020-2025.

Scientific-Technical Complex: kukoshesa

Scientific Technical Complex kunobva Zvaifungidzirwa maererano kwenguva kukura zvesainzi enhare, kuchengeteka uye vakarongeka kukura maindasitiri ruzivo mu Russia. Mabasa ayo, zvakaoma inopa pfungwa basa kuronga uye kurira kurapa vaunganidza nesayenzi-hwokugadzira uye maindasitiri-muzvigadzirwa rine mhando dzose indasitiri.

matambudziko Zvakarurama nesayenzi-michina zvoupenyu basa, izvo zvino - munguva dzakaoma ari paumbwe imwe multipolar nyika - vari nechemberi, ndiwo:

• paumbwe pfungwa nemauto-unyanzvi mutemo, zvesayenzi uye socio-upfumi tinyatsonzwisisa kuti tarisiro yose kugadzira zvombo ano (makore 10-25);
• Kuongororwa wose uye kutsoropodza nemauto ruzivo pamusoro dzimwe nyika uye paumbwe mazita mabasa kuvandudza mano ayo uto michina;
• achiitisa Hurongwa magadzirirwo chombo gadziriro kuitira kuti vagare vaine mwero kukura;
• pokugadzwa mamiriro purogiramu zvombo zvehondo mabasa uye paumbwe hurumende yokuzvidzivirira murayiro, kunoenderana itsva mamiriro ezvoupfumi, nokuti foreseeable ramangwana;
• enderana Implementation munguva kusvika 2020 yepamusoro upgrading of Armed Forces, mamwe marudzi mauto, idzodzo zvechiuto uye nemiviri (pamwe kuvimba chokuti pasava nehondo yenyukireya uye mukuru-chinangwa mauto).

Scientific uye kwesayenzi kunzwisisa uye matambudziko basa rake

Scientific-muzvigadzirwa kunzwisisa kunobva kumusoro ruzivo uye ine chokuita zvoupfumi zvekutepfenyura. Nokuti kuti iri XXI remakore, kwokudiwa Chizvarwa ruzivo, utsanzi uye kushanda zvakanaka mukuru-zvakarurama kukura kunobatsira kubva upfumi, zvinoitwa vasayendisiti uye mainjiniya, zvakagadzirirwa kukunda kusabatana uye voga ndakasika munhu itsva kwezvivako:

• hunoshanda Implementation weHurumende mutemo urongwa mumunda musayenzi uye vakashandisa (Science, Technology uye Innovation) mabasa; chinopedza matambudziko ose muzvigadzirwa mazuvaano hwenyika zvekutepfenyura ;
• kuwana nokukurumidza kukura kugadzirwa mukuru rwokugadzira zvinhu uye zvikuru-kupatsanurwa zvigadzirwa;
• kwezvivako Kugadzirwa itsva mabasa (kukura uye vatsigire basa utsanzi uye michina mumapaki, ruzivo rwokugadzira mumapaki, ano chinja nzvimbo uye rabhoritari zvivako);
• paakasika Integrated Zvivako hunyambiri-kushandisa zvinhu vanogona kuchinja kumusika zvinodiwa zvose muchiuto uye zvavo zvigadzirwa; vakarongeka kushandiswa kare dzakabudirira hunyambiri-kushandiswa michina uye pakusika vatsva.

Setsika, kuti "simba" divi zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, kunzwisisa weRussia - zvenyukireya uye Laser michina; chinokosha mberi kubudirira nemasayendisiti edu kukura uye kushandisa michina nezvinhu zvitsva, propulsion hurongwa. Anodei kuchikosha mubhizimisi mauto uye zvinoreva kuti vabudirire munyika-kirasi micro-, nano- uye opto-zvemagetsi redhiyo, Michina kombiyuta kunonyanya usashanda uye kunoda yaitsiva ano maindasitiri michina. pakutanga rwokugadzirwa izvi zviitiko vanotsigirwa wekuongorora - kazhinji kacho, Chokwadi, neHurumende (anonzi yeUnited chirongwa - yeUnited zvirongwa).

Scientific Educational Complex: nadzurudzo uye kunetsana

Pari pfungwa "yesayenzi-rokudzidzisa kunzwisisa" anoreva boka masangano rokusekondari, vari kuita mabasa akasiyana mirayiridzo: zvakakodzera dzidzo, tsvakurudzo, sainzi, ano uye utsanzi. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira pasocial network naye kuyunivhesiti, kutsvakurudza uye dzidzo nzvimbo, zvedzidzo masangano.

Research uye dzidzo nechepakati nyika - iri "tsime manpower", zvino vaiona somunhu chezvinonhuwira kumusika upfumi, "nyaya musika ukama", mugadziri uye nokutengesa nesayenzi, dzidzo, itsva zvigadzirwa, zvinhu uye mabasa. The kuitika upfumi weboka nyika azvaitwa, dzinoda naye nenguva mhinduro uye kugadzirira "wakamanikana" unyanzvi "generalists", kureva, vanhu vakanga vasina "ruzivo uye unyanzvi" asi "competencies" uye vari "matsime simba itsva pfungwa, ruzivo uye zvirongwa. "

Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinodiwa chakaitwa dzidzo hurongwa, uyewo kwemasayendisiti anokonzerwa sagona okuchinja muitiro, hapana asi kuzvidemba, kwete kukonzera. Padanho kudzidzisa (izvo Zvisinei, vakabva haana kushanda dzakagadzirirwa ravo) yakaderera chaizvo. Chokwadi, mamiriro ichi yakaumbwa kwete gore rimwe, asi akasikwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuva kuchikoro, entrants yunivhesiti kuuya kugadzirira (asi ane yepamusoro mamakisi ari bvunzo!), Uye "achimhanya" nzira yakaoma "kupa" chinhu itsva.

Chii hazvingaitiki kutsvakurudza uye mudonzvo dzidzo munyika zvakagadzirwa zvakanaka? Dzidzo chinhu chinokosha kuvaka nheyo imwe nzira itsva upfumi. Panguva ino Danho zvakafanira kubhadhara zvakafanira nezvezvipfeko kurovedza here kufunga, unyanzvi nenyanzvi aiziva peculiarities enyika socio-ezvoupfumi zvavaranda vehurumende. Zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti basa "Kutarisira kunobudirira" asina chokuita chokwadi kuti vaifanira kushandurwa vanachiremba vanoziva peculiarities basa mumunda ravo, zvese, uye kuzviita panguva mamiriro pamwero. Zvinokoshawo kuti kuteerera hurongwa kuramba dzidzo, kusanganisira dhigirii uye kukura kwounyanzvi, ari runoenzanirana nourongwa mabhuku uye kupa kuwana mashoko zvese yevadzidzi.

Scientific Industrial Complex: zvaunokoshesa uye tarisiro

Scientific maindasitiri kunzwisisa sezvo chine zvoupfumi mabasa National upfumi hunonyatsobatana kuti mabasa zvimwe zvivako maindasitiri, akaparadzaniswa maererano nzira dzekuziva kuti indasitiri chikamu:

• agro-indasitiri;
• kudzivirira indasitiri;
• Aerospace;
• mabhomba, mafuta uye simba;
• yepamusorosoro mumaindasitiri makemikari-mishonga, microbiological uye makemikari Mazinga; sayenzi zvishandiso, kugadzira kunzwisisa dzokurapwa mano ;
• Construction uye kugadzirwa, muchina-kuvaka zvivako uye zvakafanana. D.

The Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri Mugumisiro inogona kuenderera mberi ndiko kusangana masangano kwesayenzi kunzwisisa uye maindasitiri emakambani kushandisa mukana musayenzi uye kwesayenzi segmentation. mamiriro Izvi zvinoita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kutamira nokuchinja zvigadziriswe pakati kwesainzi uye yemhando engineering zvekushandisa zvisikwa, kuti kwavari chakatorwa zvinodiwa zviripo maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Vakasikwa ichi mhando masangano tsvakurudzo sumbu (akadai Center "Kurchatov Institute") uye maindasitiri (mabhomba simba sumbu) pamusoro chokuratidza kuti utsanzi inokwanisa kupa optimum parameters uye Zvinonzi pakati dzinotsanagura mazuvaano nesayenzi-maindasitiri kunzwisisa munyika.

Kupararira ano ruzivo uye yekufambisa achatambanudza kukura kwebasa yepamusorosoro mabasa ari zvokuyamura munda - utano, dzidzo, zvekutepfenyura zvemari.

Scientific tsvakurudzo kunzwisisa: yakakwirira zvinhu uye subsoil

Research Complex inobatanidza masangano ayo kuitisa basa experimental kuwana ruzivo itsva uye kushanda kwayo uye zvinobatsira kuti pave chigadzirwa idzva - chigadzirwa kana zvigadzirwa.

Kazhinji, masangano akadai vanonzi "Research Institute", asi vari kunzwisisa kunosanganisirawo yamabhuku, siyana dzesayenzi uye ruzivo nzvimbo, miganhu ruzivo rwendo, sectoral madhipatimendi, zvikamu uye mabasa, kutsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa neshamwari uye mumarabhoritari, uyewo Observatory, botanical mumunda, wemhuka chiteshi, wakaparadzaniswa experimental ivhu (semuenzaniso, reInternational yenyukireya experimental reactor).

basa Scientific, yekuedzwa, vachimuidza mu masangano aya ari chaiyo michina. Somuenzaniso, imwe ongororo rengarava Russia sechinhu chikuru chezvinonhuwira national kuchengeteka mamiriro mamiriro mumunda kutsvakurudza, budiriro uye Utilisation pakati chicherwa pfuma nyanza rinoshandisa rayo oparesheni runoenzanirana dare, vakagadzirira pamwe anodiwa zvokushandisa uye namano.

Reform of Russian Academy of Sciences

Pakusikwa Academy of Sciences - zvakananga uchapupu kuedza kuchinja Petro I uye Catherine I (1725), zvainanga kusimbisa zvoupfumi uye enyika rusununguko weRussia. The mambo anokoshesa aikwanisa repfungwa kwesayenzi, kukosha yedzidzo uye tsika kuti kubudirira ehurumende. Vakasikwa Academy pakutanga integrates mashandiro pakutsvakurudza uye dzidzo sangano (yokuyunivhesiti uye chikoro). Mune ramangwana - nokuti anenge matatu emakore - basa esayenzi Academy akashanda nyaya vachiwedzera munyika kuitwa. Zvakakwana mazita anozivikanwa masayendisiti vakadaro vakashanda mukati masvingo aro, kufanana Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallas, KG Razumovsky.

"Zvipingamupinyi" mubasa dzeRas yakatanga kupera XVIII remakore, kana akatanga kushora kunyanya chido yokungotaura kuitika, samoizolirovannost, voga kubva zvokukurumidzira matambudziko enyika uye zvavo - "asingabatsiri". Uye muna 1870-80-ies. Academy Akakwezva ruzhinji maererano havashiviriri mubayiro zvedzidzo mibayiro kubva yokufeva masayendisiti Mechnikov, IM Sechenov uye D. Mendeleyev. Yakarira kupomerwa kuti "Anti-Russian" chinangwa maumbirwo ichi dzesayenzi.

Mushure Revolution of USSR Academy of Sciences akaita pfungwa engineering vakashandisa tsvakurudzo - ose nebudiriro National upfumi vakasikwa pasi wake kutungamirirwa. Zvisinei, munguva kubva rechi90. yokupedzisira remakore, uye zvino Russian Academy of Sciences ari kusangana mamiriro zvachose dambudziko. mamiriro ayo ari kuwedzera uye kutanga kushanda, ipapo pakarepo kuregwa.

Sezvo 2013 ndiyo nguva zvakadzama zvinhu uye nokubatanidzwazve reRussian Academy of Sciences. Musimboti ari kuchinja, maererano D. A. Medvedeva, - "tendera masayendisiti pfungwa achinyanya sayenzi uye tsvakurudzo, uye kudzibatsira nevasiri makirisito twa zvakanaka mabasa uye zvaiita mabasa". Zvisinei, masayendisiti akashora zvakasimba zvigadziriswe kuti hurumende yaida, nokuti "vari zvavakatemerwa muchimiro kukuru uye zvinoparadza." Saka, yaida nokubatanidzwazve, asi chaizvoizvo - imwe rusina kuwadzana-siyana hurongwa of Ras, iyo pakupedzisira kutungamirira Scientific Complex yeRussia se "kuzvipira pakuronga" gadziriro anorovera.

In tsamba yakazaruka kuna V. V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov akaona kubudirira iwayo kunoshamisa kuti yakabuda yedu nyika Vongai Russian Academy of Sciences: "kusikwa nhoo yenyukireya; renyukireya uye zvikepe yenyukireya; nzvimbo ubanguranyika uye Northern Sea Route; Siberia uye East ari Far nesangano apo tsvakurudzo itsva nzvimbo; radar uye semiconductor "chimurenga" uye vamwe vakawanda. " Zvinobudirira zvinhu zvinokosha, asi chete pamwe rubatsiro achitungamirira masayendisiti uye läpinäkyvä sarudzo mukati sechivako - ndicho chikuru Pfungwa kusafara izvo dzakatangira July 2013

Problem nzvimbo muupenyu ano Russian sayenzi dzidzo

The chikuru basa munharaunda yesayenzi - kupa zvakakwana nyanzvi rubatsiro kune mamiriro Zvinokosha munzvimbo. matambudziko pachena aunonyanya tikafunga kukura ano musayenzi kunzwisisa weRussia ndeinotevera:

- zvoupfumi kukundikana, kupinda munzvimbo utariri madenderedzwa anonyengera "vanobudirira mamaneja" uori vanowanika masangano (semuenzaniso, "Skolkovo" Fund);

- zvinoparadza zvigadziriswe zvokuvandudza sainzi uye dzidzo, kunyanya, yaida kuchinja zvinhu Ras, tarisiro kuparadzwa zvesayenzi zvinogona Ras ne nyika yose;

- Corporate uye okutarisira lobbying kukura kwesayenzi uye commercialization pamusoro: wezvose;

- pamwe zvisina mari pane kushayikwa mari tsvakurudzo yepamusorosoro.

Saka, kugadzirisa dambudziko nesayenzi - hazvina zvacho nyanzvi, asiwo vaongorori, nezvoupfumi, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende.