Nei nyore penzura anonzi "nyore"? How unotara penzura pokuoma munyika dzakasiyana?

Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye basa, mumwe nomumwe wedu, pakawanda, vanoda mapenzura. Nokuti vanhu ounyanzvi hwokugadzira akadai emhizha, injiniya, technologist, wakachenjera uye draftsman nyaya dzakadai kukosha sezvo kwekuoma penzura.

Nyaya penzura

Muzana XIII remakore prototypes ose nepenzura okutanga akagadzirwa sirivha kana kutungamirira. Vadzime zvavakanga zvakanyorwa kana wakavhomorwa, zvakanga zvisingaiti. Muzana XIV remakore, takatanga kushandisa shamhu yaigadzirwa ivhu dema pabhodhi, yainzi "Italian penzura."

Muzana XVI remakore ari Chirungu guta Cumberland vafudzi netsaona yaivamo dhipoziti zvinhu kuti anotsvaka yakafanana chaizvo kutungamirira. Mabara anoshongwa kubva yakanga isina kuwanikwa, asi SWEDERA uye inotora makwai dzaibudisa zvikuru. Graphite simbi kubudisa matete matanda Vakarodza pakupedzisira, izvo vakapamba hauna wakanyatsokodzera kuti kunyora uye kwazvo.

Kwapera nguva mumwe vemifananidzo akaona kuti vaswedere graphite tsotso, akasungwa muti, zvikuru yamunenge. Ndizvo sei nyore pabhodhi mapenzura uye muviri akaonekwa. Chokwadi, hapana mumwe munhu, uye handina kufunga panguva pamusoro penzura pokuoma.

pencil ano

The mhando umo nepenzura vanozivikanwa kwatiri nhasi, yakaitwa mukupera musayendisiti XVIII remakore French Nicolas Zhak Konte. Mukupera XIX mangwanani XX remakore uye. kuchinja rinokosha vakasikwa magadzirirwe mapenzura.

Saka, Graf Lotar of Faberkastl akachinja chimiro penzura nyaya ine kumativi ari hex. Izvi neb skatyvaemost nepenzura nedzimwe hukawanika vachida zvinoshandiswa kunyora.

A US muvambi Alonzo Townsend Cross, funga pamusoro kuderedza uwandu consumable acho penzura aine simbi nyaya uye achapesana kuti aida urefu graphite netsvimbo.

Nei zvichikosha chaizvo pokuoma?

Munhu pamwe vanenge vaviri nguva kuti SWEDERA kana kugehena, vanoti kuti mumatanga anogona kusiya Kurohwa uye mitsetse, zvakasiyana ari ruvara saturation uye ukobvu. Unhu hwakadaro zvakakosha injiniya anoranga, nokuti chero mufananidzo wokutanga rinoitwa yakasimba rutanda, somuenzaniso T2, uye panguva mukunopera - manyoro, akanzi M-2M kuwedzera kutsanangurika mitsetse.

Zvakafanana rinokosha kwekuoma penzura vemifananidzo uye vose nyanzvi uye amateurs. Pakusika yokunyora nokudhirowa uye drafts Shandisa penzura munyoro kutungamirira, uye anoshandira mukuru kunatsiridzwa - kuoma.

Ndezvipi pencil?

matanga All inogona mapoka mapoka maviri: nyore uye zvinonakidza.

Pencil ane zita iri nokuti zvayakaita nyore chaizvo, uye anonyora vakawanda graphite penzura, pasina chinhu yokuvirisa. mamwe marudzi ose nepenzura zvakawanda akaoma uye zvaida okutanga-siyana madhayi.

Mhando pencil mavara akanyatsorevesa rakajairika - ndiko:

• mureza ruvara, iro vangava mumwe-mativi kana kaviri madziro;
• wakisi;
• marasha;
• Watercolour;
• Wedding.

Kupatsanura nyore graphite mapenzura

Sezvambotaurwa, iri nyore penzura yakatarwa penzura graphite. Nechiidzo akadai penzura kwekuoma penzura kutungamirira, ndiyo hwaro kupatsanura.

Nyika dzinosiyana nyora siyana akaita inotaridza neukukutu nepenzura, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa European, Russian uye American.

Russian uye European Kunyora chernografitnyh inonziwo nepenzura, rakasiyana American pamberi sezvo chaiyoiyo uyewo digitaalinen signage.

Kureva penzura noukukutu iri Russian Kunyora gadziriro, zvinofungirwa kuti: T - makasimba M - nyoro, TM - avhareji. Kujekesa ukuru softness kana neukukutu akasuma pedyo nearufabheti, Numeric tsika.

Munyika dzokuEurope, nyore penzura pokuoma sezvo runotaurwa tsamba, akatorwa mashoko zvinoratidza pokuoma. Saka, shandisa tsamba «B» kubva zvinosvibisa shoko (vatema), uye kuti nesimba zvinyoronyoro pencil - tsamba «H» kubva Chirungu pokuoma hwakawanda (pokuoma). Uyezve, pane ari wokupemberera F, kubva Chirungu yakanaka pfungwa (fineness) uye kuratidza avhareji mhando penzura. Ndiyo European hurongwa Kunyora tsamba pokuoma ichaongororwa kuti yose mureza uye ndicho.

Munguva American gadziriro, zvakatemwa nokuda kwekuoma nepenzura, zvichiratidza rinoitwa chete nemifananidzo. Apo 1 - munyoro, 2 - paavhareji, uye 3 - chikukutu.
Pakadaro, kana penzura kusingajekeswi, hapana kupenda, nokuda default, ndezvenguva nesimba-nyoro (TM HB) kutaipa.

Chii chinoratidza pokuoma?

Nhasi, nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi penzura kutungamirira graphite penzura akashandisa kaoline (chena nevhu) uye graphite. The kukura izvi zvinhu kusanganiswa kwokutanga nzendo okuwana kunoenderana kwekuoma penzura. The zvakawanda akateya chena kaolin nevhu kuoma penzura inotengwa. Kana yakawanda graphite, penzura iri manyoro.
Pashure nokusanganisa ose anodiwa zvinoumba kunoguma musanganiswa uchaguta munzvimbo extruder. Ndiyo apo matanda achiumba wakatarwa. Zvadaro calcined graphite tsvimbo chaiyo romoto umo tembiricha rinosvika 10 000 ⁰ C. Mushure vachiridzira, matanda vanonyudzwa mune mafuta mhinduro chaiyo, kutanga pemvura unodzivirira firimu.