Mask Zelinsky: tsananguro, nhoroondo zvisikwa uye wongororo

Kuitwa "stinking mabhomba" kana makemikari zvombo zvehondo chokuita kurwisa German pana Ypres muna 1915. Zvadaro, matani 170 kubva kuiisa chlorine akasunungurwa kuti kutendera kusvika zviuru 15 vanhu vakarasikirwa varwi vanenge 5000 uto French. Tiine First World War uye nokugadzirwa wakabatana nokudenga nzira kudzivirira nezvombo zvine makemikari, zvakakodzera ndohwavo Russia. chifukidzo This Zelinsky. Musimboti kushanda neactivated charcoal Birch chinodzivirira kuti chizvarwa mauto eRussia kare uye anoramba kuponesa upenyu, kwete chete muhondo asi yorunyararo.

chikosheshwa nyaya

Mibvunzo chenhau nhaka uye kupayona rakavhurika nhasi. Zvechokwadi, Professor uye vakatanga gasi chifukidzo Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich (1861 - 1953) anoonekwa sezvo unzenza kudzivirira munhu bvumidzwa nokuda kuvamba yake, chokwadi, iye muitiro spraying chloropicrin - mumwe chepfu vaishandira imperialist hondo. Uye kana iri pakati XX remakore mubvunzo Russian gasi chifukidzo ushasha kuvamba (masiki Zelinsky - Kummanta) zvainyatsokonzerwa pfungwa, nhasi nayo awana rokudzidza ukoshi. Uye funga kuti sutu pamusoro pedambudziko Venetian chifukidzo kumumvuri mubvunzo wokuti.

Nhoroondo chokudzivirirwa: hondo uye rugare

Pane uchapupu hwokuti miners muGirisi yekare vaishandisa masiki ane Sefa wemiriwo akaomeswa. Arab Banu Musa hama, vakakurumbira nyanzvi kweBaghdad IV remakore, kudzivirira chepfu vashandi panguva kuchera matsime. Yakaitwa waishandiswa mudziyo zvakafanana zvikuru asingazivikanwi. Rakanga vaisona chifukidzo pamwe firita kutsiviwa. Kunyange zvazvo Sefa zvakashandiswa akaitawo kubva yemakwenzi akaomeswa, vakanga chaizvo akafanana ano makemikari kudzivirira nzira.

KuMiddle Ages, pamwe kwaita idenda denda matenda uye kukura dzidziso miasms (nenhumbi utsinye vanhu) uye CONTAG (chepfu nezvimedu kuburikidza ganda uye kufema), pane Venetian Anti Kit. jasi ichi uye magiravhusi yanyatisa muna tara, uye "muromo", iro riri mukati chirimwa filters.

Muna 1799 paiva kunge Alexander von Humboldt, nokuti mupise uye wokunatswa vangu magasi uye adzivirire miners.

Asi bvumidzwa kuti gasi chifukidzo yokutanga yakapiwa Lewis Haslett muna 1849 muKentucky, USA. Zvaireva midziyo nokuti miners Sefa vakashumira jira gobvu dzemakwai, vharuvhu kufema yakanga zvakagoverwa.

Kana gilded cheSt vaIsaka Cathedral muna 1838 mu Saint - Petersburg akauraya vatenzi 60, havana kuponesa Masiki Pipe. Vakanga vakaita regirazi ane hosipaipi uye raifanira kudzivirirwa kubva nemekiyuri mhute. Asi magadzirirwo haina chisimbiso, uye kuti ndiye aikonzera nomuchetura vashandi.

Coal somunhu adsorbent

John Stengauz muna 1854 tega imwe unomubatsira kufema, iyo yakava huru adsorbent nemarasha. Waiva maviri-rukoko chifukidzo, iyo akaiswa pakati akaturikidzana ose sorbent - nemarasha upfu.

Sangana pamusoro Mikhail Lomonosov, academician yeRussian Academy of Sciences Iogann Tobias Lovitz zvinganaka kushandisa Birch marasha mvura yokunatsa, kudzivirirwa kuorera mazviri nyama.

Zelinsky kuti munorumbidzirweiko kuti akatanga kushandiswa senzira zvitunha kusashanda kabhoni - kabhoni pamwe kwakawedzera adsorption vanokwanisa. A zvikuru akagadzirira marasha iri 1,500 ba. mamita ane porous pamusoro 1 cubic sendimita.

Adsorbent ndinoiitawo tightness chifukidzo wakaenzana Zelinsky

Nhoroondo iyi zvinoreva kudzivirira namakemikari rwakabatana rimwe zita, kodzero akava wechipiri rokuremekedza iri gasi chifukidzo - Emond Kummanta, technologist womufekitari "Triangle".

The UK Patent Office aita munhu bvumidzwa nokuda Emond Kummantu nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa pakutanga chifukidzo. Kuti chifukidzo chanyatsosunga uye chakaputirwa kuti chiso akavaponesa kubva kuchangotanga kuonana zvine chepfu paganda.

hondo imperialist Positional akamanikidza muvengi kutsvaka nzira zvehondo nokushandiswa zvine chepfu. Chinangwa chikuru chemusha iri kutsvaka kudzivirirwa, kusanganisira filters waifarirwa uye hwakavimbika unodzivirira chifukidzo. Zvakanga zvakadai mushonga yave aionekwa chifukidzo.

Mask Zelinsky: mamiriro

Paiva prototypes matatu - Petrograd, Moscow uye mukuru.

Chokutanga, muna 1915, akapinda basa Petrograd chifukidzo muenzaniso. Ngowani rakapfeka pamusoro rectangular atorwa chifukidzo rine mbiri pasi bhokisi saizi 200: 80: 50 millimeters. Lower pasi pamwe pamusoro rakavharwa koko iri repamusoro mumuromo ndiro soldered, asi yakakwirira. Pakati pavo resimbi pajira riya nechinhu paiva gauze kumativi ose. Pakati gauze ikanyanya pakuiswa 3-6 mm granular kusashanda kabhoni. Filter vhoriyamu raiva 700 CC. cm kureba - 174 mm. Box kuchengetedza chivharo kuti gaba. The chifukidzo aiva orenji bhokisi wakanamatira ivavo tepi.

Moscow yokuenzanisira akapinda basa muna 1916 uye aiva nebhokisi duku imwe denderedzwa chimiro. The Vhoriyamu kabhoni Sefa akava 1,000 cubic masendimita.

Zvisinei, kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti vanofanira kuvandudza. Kwaiva rechitatu shanduro chifukidzo Zelinsky - mhando breech Anti-gasi chirimwa. Akanga pfupi kupfuura yapfuura mumwe, ane bhokisi elliptical.

Kuidzwa namano

The Russian Uto gasi Mask Zelinsky - Kummanta akazviratidza chando 2016. Mumakore maviri ehondo Russia akabudisa vanopfuura mamiriyoni 11 zvimedu date kudzivirirwa.

Approbation chifukidzo Zelinsky akatora nzvimbo muhondo World War First. Miedzo akatarisira mudzidzi N. D. Zelinskogo Nikolai Shilov. Ndiye vataurira Professor layered kabhoni firita. Zvaanazvo uye kuongorora kuti ritsigire kunyatsoshanda kwemakemikari nedziviriro Mobile mumarabhoritari, uyewo sangano zvikoro kuti vashandi weuto Russian, iyo akaita kushandiswa runodzivirira midziyo kudzidzisa - masiki Zelinsky. History vaudzewo kukosha muzvikoro izvi uye kusadiwa kwavari murayiro.

Zvakanakira nekuipira

Mukana rokuchenesa mhepo kubva siyana zvine chepfu uye kuwanikwa dzakanakira adsorbent - zvachose zvakawanikwa kuti akaita muzvinafundo ND Zelinsky. Unomubatsira kufema kuvamba kwayo panguva panowanikwa vasina analogs ari absorbent zvinhu. A itsva mhando Sefa kuti Russian gasi chifukidzo haana takasununguka zvikuru asi ichibudirira.

Wokutanga chifukidzo Zelinsky aiva zvainovhiringidzawo ayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Mune revarwi ezvinhu chifukidzo bhokisi kuvhiringidza kutenderera musoro;
• Vasati kushandisa, kwaidiwa kuti Kuchenesa, iyo zvainonotsa kupfeka.
• Misting, izvo zvakaita kuti orienteering zvakaoma;
• Akaderedza Kuteerera uye hazviiti kupa kuraira nefoni;
• Masoja Russian kusadzidza vakanga vasingakwanisi kuverenga rairo pamberi kushandiswa.

Masiki yehondo

The nyika - Vatori vechikamu of imperialist hondo haana kumira kurega kuedza kuvandudza nzira kwemakemikari kudzivirirwa. chifukidzo French Jules Tissot Somuenzaniso, ndikamuyerera makirogiramu anopfuura mana, bhokisi yakaiswa seri, uye absorb akaita caustic pasoda, hwakakanyiwa huni mvere simbi mafufu. izvi zvose chakanga nomuti sipo, glycerin uye mafuta anonzi Castor.

Nhasi, zvikabva yazvino gasi chifukidzo ichaongororwa kuva British gasi chifukidzo muenzaniso World War First. In chitarisiko, zviri zvechokwadi sezvinoita yakaenzana ano zvakawanda. Asi kana vokuBritain, kana French, kana vokuGermany kushandiswa absorb kuti kabhoni. British vatsigiri Russia muna 1916 akakumbirwa kuvatuma shanu gasi Masiki Zelinsky - Kummanta kundoshora. MaKemisiti Britain haana kutenda Absorção de Água ehupfumi kuti Birch nemarasha. Asi pashure pokuongorora mukushanda mano izvi, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakanga vasingakwanisi kurova Professor Zelinsky.

Sezvineiwo zvakare kuti mishonga yakagadzirwa namabhiza. Zvairatidzika kunakidza chaizvo.

Waakawana nokuda michina yake Professor

Chemical Committee of Russian Empire nyaya chikumbiro mumusangano chaiwo mubayiro purofesa nokuda kuvamba ake kuti kwakaponesa zviuru zvevanhu. Zvisinei, nyaya yacho sepasina, uye kwete mugumo. Professor Zelinsky haana kugamuchira chete Ruble nehurumende yeRussia kuti gasi chifukidzo Zelinsky. History muzvinafundo, haana kugamuchira bvumidzwa nokuda kwayo rakasiyana kabhoni Sefa, uye kuramba ane nomination nokuda Nobel Prize uye pamusoro. Asi ake co-munyori, munyori ane patented chifukidzo E.Kummant chibvumirano ne fekitari "Triangle" uye akagamuchira 50 masendi nechimwe chikwata kwenhumbi akatuma nemauto - maindasitiri komiti weRussia. Mask Zelinsky akaita shoroma Emond Kummanta.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti muRussia hapana shongwe Professor ND Zelinskii, kunyange zvazvo zita rake rinonzi Institute muSt - Pererburge.

Papi, kuti pakusikwa Masiki vakatanga pakatanga kupinda pabasa kwemakemikari hondo nevamiririri. Izvi yakakanganiswa statement. Zvokurarama chokudzivirira rokutanga yakagadzirwa zvinangwa rugare, uye pashure aishandiswa muhondo. Kudzivirirwa navanachiremba nevakoti, kushandiswa kuchengetedza vashandi vanosvika neZvapupu zvinokuvadza - ndiwo mukuru kukoshesa upi tsvakurudzo mabasa.