Metrology: pedengu, tambo mudziyo. Kupatsanura kuyera zvinoreva

Tichaedza munyaya ino kuti nekukatanura chitsidzo akagadzirwa nyaya: metrology, Standardization chokuita nacho, kuRussia mamiriro metrological nzvimbo, uyewo kuyera nhumbi - maitiro avo, mifananidzo, kupatsanura uye kushandiswa. Ngatitange pamwe dingindira yokutanga rakajairika - science inonzi metrology.

Metrology: tsanangudzo zvinangwa, mitemo

Metrology, tambo, tambo mudziyo - interconnected pfungwa. Metrology (rekare rechiGiriki μέτρον + λόγος -. "Kwazvo" + "sayenzi") - sayenzi muzviyereso, kureva nokuyerwa, nzira dzayo uye zvinobatsira nechokwadi kubatana uye rakarurama kuyerwa.

Kunyatsogona metrology anoratidza zvinotevera zvinangwa uye zvinangwa:

• Kugadzirwa rakabatana dzidziso yakayerwa;
• dzidzo mugadziriro zvinoverengeka zvinooneka dzakabatana;
• Development kwaizotevera Standardization zvinoreva uye dzakaenzana nzira, nzira yokuziva kururama, chido kuti kufanana uye kubatana;
• kukudziridza zvakajeka mitemo hurongwa nekuyera ivhu, izvo kwakavakirwa panyama constants;
• Kudzidza wegadziriro muzviyereso munhau zvekumashure.

Mitemo inokosha metrology zvitatu:

1. Chero kuyerwa - nezvemuenzaniso uyu.
2. No kuyerwa Data pasina priori hazvigoni kuwanwa.
3. Kunobva kuyerwa pasina rounding tsika - chete chero shanduka.

Sections metrology

Science rakakamurwa zvakawanda zvinoti:

• Yokungotaura. Kunyatsogona metrology vari uchifungidzira. Chikamu ichi inoongorora vakawanda zvinetso quantitative kuyerwa, uyewo zvakananga anovandudza yokungotaura nevanhu.
• Legislative. Social sainzi, izvo anosarudza yaidiwa nomutemo uye michina ezvinhu kushandiswa vezvikwata yakayerwa nzira nematurusi.
• Rikashandiswa. Experimental, maoko-chikamu metrology Kusuma kukura yokungotaura chezvinonhuwira upenyu, uyewo kubata metrology software.
• Historical. Anoongorora rapfuura dzakaenzana zviyero, kunoita yavo nguva anonyora mazita avo, uyewo ukama zvinodiwa muzviyereso ose modernity.
• Unyanzvi nzvimbo. Izvi zvinosanganisira "chaiyo" metrology - zvokurapa, kemikari, Aerospace, utachiona (biometrics).

Standardization Metrology

Metrology uye Standardization zviri pedyo nepedyo. Standardization uyu zvoushumiri - mukuru uye yakananga mirayiro metrological rutsigiro kuenda kugadzirwa rikurumidze. Zvinhu zvichaita nokuranga vose chokuita chigadzirwa: pamutemo zvinyorwa zvinodiwa yepamusoro mitemo wokubvumira, uyewo nzira kuzadzisa chiero zvabuda. Panguva iyoyowo dzakabudirira mitemo ingashandiswa kwete chete kune imwe zvebhizimisi, asiwo kuva anobatsira munzanga.

Standardization Metrology zvinangwa zvinotevera:

• Kutsunga huru zvechadenga kunaka bhuku chigadzirwa, chinhu chokutanga kuita kwezvipimo zvinoriumba uye mbishi zvinhu.
• Kukura chaizvo zvinodiwa kuti chatingatevedzera zvichizoita zvigadzirwa vari ipapo vakatsunga pachishandiswa metrological kuzvidzora.
• Kuda kufanana mishonga.
• Kuumba mitemo Hurongwa kuitira kubatana kukura vose zvavakanga vachida kuita.

Metrology uye Standardization kushanda mu magwaro makuru maviri:

• Standard - ezvemitemo uye kwesayenzi kurara zvimwe mitemo, mirayiro uye zvaanoda kuti kudhinda uye yokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Mureza razvino - izvi kunotenderwa mvumo sangano.
• TU (hwokugadzira ezvinhu) - mitemo, dzemunharaunda uye zvaanoda kuti imwe mhando chigadzirwa.

Kukwira Standardization Metrology:

• International. International Standardization uye Metrology Centre vari mauto takabatana kutengeserana, mukuru kukura mune zvesayenzi, iyo inogara nevakariri kudzivirira uye zvichingodaro akawanda anoti.
• State. Standardization Metrology kuitwa vehurumende, izvo kuvakirawo kukura kwayo ramangwana.
• National. Zvakare pamwero wenyika, asi pasina zvakananga kupindira nezviremera.

Huru Russian Center for Standardization uye Metrology - a GSS (state hurongwa Standardization). kunzwisisa ichi rinobatanidza zvose zvinodiwa yakatanga kupinda rimwe rose, zvinobatsira fananidza kugadzira uye kugadzirwa zvose mumhuri zvinomera uye mafekitari.

State Centre Metrology uye advertising

Maererano Federal Mutemo "On kuona kubatana nezviyero" panguva nehurumende pamwero Kugadzirisa mabasa kuitira kubatanidzwa reRussian State Standard yakayerwa. uye GMR ari kwayo utongi - hurumende metrological basa. Chinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinoriumba:

• Bazi nechepakati midziyo of State Standard of Russian Federation anokonzera mukuronga, utariri uye kudzora zvakafanana pakati kuyerwa pa National muchinjikwa-indasitiri pamwero.
• SSMC (state yesayenzi metrological nzvimbo) - anokonzera kukura, kuunganidza uye kushandisa mitemo-mitemo, uyewo achigadzirira magwaro pamutemo, kupa traceability.
• HMS pamwero zviumbu of RF vanotongwa - eruvara metrological rokudzora zvatichakurukura.

Nzvimbo zvinodiwa zviri Russian Federation

Chief State Metrology Center anonzi VNIIMS - All-Russian Research Institute for Metrological Service. It anoita zvesayenzi uye yakarongeka utariri vose metrological mabasa, rinoronga mabasa avo, uyewo kuva akasiyana-siyana (zvoupfumi, sangano, zvesayenzi) zvigadziko metrological rutsigiro.

Kuwedzera mitemo VNIIMS nzvimbo inokosha iri Russian Federation zvichaitwawo:

• VNIIM. Pano vakasikwa uye zvakachengetwa ne zvinenge zvinodiwa zvose World ezvinhu muzviyereso, dzakakudzingai ivhu maitikiro dzakabatana uye nguva. The Institute akabata zvinopfuura 50% wehurumende zvose Russian mitemo.
• VNIIFTRI. Kuwedzera nguva mureza mu chikoro ichi rinobva mharidzo, ivo kwazvo redhiyo kakawanda zviyero, zvakaoma, kumanikidzwa, ionizing nemwaranzi, uye dzimwe tembiricha yakaderera.
• VNIIOFI. Kuyerwa siyana Laser parameters, zvokurapa parameters, spectrometry, uye dzimwe Manyiminya tsika.
• SNIIM. Mitemo magetsi, rinobva, redhiyo nezvimwe variables.

Activities metrology nzvimbo

The chikuru Vector nezvebasa HMS - kwerunyararo kubatana kuyerwa rehurumende. Uyewo ari vayowo mutoro metrological rutsigiro kuyerwa muRussia, hurumende kuzvidzora mumunda metrology. Directions of GMR - ndiko:

• pokugadzwa zvinodiwa, National uye yechipiri;
• Anoumba hurongwa kana kutepfenyura hutachiwana parameters pamusoro FB achishanda SI dzakabatana;
• gosnadzora kugadzirwa / kushandiswa / mamiriro / kugadzira chipimo enyika;
• metrological kuongorora nyaya siyana;
• rutsigiro yakarongeka kuti nechepazasi metrological mabasa.

mabasa Rosstandart

Rosstandart uye metrology - munhu chokupika kupfungwa vakadaro mabasa:

• Kufambisa basa kuitira traceability.
• Development mitemo zvakasikwa, kuchengetwa, mvumo uye nokushanda ukoshi mitemo.
• Metrological mamiriro anotarisira.
• Kutungamirira HMS uye mamwe mabasa anokonzera traceability.
• Kuitwa zvinodiwa nemirau kuitira zvakafanana kuti kuyerwa.
• Kuziva michina mano kuyera zvinoreva.
• Development uye kufarirwa yakayerwa nzira.
• Accreditation nzvimbo kuona SI.
• Kuitwa SR marudzi.
• Keeping FSTS.
• Kufarirwa SI mazita, pasi ongororo.
• Development of kutyora kunoita vanhu uye masangano kuti kugadzira, kugadziriswa, kutengesa kana pandakasiya SI mubayiro.
• Planning uye sangano metrological mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye nezvimwewo.

SI - ichi ...

Ngativhurei kuna zvikuru dzine Metrology uye chipimo. Kuyerwa Zviridzwa (SI) - waishandiswa mudziyo iyo kuyerwa yaitwa. It kunoratidzwa yokuti anotamba kana akaramba chairema nokuyerwa mumuviri uwandu.

Federal Law № 102 anosarudza SI senzira, mumwe icho vakazvitsaurira - chipimo. Ivaiwo zano kuti kuyera midziyo nyika yedu anogona chete Federal Dzepasi hwokugadzira murau metrology.

kupatsanura SI

Heano vakawanda kupatsanura kuyera midziyo metrology uye chipimo:

• Nokuti kuyera parameters kuti Pakusarudza:
  • kumanikidzwa;
  • tembiricha;
  • uwandu;
  • chechetere;
  • mhinduro wevasungwa nezvakadaro.
• Largest akayera:
  • wakasimba zvinhu;
  • anobatsira.
• Standardization SI:
  • kwezvipimo;
  • non-kwezvipimo.
• On mamiriro ezvinhu ongororo zano:
  • mitemo;
  • SI vashandi.
• Maererano padanho kushandisa michina:
  • ruoko;
  • zvoga;
  • zvokuzvisarudzira.
• Maererano tehnaznacheniyu:
  • kuyera mumuviri zvakawanda - SR, rinozvibereka kana kuunganidza kukosha imwe yese / akawanda;
  • Meter - SI, iyo unogona kudzidza kukosha akayera mune imwe siyana;
  • Rinofambisa - SR, iyo Anochinja chakayerwa ukoshi mumwe;
  • kuyera Hurongwa - chisinganzwisisiki, tichibatanidza akawanda zvinotakura, nhumbi nezviito, riri munzvimbo imwe nzvimbo;
  • kuyera Hurongwa - kunzwisisa kuti rinobatanidza zvakawanda matanho, zviridzwa, hurongwa uye transducers inokwanisa kuyera kupfura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana chinhu;
  • Kuyerwa uye kadambari gadziriro - hurongwa kuti rinobatanidza zvakawanda SI, makombiyuta, yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa rimwe kana kupfuura nokuyerwa mabasa akaoma.

Kuyerwa: mhando uye nzira

Chipimo anonzi kuwana tsika zvinodiwa netsika empirically kubudikidza SI. chikuru nzira dzayo dziri mbiri - pakarepo kuyera uye kuenzanisa nechiyero. Last mberi rakakamurwa differential, zero, madimbu nzira uye kupikiswa. Panyaya zvakakodzera SI kusiyanisa kutsinga dzinouya, heuristic, nyanzvi uye richishanda nzira.

Achitaura metrology uye kuyerwa, tinomiririra kupatsanura okupedzisira kwemarudzi:

• Characterization zvakarurama: vakaenzana zvakarurama uye dzisakarurama. Kana kunonyanyisa zvakarurama, calibration nokudzorana mapurani.
• By nzira kuwana mashoko: kuonana uye contactless.
• Maererano nenhamba kuyerwa: kuroorwa uye vakawanda.
• By kuchinja zvaimirirwa chakayerwa ukoshi: kunofambira mberi uye simba.
• Sezvo aida: metrological uye michina.
• Maererano siyana mufananidzo mugumisiro: hama uye mhedziso.
• Maererano nzira yokuwana vakarongeka date: zvakananga, zvisina kunanga, tinofanira kugara uye pakubatsirana.

mafomu SI

Pakupedzisira shinda "Metrology, kuyera, tambo mudziyo" dzinomiririra mafomu SI zvokutaurira FL № 102:

• kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza;
• basa inodzivirira;
• mamiriro kuzvidzora;
• nzvimbo yebasa iri mupomerwi indasitiri;
• hydrometeorology;
• zvemari, mutero, tsika, rwezvemabhengi akavhiyiwa;
• mutambo;
• mugwagwa chengetedzo;
• wemhuka;
• matare;
• foni, posvo;
• vafanane kupima;
• mushonga;
• rokudzora mukugadzira;
• jogirafi, kuongorora;
• kavha zvinogadzirwa;
• tengeserana;
• munda renyukireya.

Standards uye metrology zvinokosha tsvakurudzo, kwacho, uye nokuda sectors vose munzanga. Kana pasina Standardization mu metrology zvakaoma kugadzira, nzira yakayerwa zvikuru kuva chinokosha muupenyu hwomunhu.