Mwari mvura kuMesopotamia. Vamwari Ancient Mesopotamia

Water - ndihwo upenyu. With mashoko aya zvakaoma havabvumirani. Tinozvibvuma, nekuti tinoziva kuti munhu basa mvura inokosha achitamba muupenyu hwevanhu. Pasina chikafu vanhu vanogona kurarama kupfuura mwedzi, uye hapana mvura havazorarami maawa makumi maviri nemana. Takaziva nezvazvo uye vanhu yekare Middle East, iyo yava kunzi Mesopotamia. Vane chitendero kunamata vanamwari, uyo, chokwadi, vane masimba. Pakati pavo ndeimwe vanoyemurwa raiva mwari mvura dzezvimwe Ea. Vakawanda vedu tinoziva pane Mesopotamia, asi vashoma vakanzwa chii vaigara ichi budiriro yevanhu vekare. Zvichatora nguva refu kunzwisisa mubvunzo zvakazara, nei isu chete isu kuti chikamu chiduku chimwe chete nayo. Tiudzei pamusoro chii chinoumba chairo mwari mvura kuMesopotamia nei vanhu vakamunamata, uye chinobayirwa. Chinhu chakanakisa pamusoro payo uchatiudza dzekare Sumerian ngano.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro zvinoshamisa Mesopotamia yekare

Sokunge pamepu Mesopotamia, tichiri kuyeuka zvidzidzo kare, vakatora nzvimbo chesekondari. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo pakati rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi kuMiddle East, chiri mana makuru ezvinhu: Akkad, Asiria, Sumer, Bhabhironi. Budiriro iyi kwakamuka zviuru zvemakore akapfuura, achiri kunzi Mesopotamia. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana maiva maguta makuru wayo yakasiyana Tsika. Pakati pavo vane Bhabhironi, Uruk, Kishi, Akshak, Larsa, Lagash. Zvasvika kwatiri akanyorwa pamusoro zvakaitika nguva idzodzo kure, yakanyorwa pamahwendefa evhu. Vanochera matongo uye kusvikira nhasi nokuchera munharaunda uye vakawana uchapupu kuvapo kure uye kare budiriro.

Chitendero muMesopotamiya

In Mesopotamia refu hwaivapo yoga guta-inoti, mumwe nomumwe akanga ayo political pachake hurongwa. Munzvimbo dzose dzakadaro aivapo kunamatwa mwari veko anorichengeta. Pakati peguta kuvaka temberi rukudzo yake. upenyu All magariro dzakangova pamusha inoyera mwari. Taura pamusoro chitendero chipi chete vendudzi Mesopotamia yekare haina zvakafanira, asi pamwe chidzoke makuru ehurumende idzodzo dziri mundima yacho yachinja. Map of Mesopotamia yekare, zvachinja, uye pamwe pacho rokuchinja upenyu. Kana isu kutaura nezvechitendero, zvinganzi nharo kuti iyi nyaya rakaumbwa ne rimwe vanamwari, izvo, zvisinei, haana kuramba yakatsiga.

Chokutanga, dzidzo yakadaro akasimuka sevaSumer. pantheon ichi vaiva vanamwari vokutanga kuti Anu (mwari denga), Ea (mwari mvura) (mwari mhepo) Enlil. Pashure pavo akatevera dzakatevedzana hurongwa vanamwari wechipiri, vakanga gumi, uye ipapo akafamba zvishoma matatu vanamwari. Mesopotamia vapristi vaishumira patemberi, zvakagadzira kunzwisisa Gadziriro yakarongeka nyika. Urongwa ayo akanga kunooneka dzakawanda ngano. Saka kuti vakapona zvakaedza kumwedzi sei denga nenyika somunhu akasikwa mwari mvura uye zvakawanda. In Mesopotamia maiva netsika dzakasiyana, vakazochinja aiva chikuru simba tsika nyika.

Culture Ancient Mesopotamia

Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti Mesopotamia mumwe mukuru nzvimbo yebudiriro panyika. Pane imwe nguva kwakanga vanenge 10% chavagari redu. Naye tsika Mesopotamia? Izvo zvakagadzirwa tine kubva vanhu munyika idzi? Izvi kwaiva yokutanga munhoroondo yevanhu kunyora hurongwa - ecuneiform. Vagari Mesopotamia yekare akanyora evhu rwakavakwa sengere rutanda. First paiva nenhamba, kureva shoko, uye ipapo pakanga zviratidzo. Mesopotamian tsika akapfuma zvikuru. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Somuenzaniso, sevaSumer kare panguva iyoyo aiva mumwe ruzivo masvomhu uye zvenyeredzi. Vaiva vanyori pakarenda yekare, muraibhurari katarogu, formulary. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha mipiro tsika nyika - munhu Sumerian paakaita "Epic pakati rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira". Vagari Mesopotamia yekare akasiya nhamba ngano pamusoro upenyu wevanamwari nevanhu. Izvi ngano dzekare inotiudzei sei kushandisa simba rezvakasikwa kubva nemaonero vagere Mesopotamia. Vamwari Ancient Mesopotamia - muenzaniso wenyika uye mvura okunze, kwete rinoteerera munhu.

Ea - mwari mvura kuMesopotamia

Sei wairatidza vagere Mesopotamian mutongi wekare zvitunha mvura? Mupfungwa dzavo, akanga achembera ane ndebvu uye muswe hove. Muruoko rwake akanga ari mwenje. Kunyanya vairemekedza vehove pemvura zvitsuwa. Panguva Kucherwa rouMwari ichi aritari mapfupa zhinji hove zvakawanikwa. Kunenge saka vanhu vakaedza yekufadza ishe gungwa. Zvaidavirwa kuti akanga achimufarira. In Sumerian mungano zvinoratidzika musiki wevanhu, vanamwari, uye nyika. Ea - akachenjera, dzimwe nguva nemanomano, mutsa zvikuru. Unhu izvi kunge kunyimwa vazhinji vanamwari Mesopotamia. Zvinyore anopiwa kumusoro. vava kazhinji Somuenzaniso, mwari mhepo Enlil, aive vanhu. Ea kwete chete akasika murume uye zvose upenyu panyika, akadzidzisa vanhu kuti kudyara mapindu, kudyara zviyo, neshinda unganidza yemakwati. Ari Kazhinji vanoratidzwa ane jeko nebadza kana demo. Zvaidavirwa kuti ino chaiyo mwari mudziviriri wenyika Sumerian guta Eridu. Paiva temberi chikuru Ea, rinonzi E-Abzu.

Kana tikayeuka nhoroondo, tinogona kuona kuti vanhu vazhinji vakatenda vanamwari vavo aidzivirira ichangotanhwa uye zvomumvura mvura. Somuenzaniso, kare mwari wechiGiriki mvura Poseidon, maererano ngano vaGiriki vekare, mumwe wevatatu huru vamwari Olympic, pamwe Zeus uye Hadhesi. Asi kusiyana Ea, aiva nehasha, hasha uye hasha. Mwari mvura sevaSumer mutsa dzimwe vanoitisana uye anokanganwira vanhu.

Vamwari Mesopotamia yekare

Anu - mwari mukuru kudenga, anotonga ari kudenga uye haaburukiri pasi pano, ndiyo imwe vatatu huru Sponsors of Mesopotamia yekare, pamwe Enlil uye Ea. Uyezve, zviri vaiona chiratidzo simba guru. Maererano imwe Sumerian ngano yekare, vamwari Mesopotamia kamwe akasarudza kuti Ana kugoverana simba rayo. Achipindura, iye akasika madhimoni manomwe zvakaipa uye akatuma pasi murima nemwedzi-mwari, zvokuti kune zvomuchadenga muviri rakanga ratorwa uye akasunungurwa chete kupindira ane simba rose uye zvakanaka Ea.

Hadhadhi - mwari kutinhira, nemheni uye mhepo, rinomiririra zvakasikwa, izvo zvose zvinogona kuparadza (nechimvuramabwe, mafashamo uye zvichingodaro), uye kuti ndiponesezve (mvura).

Ashur - mugoveri, baba Anu vake - hwairatidzwa aine uta hwake maoko nechepakati zuva dhisiki wakaisvonaka.

Bhaari - mwari madutu, kutinhira, nemheni uye mvura, nokuti mamiriro inopa upenyu. Ever anofa (kwemvura, kuoma, nzara) uye ichibuda (hwevhu, kutumbuka hunhu).

Zeroana - mwari nguva uye mugumo. Maererano nengano yekare, chinhu androgynous hwakanaka. Rinoti nguva dzisingaperi.

Marduk - mwanakomana mwari Ea mvura. manyuko Written weMesopotamia yekare, yakashuma kuti aikwanisa kuporesa uye aiziva nemashiripiti zvitsinga. Kuti Marduk achishandisa ungwaru hwake vakundwa Tiamat, izvo yakakanda yokurwisa baba vake Ea akauraya Apsu. Kunyanya airemekedzwa yeBhabhironi Marduk. Zvaidavirwa kuti chinodzivirira guta. Mwari nhengo dzomuviri vakanga zvichienzaniswa zvinomera uye mhuka. Rakati kuti mukati ake - shumba, musana - nemipaini, minwe - cane, dehenya - sirivha, uye nembeu - ndarama. Marduk chakatsaurwa kuti rinokosha zororo - Tsakmuku.

Mitra - mwari ushamwari uye zvibvumirano, mudziviriri chokwadi uye kururamisira. Zuva nezuva, iye dzakamhanya-mhanya munzvimbo denga mungoro kwezuva. Kunyanya kutsigira Mitra raiva yaavo naye. Akavapa vakunde vavengi vavo uye uchenjeri. Yemanyorero Mitra ichifananidzwa akashinga murwi zvombo tochi uye nebanga. The Mifananidzo yekare makuva vanokudzwa vanhu kuudza sei Mwari nzombe yakahwina ushamwari, chokumuuraya. paiva zvose shiri, mhuka uye zvirimwa kubva mumuviri mhuka.

Chivi - mwari mhepo, uye mutongi Moon. huMwari iyi kazhinji ishiri mutana ane refu ndebvu, agere nechikepe. usiku wese vari muchikepe mu chimiro Avenue, iye anofamba denga rizere nenyeredzi. Zvaidavirwa kuti Chivi anoparadza rima conspiracies mvumo, nokudeura moonlight pamusoro pamabasa avo tsvina.

Teshub - mwari omutinhiro. Iye airemekedzwa muAsia Minor. Teshub akaratidza Bearded netsvimbo mumaoko ake. vatambi ake - nedemo uye mheni. Munyika Mesopotamia yekare, paiva Manyepo kuti akachenjera uye asingatyi Ea vakabatsira Teshub rinotyisa kukundwa guru romugungwa ullikummi akasika diorite. Mwari ndokuparadzanisa mvura akaona denga nenyika, izvo zvakakonzera kwakaderera Rafa. Somugumisiro, chikara yakakundwa.

Utu-Shamash. In weAkkadian mungano - Shamash, muna Sumerian mungano, yakafanana Utu. Guardian wechokwadi uye kururamisira, mwari zuva. Vha chete mwaranzi pamusoro musoro nebanga muruoko rwake jeko serin'i. Zuva nezuva akaenda mhiri kudenga, uye panguva usiku wakaburuka paSheori, unovhenekera akafa.

Elohim - baba vanamwari vose uye navanhu, musiki wezvose. Maererano mungano, akagara pakati zvakasikwa, zviri "tsime vose munyanza." SevaSumer vekare vaifungidzira kuti mutana ane guru ndebvu uye mhando maziso a, nenguo refu uye nyanga tiaara, uye dzimwe nguva muchimiro nzombe.

Enlil - mwanakomana Anu - mwari mhepo uye mhepo. Ndaifunga kuti vatsoropodzi vanhu, anovatuma denda nenzara, kwemvura uye mvura nenzizi vanoparadza zvirimwa. Ange zvichienzaniswa inoomba mhepo uye nzombe chin'a yomusango.

Pantheon weMesopotamia yekare

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kune vazhinji vanamwari vakasiyana munyika rekare Mesopotamia. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ine "zvoupenyu basa." Pachake Maererano kukosha, vakanga raizoiswa zvinotevera kuti:

1. Ea - mwari mvura, Anum - mukuru ishe kudenga, Enlil - the vaichengetedza dzedenga uye mhepo.
2. Shamash - mwari wezuva. Akanga ifananidzwe mutana rurefu ngowani.
3. Sin. Mwari mwedzi - mutana ane refu sirivha ndebvu, chinoyambuka denga muchikepe yendarama usiku.
4. Nerigari - mwari nyikadzimu, anotuma vanhu kuti zvinouraya, kunourayisa hondo ropa.
5. Nabu - mwari uchenjeri, vaichengetedza vanyori uye calligraphers. Maererano Sumerian mungano, ndicho muzukuru Ea.
6. Marduk - mwanakomana Ea, kudzivirira guta reBhabhironi.
7. Ishtar - mwarikadzi rudo uye wokubereka, negakava uye hondo. Ko aidzivirira courtesans nevakadzi nyore.
8. Ninurta - mwari hondo, vanofara, vaichengetedza mhuka minda uye kurima.

Temberi chikuru Ea

Sepakutanga akatarira Mesopotamia mepu, tinoziva kubva zvenhoroondo dzekare kuti vaburukira mazuva edu. Mahwendefa evhu inowanikwa Zvakafukunurwa zvimwe makurusa maguta Sumerian, anogona akajekesa kare pemarudzi vaigara Mesopotamia kamwe kure. Kubva mumabhuku aya tinoziva kuti vanhu vakanga vagere mumaguta kazhinji yakavakwa netemberi kukudza vanamwari vavo. Vakazviita munzira chaiyo. Chekutanga, kuvaka temberi muguta akamira rinokosha munda. Chechipiri, mamiriro tsvene akamisira pamakona zvichinyatso enderana mhepo akasimuka. Tsvene rectangular chimiro iri nezvatinovavarira kuna mufundisi. Temberi kwainzi ugaro hwaMwari. Munguva yekare Sumerian guta Eridu yakanga chivakwa, nezita E-Abzu, iro raireva "nyanza enyika pachivande mvura yakachena." It akatonga Ea - mwari kupfuura airemekedzwa vagari vomumusha uyu. tsvene Izvi kazhinji zvibayiro. Munguva kupikidura muguta iri chikamu paiva tembere, yakawanda mapfupa hove zvakawanikwa. Vachibayira hove, vagari akaedza kufadza anorichengeta wake Ea, uchimukumbira kuti akubatsire uye rubatsiro mubhizimisi.

Ngano kwakabva pavamwari

akaita Ea sei? sei vamwe vamwari - ishe kudenga, panyika yepasi? Sumerian ngano, pakusikwa iro rinowanikwa midpoint remakore rechina BC, anotsanangurwa sezvinotevera. Nyika vamwari vakabuda nyonganyonga. Pakutanga, ishe pachivande yakachena mvura Apsu uye Tiamat vaichengetedza zviri mumakungwa vabatana zvokuti kwave mwari wokutanga, chinofananidzira varume (Lahmu) mukadzi (Lahamu) kutanga uye. SevaSumer vaiva zvisikwa muchimiro hombe shata omugungwa. Lahmu Lahamu uye, akavapindurawo, chamuita kuti pasi mwarikadzi uye mwari Anshar Kishar Heaven. zvisikwa izvi akanga chimiro chemunhu. Vaiva nevana vakawanda uye vazukuru, pakati pavo vaiva ishe Enlil mhepo, denga muridzi Anu uye Ea (Enki) - mwari mvura. In Mesopotamia kunyanya kumukudza chechipiri. Pamusoro pazvo, zvaitsamira wembereko munyika uye zvipfuwo utano.

Asi shure nyaya yedu nezvemavambo wavanamwari. Nokukurumidza dzakawanda vazukuru saka kuneta Apsu zvichemo zvavo uye kutukwa, kuti akasarudza kuvauraya vose. Tiamat vanonyevera vana vavo raiva nechokuita kutyisidzira. Mwari Ea mvura, inozivikanwa nemanomano ayo uye unyanzvi, akava Muponesi vanamwari vose. Akaverenga pamusoro Apsu nezvitsinga, umo nanambuya dzakawira nehope. Enki ipapo vakamusunga nengetani uye vakauraya. On nzvimbo mwari mvura Apsu akavaka temberi. Akawana mwarikadzi Damkina. Somugumisiro chokubatana ichi, vaviri aiva mwanakomana, Marduk, uyo akazova musande aive vakapfuma maguta Mesopotamia - Bhabhironi.

Ngano pakasikwa murume

Mwari rekare mvura Ea muna Sumerian ngano, vaiona kwete chete musiki nedzimwe vanoitisana, asiwo vanhu. Heano mazano kuudza venyika ino kwemakore akawanda apfuura muMesopotamia.

Ea pakati pavamwari siyana uchenjeri chaihwo uye manomano. Kupfuura kamwe ishe wedenga nenyika akatendeukira kwaari rubatsiro, sendarama simba, nokururamisira uye judicious pakati pavo. Kamwe vanamwari Ea akanyunyuta kuti havana vashandi, hapana kuvashumira, hapana ikwidzwe waini. Vakachenjera Enki, kuteerera chikumbiro navo, akatora evhu reTsime izere mvura inonaka, uye akavaka ndokuita murume. Asi Zvakazozivikanwa akazviita haana kamwe, asi chete pamwe rechinomwe kuedza. Created murume akanga asina simba chaizvo uye neprisposoblen kuupenyu. Tichienzanisa vamwari, akanga asina simba uye simba. Zvichida zvakanga zvakafanana kunzwa simba uye vagari Mesopotamia yekare pamberi vanotyisa uye tsitsi zvakasikwa. The vamwari Mesopotamia - vane chin'a maatomu akafanana anogona kuparadza zvose, uye kupa simba kune upenyu.

Ngano peBoporodzi

Nyaya dzakafanana dzinowanikwa muzvitendero pamarudzi mazhinji. Asi nekuda vagere Mesopotamia, ngano Mafashamo akanga anokosha. Kana vaEgipita yoRwizi rwaNire mafashamo kuti vauye yakaorera silt, kunowanika zvakanaka uye kubudirira, nokuti Sumerian mafashamo nzizi rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi zvairwadza. Mvura nemvura zvirimwa zvavo, saka mhosva vanhu kuti rufu nenzara. Asi chii vanoumba hwakawanda huripo yekare Sumerian ngano peBoporodzi.

Kamwe vamwari, ivo kuona simba vanhu avo basa ravo mined chingwa, vakatanga kutya simba inoponesa vanhu pasi. Zvino takasarudza kuti ishe wedenga nenyika kuita kure navaranda vake nokusingaperi. The umhondi chombo vanamwari vakasarudza mafashame, waiva kushambidza kubva penyika vanhu. Asi wakanaka uye akachenjera Ea anosarudza kuponesa mumwe madzimambo, kuti gare gare akakwanisa kuramba rudzi rwevanhu. Kuti aite izvi, mwari mvura kunoratidza chakavanzika Kusaona mafashamo Siparra mambo, izvo zvinozoita Rinotarisira kuvaka areka huru. mvura chaMwari zvakabudirira. Siparra mambo akapukunyuka, rakapona mafashamu muareka akavaka, uye vazukuru vake pakupedzisira vakagara munyika.

Takadzidza pamusoro akanga yekare mwari Sumerian mvura. In Mesopotamia, kwaakanga airemekedzwa soMusiki kwevanhu uye zvipenyu zvose panyika, rinoumbwa izvozvo zvinoshamisa ngano, akawanda izvo zvasvika mazuva edu.