Nhoroondo Russian FSB

FSB kana Russian Federal Security Service, ndiye mumwe vatsivi USSR State Security Committee (KGB), sangano yaizivikanwa ugandanga uye noungwaru mabasa, izvo kushanda muSoviet Union muna XX remakore.

mapurisa Secret - ari Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

History of Federal Security Service ine nhamba kuchinja zita rayo uye nokubatanidzwazve pashure pokuchinja kuRussia muna 1917 pamutemo, iye vaipfeka zita KGB kwemakore 46, kubva muna 1954 kusvika 1991. Masangano utongi kare chikamu enyika maumbirwo Russia. Mashandiro anoita masangano aya dzave yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa tichienzanisa basa mapurisa enyika, airidza nemapurisa epachivande yaitonga chevaux Nicholas II.

Muna 1917, Vladimir Lenin kubva vakasara mapurisa Tsarist chakavanzika akasika Cheka. Sangano iri itsva, iyo pakupedzisira ikava KGB, akanga achiparidza zvakawanda mabasa, kusanganisira kuva vasori pakaunda-vasori uye Soviet Union kuti voga kubva Western zvigadzirwa, nhau uye pfungwa. Muna 1991, Soviet Union yakaparara, zvichiita kuti kusabatana Committee kuti nhamba masangano, remasangano unova FSB.

History of Russian Federal Security Service

Muna 1880, chevaux Alexander II akaumba Branch kurinda ruzhinji kuchengeteka uye kuti, kuzivikanwa so "mapurisa epachivande." Sangano iri mukupera XIX - mangwanani XX remakore. wakaitwa siyana kukuru mapoka Russia - zvokuongorora nhengo dzavo Implementation pavo uye neutralizing navo. Nenhengo epachivande iri kurapa siyana echimurenga mapoka, mambo akanga nguva dzose kusvika zuva uye aigona kudzivirira nyore chero zvinogona kurwisa. Somuenzaniso, pakati 1908 uye 1909, 4 5 nhengo St. Petersburg Committee of Bolshevik Party vaiva nhengo Okhrana. Nicholas II aiva nechokwadi simba rake pamusoro mapoka aya, ayo ari November 1916 kuteerera nyevero ane pedyo chimurenga.

Mushure February Democratic Revolution, Lenin wake Bolshevik Party muchivande sangano simba uye kuedza wechipiri nevapanduki. Lenin aiva wepachokwadi mutsigiri zvinotyisa uye rinoyemurwa pakati Jacobins, kupfuura kukuru French kuipandukira muna 1790 akagadza Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo sachigaro vanhu Commissariat nokuda Affairs Internal (NKVD), chinangwa chikuru chakanga kurwisa vavengi nehurumende uye kudzivirirwa sabhoteji munyika. History of Cheka (FSB) akatanga rayo zvisikwa 20 December 1917 kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda basa iri NKVD. Kunoshamisa Commission yaiva hwaro akazotevera KGB. sachigaro wayo, Lenin akagadza Dzerzhinsky, vokuPoland wamambo, uyo akapedza makore 11 ari mujeri nemagandanga mabasa mambo.

The anotyisa tsvuku

Nokukurumidza Zheleznyy Feliks akatanga kuchinja ari Cheka. History of Federal Security Service muna December 1920 aizivikanwa kuchinjwa kudzimbahwe wekambani kubva St. Petersburg mune yaimbova hofisi All-Russian Insurance Company, uko iye nanhasi. Cheka pachayo vakaperekedza kuferefeta pacharo kuti kusungwa, kutongwa pacharo, huri yevasungwa uye vakaurayiwa.

History of KGB-FSB unotora kuurayiwa vanopfuura 500 000 vanhu munguva kubva inception kwayo muna 1917 kusvika renaming muna 1922. A muitiro aiva "Red Kutya." Kubva musha mumwe kuchengeteka vakuru vakatora vanhu 20-30 mubatwa uye akabata navo sokuvapo vanhuwo zvavo havana kupa zvose zvavo reserves zvokudya. Kana izvi zvikasaitika, kuzoposhera hostages. Kunyange zvakadaro hurongwa kwave kuchibudirira kuramba Lenin kuti dzidziso, kuvandudza upfumi ukama West, KGB akanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa uye chikatsiviwa kwete zvishoma utsinye sangano - State Political Directorate (GPU).

Pakutanga, GPU rakanga pasi chepasi of NKVD uye aiva shoma nesimba kupfuura Cheka. Achitsigirwa Lenin Dzerzhinsky akaramba sachigaro uye pakupedzisira akatangazve vaimbova simba rayo. Tiine USSR Constitution rakagamuchirwa muna July 1923, ari GPU Yakazopiwa zita rokuti OGPU, kana nokuda United State Political Administration.

nzara

Muna 1924, Lenin akafa, uye akanga Anotsiviwa Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, dzaimutsigira muhondo simba, zvichachengetwawo rake pambiru. Pashure pokufa Iron Ferikisi muna 1926 akava mukuru OGPU Menzhinsky. Chimwe chikuru zvebasa sangano panguva iyoyo akanga ari kuti kutsigirwa Vagari Soviet, apo Stalin akashandura mamiriyoni 14 murimi mudiki mapurazi kupinda mumapurazi. Nhoroondo reropa of FSB unotora zvinotevera chokwadi. Kundosangana vatorwa mukutsinhana zvinodiwa OGPU anomanikidzwa torera zviyo uye zviyo ekisipoti rokutengesa pamusoro, kusika nzara, nekuda dzikavauraya vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mashanu.

Kubva kumuromo kuna Yezhov

Muna 1934 Menzhinsky akafa pasi tsarukano chikatsiviwa Henry Berry, mishonga nokurovedza. Vachitungamirirwa wake OGPU akatanga kuita tsvakurudzo mumunda zvombo zvoutachiona uye nemakemikari. Berry akada kuita kwakaita vasungwa pachavo. Akanga akapfurwa pasi Stalin pashure vachireurura kuti nokuuraya Menzhinsky kuti atungamirire OGPU.

Panguva yaitonga kuti Nikolai Yezhov 's mutsivi michero, anotyisa ari USSR asvika Parainge. History of Federal Security Service inosanganisira zvinotevera chokwadi: pakati 1936 uye 1938. vashandi chete OGPU vanhu zviuru zvitatu vakapfurwa. Achityira kuwedzera simba Yezhov, Stalin vakaedza ndokupfura naye muna 1938.

makore 15 Beria

Pashure Yezhov sezvo musoro NKVD kwemakore gumi namashanu rakaitirwa Lavrenty Beria. Iye akawedzera sangano zvokuti muna 1941 kuchengeteka basa akava yoga sangano. NKGB aiva nebasa munyika kuchengeteka, pakaunda-ungwaru, muganhu kuchengeteka, misasa yechibharo, uyewo remagandanga uye clandestine tinorwisana Germany muHondo Yenyika II. Musoro NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov hwaidzorwa Beria. Muna 1950, iye chikatsiviwa Viktor Abakumov, ane kuvimbika kune musoro NKVD haana bofu kudaro. Somugumisiro, Stalin, Beria kunyengetedzwa mhosva kwaari rangano mutungamiriri marudzi ose. Muna 1951 Abakumov akapfurwa.

Pashure Stalin afa muna 1953, Beria aiedza kutora ake panzvimbo mudzvinyiriri of USSR. Asi vatungamiri wandei kiyi Soviet Army chakatsigirwa Nikita Khrushchev, Beria akaendeswa kutongwa uye aurayiwe naye muna 1953. Muna March 1954, kwaiva KGB, rakanga basa kudzorwa nemapurisa, kuitisa yokuvanda kushandiswa, muganhu kuchengeteka uye zvemukati kuchengeteka.

Nhoroondo FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

State Security Committee yakaumbwa March 13, 1954 sachigaro wayo wokutanga waiva Ivan Serov. Kutanga basa iri komiti aiva "zvakachena" hurumende yevanhu Beria, uyo aiedza kubvuta kudzora Soviet Union pashure Stalin afa.

Kutanga yokutanga muna 1958, pamwe kugadzwa Aleksandra Shelepina sezvo idzva sachigaro KGB (Serov inotungamirirwa kuna General Intelligence Department), Khrushchev akauya zvimwe zvachinja kuti operative mashandiro anoita Dare. Chinangwa chake chaiva kudzokera Soviet Union, KGB, uye zvikurukuru, munzira yakafanana Cheka Dzerzhinsky pakutanga 1920s. nyika dzokuMadokero dzave ainzi "vavengi" chikuru pamusoro USSR, kusanganisira US, UK uye Japan. Vanofanira yacho uye simba. Somugumisiro, panguva Khrushchev yaitonga yakava nokuwedzera kwenhamba paumhondi enyika uye ugandanga dzinorongwa Soviet Union.

Panguva iyo KGB aiedza kuchinja utongi mufananidzo vakasikwa paitonga Stalin udzvinyiriri. Created mabhuku mabasa kurumbidza umhare mupiro pakuchengetedza KGB of Soviet Union, uye rakapa zvetsamba pamwe mufananidzo Dzerzhinsky.

Muna December 1961, iye ne Vladimir Shelepina kanomwe.

Nguva Andropov

Nhoroondo FSB pashure pakaparadzwa Khrushchev kuti October 11, 1964, uye kuuya simba Leonida Brezhneva anoita dzoro: kanomwe akanga adzingwa pambiru sachigaro KGB. Muna May 1967 akanga yakatsiviwa Yuri Andropov, mukuru wedhipatimendi kuti ukama chete mugovanisi nyika. Akava Chairman- "hurefu", kuomerera kusvikira May 1982.

Musoro mutsva KGB vakaramba kugadzirisa yatanga ne Khrushchev uye Shelepin ari Kuma1960. Iye akaramba enyika, njere, National uye chitendero kupikiswa; rakawedzerwa maitiro pamusoro mumisasa yechibharo , uye Links; anoshandiswa wepfungwa hwokubata vaitsoropodza. Uyezve, zvakawedzera ayo muunganidzwa musayenzi uye michina ungwaru, kubatsira kusika hwesangano kwezvivako nokuda mari uye kudzora muchiuto, kuzvidzivirira bhizimisi uye avhiyesheni. Vachitungamirirwa KGB Andropov aidaro tisare, falsification magwaro kuWestern uchenjeri masangano, mari chirongwa mune Western venhau, uyewo rakawedzerwa richikurukura nevamiririri mhiri kwemakungwa. Muna May 1982, Andropov akava mutungamiriri Communist Party, uye vanotungamira Committee akapfuura Vitaly Fedorchuk, aimbova sachigaro romunharaunda KGB muUkraine.

Just mwedzi minomwe akava wokupedzisira Minister of Interior. Muna December 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, chokutanga Mutevedzeri. Fedorchuk, akatora shama nzvimbo. Muna October 1988 akanga Anotsiviwa Vladimir Kryuchkov, mukuru First Chief Directorate of KGB.

Zvikorekedzo vakashumira sezvo sachigaro KGB kusvikira August 18, 1991, apo iye nevamwe nhengo kiyi nomwe hurumende yeSoviet yakatanga Munobva nevapanduki kuedza kurwisa Mikhail Gorbachev, mutungamiri Communist Party kubva 1985 kusvikira pokufa webato December 25, 1991

The sangano uye mabasa KGB

Muna 1954 vakatanga nhoroondo KGB-FSB, mapurisa enyika Soviet Union, rwakazokura pamutemo sevatsigiri State Security Committee uye akawana sangano Chimiro zvinokosha.

Zvino paiva rinokosha zvinoderedza kwayo chinzvimbo kubva Ushumiri kusvika komiti. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, KGB akaramba zvakawanda kuzvionera pane vakawanda vamwe madhipatimendi ehurumende yeSoviet, uye yakanga yakazvimirira Council of Vashumiri simba kupawo simba USSR. Sezvo State Committee of KGB pamutemo pasi neDare Vashumiri pasi Charter. Nhoroondo FSB nhengo akavhiringidzwa ndechokuti Committee bumbiro haana kubudiswa, mukusiyana kune dzimwe mitemo yakawanda Soviet. Zvakawanda sangano Zvisinei, dzakabudiswa mumabhuku uye dzimwe nyaya Kuziviswa wehurumende zvakavanzika.

KGB ane amburera mamiriro, iro raiva zvakafanana makomiti nechimwe 14 inoti Soviet. Zvisinei, muna RSFSR, kuti remunharaunda sangano haana. voruzhinji kuchengeteka Matare muRussia yose zvakananga pasi nechepakati simba muMoscow.

KGB utungamiri vanorovedzwa President mvumo neDare Supreme Council of Political Bureau of mharidzo. Aiva 1-2 wokutanga uye 4-6 chete anoitsivanisa. Ivo, pamwe chete navakuru mamwe madhipatimendi, vakaumba bhodhi - muviri kuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha nezvemabasa musangano wacho.

The chikuru mabasa ose KGB akafukidza 4 nzvimbo: hurumende kudzivirirwa kubva kune dzimwe vasori uye vamiririri, kuonekwa uye kuongorora mhosva enyika uye zvoupfumi, kudzivirira ehurumende pamiganhu uye ehurumende zvakavanzika. Kuti aite mabasa iwayo mumadhipatimendi zvikuru nhanhatu vakashanda kubvira 390 kusvika 700 zviuru. Man.

mamiriro kweSangano

1st Chief Directorate akanga basa zvose akavhiyiwa vatorwa uye ungwaru-kuungana. Chaiva mumapoka akawanda, vaiita zvose akavhiyiwa vaiita (razvedpodgotovka, muunganidzwa uye ongororo) uye enzvimbo munharaunda nyika. Specificity basa raida kusarudza vanonyatsokwanisa vashandi kubva madhipatimendi zvose; vaiendeswa vane yakanaka zvedzidzo zvinyorwa, ziva mitauro mumwe kana kupfuura, uye aitenda zvakasimba pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe.

2nd State kupa zvemukati enyika kudzora vagari Soviet uye mutorwa muSoviet Union. kuzvidzora Kanoita kuonana vokune dzimwe nyika vamiriri pamwe vagere munyika; Zvinonzi kuongorora zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi mhosva uye iine richikurukura informers; kuongororwa ne revashanyi vadzidzi vokune dzimwe nyika.

Third State mubasa rechiuto counterintelligence uye enyika kutarisira muchiuto. Chaiva mumapoka 12, atarisire siyana muchiuto uye paramilitary ehondo.

5th PG pamwe 2nd womukati kuchengeteka kuroorana. Created muna 1969 kubata enyika kuparadzana, zviri kukonzera kuonekwa uye neutralization nokushorwa pakati nemasangano ezvitendero, yenyika vashoma uye vakadzidza vepamusoro (mu Vol. H. Of chaiko uye unyanzvi munharaunda).

8th State anokonzera hurumende kukurukurirana. Akanyanya nayo vakaperekedza richiona vokune dzimwe nyika kukurukurirana, akasika ciphers inoshandiswa vamapoka KGB, wokushandura mashoko vamiririri kunze, kutanga yakachengeteka kukurukurirana michina.

State Border Mauto vakaita vakarinda muganhu panyika uye pagungwa. It yakakamurwa dzikava 9 Muganhu an, izvo akafukidza 67 zviuru. Km of miganhu USSR. The chikuru mabasa mauto akanga kuratidzwa aikwanisa kurwisa; kudzvanyirira pamutemo kubvongodzwa mhiri muganhu vanhu, zvombo, zvinoputika, contraband uye anonetsa mabhuku; richiona ngarava Soviet uye vatorwa.

Kuwedzera State matanhatu aiva mamwe madhipatimendi kanenge vashoma, duku kukura uye kukura:

• 7 vaita zvokuongorora zvinopa tsvimbo uye hwokugadzira midziyo kuongorora mabasa navatorwa uye nechokwadi vemunyika Soviet.
• 9th kunovimbisa kudzivirirwa vatungamiriri kiyi dzebato uye vomumhuri dzavo Kremlin nezvimwe zvivako hurumende munyika.
• 16th inopiwa kuna foni uye redhiyo Links kushandiswa vehurumende.

Sezvo sangano hombe uye kunzwisisa, KGB, kunze mahofisi aya, aiva rakakura midziyo kunopa nezuva kushanda sangano. Icho HR dhipatimendi, revanyori, zvekushandisa rutsigiro nomudonzvo, mari dhipatimendi, raibhurari, administrative dhipatimendi, uyewo sangano bato.

Kwokuderera KGB

August 18, 1991 Mihaila Gorbacheva mutungamiri USSR ari hurumende dacha muGungwa Dema muCrimea akashanyirwa akawanda unoranganawo, muna Vol. H. Refutenendi-General Yuri Plekhanov, mukuru wenyika kuchengeteka basa, uye Valery Boldin, musoro Gorbachev kutarisirwa kwezvinhu, uyo aifunga kuti bato hazvina mungozi. Vakamubvunza kuti kana kusiya kana kusiya masimba wenyika vachifarira Vice President Gennady Yanayev. Pashure kukundikana Gorbachev varindi vakakomba imba yake, kwete nokubvumira kuti kusiya kana kutaura kunze nyika.

Panguva iyoyo muMoscow "Arufa" boka 7 KGB akarayirwa kurwisa pakuvaka Russian Parliament, uye tora anoridzora. Boka raiva kuitisa yokuvanda ushori pakati chivakwa August 19 uye ipapo pinda uye andobata 20 ndipo ake uye August 21 fung. Kusiyana zvomurayiro nhengo Emergency Committee, rimwe boka rinotungamirirwa Mikhail Golovatova vakasarudza kuita oparesheni. Ivo Akamboramba kusvikira mauto aipikisa inotungamirwa Boris Yeltsin haana kuuya kudzivirira chivako.

Mushure revapanduki vakaziva kuti kubvuta masimba havaratidzi aronga uye hakuzovi kubudirira, vakaedza kutaurirana Gorbachev, uyo aiva musungwa ravo. The President akaramba kusangana nenhengo Emergency Committee. Vamwe Varongi vakasungwa, uye kubvuta masimba akanga woutsinye.

The "boka sere" vaiva Mutevedzeri-President, sachigaro KGB, kudzivirira gurukota, wehurumende, nhengo Defense Council, Supreme Council nhengo, sachigaro emakambani ehurumende ari Association uye gurukota Affairs Internal. Seven vavo vakasungwa uye mhosva. Worusere akapfura pachake ari musoro asati asungwa.

Mushure kubvuta masimba, Vladimir Kryuchkov, aimbova sachigaro KGB kwemakore matatu, chikatsiviwa Vadim Bakatin, kare vakamboshanda Minister of Interior kubvira 1988 kusvika 1990, iyo zvino yakanga kundodana dismantling of State Security Committee. nzvimbo iyi ndokubereka chinokonzera kutsvetera kwake uye rwendo pachinzvimbo Borisa Pugo, vakabva vakatsigira kubvuta masimba.

Uye October 24, 1991 KGB akanga pamutemo chikaparara.

kuberekwazve

Kunyange zvazvo zviri pamutemo KGB havasisipo muna 1991, yakanga muzvikamu, iyo pamwe chete kuita zvakafanana mashandiro sezvo Committee.

Foreign Intelligence Service, rakavambwa muna October 1991, akatora pamusoro basa wa1 State kuitisa mhiri kwemakungwa kushandiswa, muunganidzwa uye kuongorora noungwaru.

Federal Agency Hurumende Communications uye Information yakaumbwa pachishandiswa rechi8 State uye rechi16 Management uye ndiye kuchengetedzwa pakukurukurirana uye kupararira noungwaru.

8-9 zviuru. Masoja avo kamwe vapa rechi9 kuzvidzora, dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa Federal kuchengeteka basa uye kuchengeteka basa purezidhendi. Masangano ava mhosva kudzivirirwa Kremlin nemasangano zvose zvinokosha pamusoro Russian Federation.

Nhoroondo FSB kweRussia pasi zita aripo kwakatanga mushure muna 1993 Bazi Security wakati emauto akadzingwa mabasa. Raisanganisira vanhu 75,000 kubva wechipiri, wechitatu uye wechishanu State. Anokonzera munyika kuchengeteka mune Russian Federation.

Dzinoendesa kupinda kare ...

Pashure pemakore akawanda zvinotyisa vemo Soviet, vanogara kutya utsinye kubvunzurudzwa KGB kana mutongo kushanda mune utsinye ezvinhu yechibharo, State Security Committee akarega kuvapo pasi zita rayo vaimbova. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vachiri kurarama vachitya noutsinye uye utongi sangano iri. Nhoroondo FSB kweRussia rizere egregious chokwadi. Writers vane mabasa zvaizivikanwa nevanhu Anti-Soviet uye vakanga vasati vamboona mabhuku ake kudhindwa, vaiva vakaurayiwa 5th State of KGB. Mhuri akavhuniwa, apo vamiririri Committee vakasungwa, vakaedza kugara evanhu pakasungwa mumisasa yechibharo kuSiberia kana rufu. Vazhinji angaratidza havana kupara mhosva - vaiva vakawirwa ezvinhu, kuva isiri nzvimbo panguva isiri nguva, kana kuti nokuda hanya yemashoko kumba. Vamwe vavo vakaurayiwa nemhaka KGB vaifanira zvinoenderana kota, uye kana hazvina vasori zvakakwana mukati kwavo hwaHerodhi vanongotevera vakatora vanhu vasina mhosva uye akatambudzwa kusvikira kusvikira vakareurura kuti pemhosva dzavanenge vasina kupara navo.

Zvaiita kuti rwaityisa ichi aenda zvachose. Asi nhoroondo Cheka-KGB-FSB haadi kugumira ipapo. Recently vataura urongwa vagadze Ushumiri State Security pahwaro ari SVR uye FSB vari nowenyika paitonga Stalin nemamiriro chete zita, iro akaitirwa kuchengetedza zvido mubato.