Monetary mutemo hwenyika

musika Modern inoda mari kuzvidzora chinoonekwa chemunhu regulators. Izvi imhaka kukura zvinodiwa musika yezvinhu, sezvo ihwo kunopfuura mhinduro kuti zveupfumi nematambudziko akawanda. Pfungwa yacho "ruoko usingaonekwi musika", maererano izvo okupedzisira anofanira, pasina munhu kubatsirwa kutsungirira zvinetso zvose, akundikana munyika dzakawanda. Uye Russia anoyeuka zvakanaka "kuvhunduka mishonga" pakati nineties remakore rapfuura. The Kuziva kuti mumusika pachayo haigoni kuvapo, zviri kunonoka. Monetary mutemo hwenyika - mumwe nhumbi kwokunze kudzora musika hurongwa. Maererano nezvoupfumi zhinji, rinokosha chokushandisa. Munyaya ino isu kunyatsotarisisa mari mutemo, zvinangwa, maturusi marudzi. Ngatitange pamwe chawo tsananguro.

pfungwa

Monetary mutemo hwenyika - ndiwo mamwe mabasa rinoitwa Central Bank (CB), zvainanga kuchinja mari rive parameters.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti nechepakati pamahombekombe unochinja mari romugove iri upfumi. Uye ichi chiyero kunokanganisa rinomutsa mari turnover. Just pazasi tine tikanyatsoongorora nzira usapinde kuzvidzora.

zvinangwa

Panguva macroeconomic pamwero inotevera pamutemo zvinangwa vamire panze:

1. Kusika zvinhu zvoupfumi kukura.
2. Ramba mutengo Kugadzikana.
3. Nechokwadi Kugadzikana kufarira prices mudzimai mari pamusika, Exchange.
4. Kugona kufadza chechetere basa.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha mari - kuramba mutengo isimbe. Zvose rinobva kwavari. The Russian upfumi pasi mutengo Kugadzikana kunobva kupindirana rutapudzo kuti mitengo. Kuti zvinokanganisawo mubhizimisi okunze munyika uye kusimbisa kwenguva zvoupfumi kukura.

Pfungwa mitengo

Mitengo - kuti kuderera rokutenga simba mari nokuda kwayo depreciation. Somuenzaniso, gore negore mitengo wakaiswa pa 10%. Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti 1000 rubles nhasi unogona kutenga zvakafanana kwenhumbi sezvo muna 1100 rimwe gore.

Monetary kudzora Central Bank zvainanga zvikurukuru pane kuderedza mwero mitengo. Hazvishamisi kuti mabhanga Russian vanokweretesawo zvikwereti zvinodhura. Izvi imhaka kumusoro mitengo. Uyewo zvinoita kuti pfungwa mumaoko avo mazakwatira, sezvinoitwa roga zuva guru vachava "kudya" mitemo kusingaoneki kumusika.

Limited vanokwanisa of Central Bank

Hapana zvemitemo mashandiro ari Central Bank, saka basa rake chokungoda wokukwenenzvera kumusika nokufamba munzira nomumwe mapazi eumambo musika mari.

Pasinei zvokukwegura, Central Bank anogona kuitisa mari kuzvidzora, rakaitirwa:

1. Kuwedzera chokupika vechikamu usapinde turnover.
2. Kuchengetedza zvido pakuenzanisa pamusika macho.
3. Rambai kure artificially kuwedzera zvavo mari.
4. Itai zvinhu nokuda inivhesitimendi.
5. Iva Kukwikwidzana kunoita mumusika.
6. Kuwedzera musika rwezvemabhengi mabasa uye kuvandudza unhu hwavo.

Basa mari zvikuru macroeconomics rose uye nokuda mumwe nomumwe mugari zvikuru. Nhasi tiri kupupurira ezvinhu apo mitengo ipfupi. Izvi zvakaita kuti vasanyanye mubereko prices pamahombekombe deposits, idzo harichambonyanyi kukasapfuura 8% chete annum. Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete, regulators zvoupfumi artificially kuderedza nepakati chaiye vechikamu pamisika kuburikidza dzimwe nzira dzakadai kuburikidza mari kuderedza. kureva chakagadzirwa achideredza pamusoro kukosha Ruble kunotungamirira vasanyanye rokutenga kwayo simba pamisika nyika. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti nyika yedu ine zvose chokupedzisira zvinhu kupinzwa, tiri kuona kuwedzera mune mitengo. Nokudaro zviri pachena kuti mari rokudzora Russia ine yayo dzakananga nyaya vakasiyana dzimwe nyika. Naizvozvo, hatigoni kutaura kuti pane zvakasikwa Recipes zvakanaka urongwa nerimwe nyika. Nzira dzinoshanda kuti imwe nyika kungaita kuti rakazara nemari pokuwa mumwe.

zvinhu

Monetary kuzvidzora nechinangwa zvinotevera Nzvimbo:

1. Mwero turnover mari.
2. Bhuku zvikwereti.
3. Rate National mari.
4. Kudiwa uye kugoverwa National mari.
5. The mari nerubatsiro mune upfumi.
6. The coefficients of mari multiplier.

Monetary kuzvidzora nerimwe parameters izvi ane nguva puranga. Vanongoda yakasiyana siyana muhurumende. Saka hazvibviri kuti mutemo akarirasa ino inonzi hakunei nehurumende chete pokuti yava Central Bank, izvo asingateereri hurumende masimba, kuitisa kuzvidzora. Hazvina kubva nepavanogona zviito ehurumende uye Central Bank kunoenderana kubudirira kuchangobva zviito.

mashandiro

Mashandiro mari regulirirovaniya zvinosanganisira:

• Kufungidzira.
• urongwa
• Nzira uye migumisiro zvokushandisa.

Vavariro mari zvinodiwa

Regulation usapinde mutemo kunoenderana chinangwa mari kudiwa.

The mhando wokutanga - a transactional vavariro. Rinopa kuitika upfumi mudzimu pamisika mukwikwidzi. Nokuti avhareji munhu kwema vavariro zvinoreva wemari mari pamusoro Pamwedzi kusvikira mangwana mari: zvokudya, utilities, mobile muripo uye nezvimwe.

For nemabhizimisi transactional vavariro iri mari, yakaitirwa kuramba kuramba mabhizimisi (kubhadhara kuti bhizimisi, kubhadhara rendi, etc.).

Nokuti mamiriro, ndiko kudanda Exchange unokubvumira kugovera kufungidzira uri pamusika wokumwe.

Mhando rechipiri - the matanho vavariro. Kunoitawo pamusika vechikamu kuti kusika kuchengeterwa. For zvavo vagari kunonosa rino zuva kuchinaya, mipiro kuna dhipoziti kuti achengetedze mari uye vamwe. Mabhizimisi uye hurumende pave kuchengeterwa uye Kudzikamiswa mari.

Mhando wechitatu - the dzokufungidzira vavariro. mari pachayo Modern hakusi anokonzera muchitoro zvinokosha. Saka, chikamu mari inoshandiswa nokuda kuzviwanira chisingaoneki (zvemari) yesangano, mari iri muchimiro siyana kufarira. Kune vaya vanofanira kusanganisira zvisungo, mumatanda, maindasitiri zvemari zviridzwa.

Kudiwa uye kugoverwa mari

Kudiwa uye kugoverwa mari ndiyo inonyanya zvakaoma kufungidzira tsika. Hazvibviri kufanotaura nezveramangwana maitiro chinhu, napo kwete chete pane macroeconomic zvinhu, asiwo kukura upfumi hwenyika. Somuenzaniso, kukura cryptocurrency uye e-zvokutengeserana kunotungamirira kune vasanyanye kudiwa yenyika mari. The nokudiwa mari inoenderana zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Rutapudzo kuti mitengo uye mitengo zvavaitarisira.
2. Kwakawedzera chivimbo rwezvemabhengi mugadziriro.
3. Kukura upfumi.

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa muenzaniso wakanaka mari Russia mushure dambudziko ra2008: mamiriro akaita vava mutemo pasi iyo fanira inishuwarenzi zvose kubhengi deposits kusvikira imwe mari. Uye haukwanisi kuva kutya kuti kubhangi achaenda kusauka, sezvo hurumende kuburikidza nemakambani ari inishuwarenzi kuchaita dzosera kurasikirwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vanhu kwakawedzera chivimbo rwezvemabhengi mugadziriro.

Kudiwa mari - chikuru chakarurama. Panzira dzinobudirira uye zvokuridzira mari kuzvidzora pasina simba kudiwa mari. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kuda mari uye mukana yokuwana navo hakusi chete. Pano tiri nemamiriro izwi akadai liquidity - mari uye asiri mari mari mubhangi nyaya. The kudiwa mari rinorondedzerwa so maererano mugove liquidity.

Velocity mari

Monetary mutemo mutemo hwenyika anoenderana zviratidzi dzakadai velocity mari. The kukura refu deposits ose nemabhangi kubatsira rutapudzo mari velocity, ndiEzekieri, achiponesa muupfumi yakawanda mari kunowedzera velocity mari.

mari zvitengeswa

Market regulator anofanira nemazvo ngaaverenge padanho saturation mari iri upfumi. kana anogona zvinobudirira kushandisa kuwedzera mari yaivakwanira? Ndezvipi mitengo, mitengo netarisiro uye mukana mumatunhu ari upfumi? mhinduro namazvo dzemibvunzo iyi sei kudzora maitiro. Mumwe anogona kumbotipa muenzaniso pakutanga makore maviri kuzviuru muRussia. The hombe mutsika mari munyika chokuita super-mari kubva kutengeswa Mahydrocarbon, akava inokanganisa emari yose. Haana "kugaya" vose mari nerubatsiro pasina zvinopesana kugadzirwa. Mitengo wakakurumidza kuna 10-12% chete annum. Panyaya iyi, paiva zvinokosha kuwedzera mutengo zvikwereti. Aremara avo sectors hwenyika vakanga vasina chokuita mafuta uye gasi kwemauto: zvokurima, zvokufambisa, zvekufambisa, ruzhinji zvekutepfenyura. Investments mu sectors ava kunyora nezvavo ichienzaniswa oupfumi mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Uyewo, paiva kusaenzana mune mari zvavo vomunyika. Somuenzaniso, paavhareji muhoro ari mudzidzisi mubhadharo yakanga kumativi 6-7 zviuru. Rubles pamwedzi, uye handyman panguva dzaiitwa zvokuvaka kuwana zviuru zvishomanana rubles rimwe zuva. Nhasi tinoona kuti kusaenzana mune indasitiri hakusi saka kuoneka, asi ikozvino tine matambudziko yakatosiyana mune upfumi.

The mari zvitengeswa vagara vandifungira:

1. The mari hwaro (zvinhu) of Central Bank. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvikwereti kumabhengi, kuchengetedzeka - kazhinji zvisungo Treasury manotsi ari kutungamirira upfumi munyika - vatorwa chinjanai reserves.
2. Kufarira rate pamusoro mumhuri mari pamusika. It rinonziwo anokosha refinancing unodiwa. Kuti chimbadzo uko Central Bank inopa zvikwereti rokutengesa mabhanga. Sezvingatarisirwa, zviri kudzika kupfuura chimbadzo panguva iyo achangobuda zvikwereti nyaya nevanhu uye zvoupfumi masangano, sezvo overlaps yemberi mari yacho kubhangi uye chikamu pangozi uye kudzoka. Somuenzaniso, kana chinoita mwero refinancing ndiyo 7%, asi chikamu bhanga chikwereti kuti wechisikigo munhu haagoni kuva yakaderera, sezvo kurasikirwa hapana hauzomukweretesi. The chimbadzo pamusoro pamusika pfupi achiumbwa pachishandiswa nhamba reserves ari rwezvemabhengi gadziriro deposits ayo. Nhasi tiri kupupurira inonakidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuti zvakanga zvisingaiti kufungidzira mune ano nyika yedu, vanhu akaisa mubhangi deposits huru mari yakawanda, iyo, uyezve, anenge zvose insured. Panyaya iyi, regulators zvemari nepavaigona mari kubva mabhanga vagari, ndinosika mamiriro ezvinhu akaderera mubereko pamusoro deposits.
3. Simbisai zvachose chengetedza.

The rwezvemabhengi maitiro sendarama chinokosha pamusoro simba pamusoro mari zvitengeswa

Mukuru kuchinja mari rive ane rwezvemabhengi hurongwa. Nyora nzira uye zvokuridzira usapinde kuzvidzora;

1. Kuderedza kana kuwedzera mari nyaya.
2. Kutanga kutsigira usapinde turnover.
3. Kwema vari pamusika mari waidzora mari kutenderera.

Nzira mari rokudzora zvoupfumi dzakabudirira uye dzichiri zvikuru zvakasiyana.

Central Bank - huru mutambi ari murau. Kuti aite izvi, anoshandisa zvinotevera zvishandiso murau usapinde mutemo:

1. Nyaya mari.
2. Refinancing pamusoro mabhanga, kureva. E. The Central Bank anova "kubhengi kuti mabhanga" uye anopa panze zvikwereti panguva yezvokutengeserana mabhanga kuisa prices zvavo chete. Recent perekreditovyvatsya mari avo vari mumhuri pamusika pane dzakakwirira mubereko prices.
3. Open musika kuvhiyiwa pamusoro kutengwa uye kutengesa kuchengetedzeka uye mari aripe ari dzakawanda munhandare.

Nokuda pamusoro akavhiyiwa uye akaumba mumwe chete mashandiro usapinde murau.

Saka, basa rinokosha mune macroeconomics The Central Bank munyika. Nekutatamura pamusoro zvoupfumi nyaya gare gare munyaya ino.

CBR chinzvimbo

The Russian rwezvemabhengi hurongwa, Central Bank - munyika huru bhengi. Ari pamusoro yose mari maitiro uye akagadzirirwa kuchinja mwero mamwe mabhanga zvose zvaidiwa zvavo upfumi nzira. Izvi nokuda refinancing uye kuzvidzora. Sezvo rokupedzisira kushanda Central Bank anekodzero misa mabasa zvikwereti masangano ose, revoking wake rezinesi. Mumakore achangopfuura, ini vakanonga rakanaka anoyevedza mazita neschastlivchikov zvakafanana. Vazhinji kunyange aiva pfungwa kuti Bank yokururamisa zvachose nzvimbo huru mabhanga pamwe nehurumende vabatanidzwe.

Central Bank ariwo kiyi mumiririri usapinde negwaro. Zvisinei, haana kushandisa kusarudza nzira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo, uye mune zvoupfumi utariri.

Ichitaura kuna Central Bank of Russia?

Pasinei nokuti Central Bank of Russia - chikuru kumahombekombe nyika, unova iye oga ane kodzero kudhinda rubles, haana kuteerera kana hurumende yeRussia kana mamwe muviri hurumende ipi. Kana mamiriro edu havazovi mari yakakwana kuvabhadhara, pensions uye makomborero, asi Russian Central Bank hauzomukweretesi hurumende. Izvi gangaidzo maitiro yakavakwa kubva pakutanga paumbwe yakazvimirira Russia. ezvinhu Izvi zvinoita kuti tibvunze kuti masayendisiti akawanda enyika kudana B. N. Eltsina - mutungamiri wokutanga Russian - mutengesi. Ichitaura kuna Bank of Russia? Vamwe vanoti nechivimbo kuti Central Bank munyika yedu - panoparadzana Federal Reserve, vamwe International Monetary Fund, zvakawanda wechokwadi kubvira pane zvakananga panotaurwa nayo muna Act anokukonzera,. Zvisinei, zvose chokwadi chokuti tiri kutungamirirwa nomudzimu Rothschild uye Rockefellers.

Asi zvinokosha kuongorora Federal Mutemo iri "The Central Bank of Russian Federation", zvose inowira panzvimbo: Central Bank une musoro uye nhengo Board Directors vari uwandu vanhu 14. Vose vanosarudzwa neHurumende Duma maererano purezidhendi weRussia. Zvino zvakafanira kupindura musoro mubvunzo: kana Central Bank of Russia aifarira-American sangano kudaro? Mhinduro kutsigira chete kana Paramende pacharo kuchavawo aifarira-American.

Uyewo, Fans of US Central Bank kuti kupona Russia kutsanangura kuti muna 2014 75% of zvachose mubereko Central Bank of Russia anotamisa kune yeUnited bhajeti, uye akasara 15% anoenda Vnesheconombank.

Chero zvakanga, asi murayiro here oma unoparadzanisa Russia kubva Central Bank of hurumende yeRussia. Uye kana ivo kupopotedzana pakati pachavo, ipapo ushe uchava nokuda Central Bank, sezvo gakava nyaya vakatsunga mumatare dzakawanda, izvo maererano Constitution of mhinduro kupfuura zvipfuwo matare. Ndizvo Constitution yedu, iyo inoshanda munyika kubva muna1993.

Mashandiro of Central Bank of Russia

The Bank of Russia anoita zvinotevera mabasa:

1. Icho chikwereti kuti zvikwereti masangano munyika.
2. Anovandudza pamwe nehurumende dzibatane mari nehurumende.
3. It ine nyaya Implementation National mari.
4. Anogadza currency kuzvidzora.
5. Anogadza mitemo kuita rwezvemabhengi kushandiswa, kushuma kuti rwezvemabhengi maitiro uye kuti ndizvidavirire.

Kubva zvawanyora uchaona kuti Central Bank ari kushanda nehurumende. E. Vanoita sezvo vamwe, uye hapana runyerekupe chipi kuzviisa pasi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda kuti Russia - muhutongi mari ezvinhu kuMadokero. Zvisinei, kutsigira wegadziriro vanodavira kuti anobvumira kudzora mashoko nehanya vomunharaunda vakuru Russian kubva inondimukira akabuda mari uye chenguva mudzimba chikwereti. Zvaringana kuongorora kukura kwebasa uori, riri kare hapana chakavanzika kubvunza kana kwokunze achitonetsekawo wokudhindisa chinhu asina chikonzero? Zvichida chete chokwadi ichi yakati kuponesa nyika kubva yose mitengo.

Kuedza mudzorere "rusununguko"

In nyika yedu pane vakawanda dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakanga dzichitsigira nationalization of Central Bank pachena. Vari kuramba chakaunzwa State Duma ubate mutemo, asi pamusoro payo pakarepo rinobuda kunaka sefungu paruzhinji kutsoropodza. Nei izvi zvichiitika? Zvinogoneka kuti vagari edu vasingandivimbi hurumende yedu iri kuti nguva zhinji vari kunyengerwa. Vazhinji wokusarudza rusununguko kuna Central Bank of hurumende yeRussia kwakunoitwa chivimbo zvikuru ramangwana pane tama kuti hurumende, chisingafaniri kuva kudzora mari rive. Yeuka Mumazuva USSR: mari yakanga zvose asi hapana aida kutengesa zvinhu nokuda asingabatsiri zvidimbu bepa, sezvo hurumende dzose nguva raimuvhiringidza akarirasa uye mari mutemo pamusoro Bank kwenguva pfupi enyika fuma pakukuvadza pakukura. Saka, mumamiriro ezvinhu umo Vanoburitsa nenhumbi inochengetwa dzokuchengetera, nokusaziva kusika munhu dhefisiti, uye kuchitsinhanisa kuti "pamusika dema" pane ane mutengo. No matanho administrative havana wakabatsira kuti cooperatives kupinda musika pamutemo. Ndokusaka vagari edu vakasiyiwa pasina mipiro yavo, sezvo kupora zvoupfumi vaida kuvaparadza chose nokuda nechando nhoroondo uye kumhanyisa kuti hyperinflation.

State Bank of USSR

MuSoviet Union State Bank ari pasi chose kuti Council of Vashumiri USSR. Nemari pakutsvaga zvemitemo nzira. The Council of Vashumiri akarayira, uye Bank ane nyaya yacho hwaro. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvinhu umo sayenzi zvoupfumi anonzi "vaidzvinyirirwa mitengo". Mune mamwe manzwi inogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera: hapana mari zvachose, asi havagoni kutenga chinhu. Izvi zvinonzwisisika, ari vaburitsi akasarudza kuchengeta nhumbi dziri dzokuchengetera uye kwete kuzotengesa, nokuti mari vasina kuti ukoshi kuti izvo isu vakajaira nhasi. Chaizvoizvo yatumbuka ita mutengano, riri rakafanana feudal hurongwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu aigona kuitika zvakare kana nationalize ari Bank of Russia.