Newton kwakaita mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika

Kunyange kare, mumazuva Plato, vakaita akadzokorora kuedza kunzwisisa uye kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti kuti atore nzvimbo kunze murume uye maari. Nokuda kushaya ruzivo uye kunzwisisa zvakawanda chinzvimbo sezvo chomweya kuratidzwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko akazviunganidzira ruzivo zvakakonzera kunzwisisa yaivapo pezvakaitwa uye ukama zvakasikwa nani.

Nhoroondo paumbwe mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika

Nzira ruzivo zvakasikwa zvakanga minzwa. It inoita basa rinokosha yokuva kunzwisisa zvinowanzovapo mitemo uye kuda vanhu panguva iyoyo kugamuchira kana kuramba chimwe maonero enyika. The rinokosha muchinangwa nechitendero muMiddle Ages, kuvhiringidza chero pakuedza ari musayenzi yokusvika kuna nyika yakavapoteredza. Ose nezviito vakapikisa nevanhu kereke rushambwa uye kunyatsodzurwa. A kuwanda pfungwa huru vakapiswa padanda weRoma Raibvunzurudza. Yakanga chete 17-18 remakore, pasi kumanikidzwa chaiko uchapupu, zvikuru zvakakomba akatanga popularize mashoko mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika. Panguva iyi, zvakanzi yaiitisa yokutanga zvakakomba kuedza panguva systematization uye kubudiswa vaunganidza kutsvakurudza uye mabasa kare eras zvavanhu. Nemhaka kunzwisisa itsva sangano renyika vakwanise kushandiswa kwose kwose uye Implementation ari kugadzirwa upenyu nezivo pamusoro inoshanda chechetere.

Society uye kunzwisisa mamiriro

Paumbwe mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika pave nokukurumidza rwokugadzira kukura vanhu. Zvisinei, zvakatora nguva yakareba yaro Implementation. Zvikurukuru, ichi chaiva nokuda mupfungwa unoda vanhu kubvuma nzira itsva kunzwisisa nheyo wezvose. Kutanga mechanistic maonero enyika ayo inotungamirwa yakazara rwakatora makore anenge mazana maviri, kusvikira epakati namapfumbamwe remakore.

Nokupesvedzera vazivi, vanofunga uye masayendisiti dzokutambura eras, akadai Democritus, Aristotle, Epicurus, Lucretius, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakasvika pakunzwisisa uye kubvuma zvinhu kusvika.

The vaunganidza kuziva masvomhu, wefizikisi, kemisitiri, vachiratidza kusiyana uye zvaidiwa mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika kubva kunzwisisa kuitwa mitemo zvakasikwa panguva iyoyo.

Mabasa Aristotle uye Ptolemy panguva havana yakarurama. Zvisinei, ava vaiva vokutanga kuedza kunzwisisa uye kunzwisisa chii mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika.

Pakutanga Nguva mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika

Zvishoma Papera, muzana remakore rechi16, mumwe sefungu pfungwa yesayenzi uye resonance iri muvanhu chibharo "riri vachishandisa kutenderera muchadenga" Nikolaya Kopernika. Vateveri vake vakaona rationality uye kushanda zvesayenzi nzira, kudzidza nyika. Zvadaro, kwakavakirwa mabasa Copernicus uye Galileo akaberekwa idzva nguva nyika.

On muitiro rakasikwa munhu mechanistic maonero enyika ayo inotungamirwa akanga zvikuru simba musayendisiti French Rene Dekart. nzvimbo yake zivo yakafara zvakakwana, akashanda ari mumunda wefizikisi, masvomhu, uzivi, uye zvipenyu. dzidzo Religious vechiduku Rene haana kuva chigumburiso kukura ruzivo, uye akakwanisa kuva mumwe havaoni anonzwisisa itsva nemamiriro enyika.

Makore manomwe muzivi uye musayendisiti vakapedza achidzungaira nemanomwe remakore Europe, kuunganidza muupenyu uye nokufunga kwouzivi uye akarongeka zvinetso yaitonga.

Descartes pachimwe chinokosha pasango masvomhu. pamabasa ake zvinoratidzwa yakakurumbira basa "Geometry", rakabudiswa muna 1637. Hazvina basa iri kwesayenzi akaisa zvose nheyo geometry ano. Rene zvakare runobva kupiwa zviratidzo zviri nemasvomhu. Zvinyorwa ake aiva chikuru simba pamusoro pokumuka wemasvomhu mune ramangwana. Muna muna 1644, musayendisiti French uye muzivi akapa tsanangudzo yake chidzoke uye pakuzadzisa rugare uye rwakapoteredza hunhu.

Maererano naye, zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri uye mapuraneti aumba kubva acho ari vortices kutenderera zuva. Aidavira kuti muviri aparadzana svikiro kunoda yakasiyana dzokutyaira aimhanya. Uye muganhu muviri rikaita chaiye, kana muviri ichifamba, uye anosarudza chimiro chayo uye kukura. Vose Masvomhu uye tsanangudzo iye kuderedzwa zvokuimba misha miviri. Strange tsanangudzo, akapa iripo ruzivo kwatiri zvino, handizvo here? Asi izvozvo zvakanga zvinofungwa nevamwe nyanzvi iyoyo.

Newton mafungiro pamusoro pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa uye zvakasikwa

Dzakasiyana maonero Musiki mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika - Isaka Nyuton. Aiva yemasvomhu yefizikisi, muzivi uye nyanzvi. All ayo mhedziso pundit ichi akaita pachishandiswa kuedza kuitwa, vachinyatsoongorora pavo. Huru credo waiva wokuti "pfungwa asingadi wekuvamba!" An kubudirira inokosha masayendisiti pakagadzwa Newton kwakaita dzidziso inofamba pakati mapuraneti uye muchadenga. Chokuita basa iri, kuwanikwa rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rakanga hwaro kudzidza izere pamusoro heliocentric hurongwa. Newton kwakaita mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika waiva rakanyatsorurama uye inobudirira.

Muna 1688, zvaitika muEngland anokudzwa Revolution. Munyika iyi akambosanganawo enyika simba chinovira kubva umambo kune mumwe analogue echiKomonisiti zvakakwana. Zvisinei, pasinei vicissitudes zvoupenyu, nyanzvi huru uye muzivi akaramba kushanda zvakanyorwa ouzivi pamusoro nyika.

Philosophy nesayenzi kare

Newton kwakaita mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika kwapfuura minzwa uye chakaoma nzira. Mukuita kunyora chikamu basa rake akati: "The chetatu, I kuda ikozvino kubvisa uzivi - ndizvo chete anozvikudza amai, kubata kwakangofanana kuita hondo yomumatare." Pakupedzisira, muna chiedza akabuda kwake "kwemasvomhu Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687). ino vaakagamuchira vakawanda mvumo uye rava simba zvakanaka yakasimbiswa dzidziso.

In basa Newton kuti anopiwa kwemabasa Copernicus kudzidza inofamba pakati mapuraneti akapoteredza zuva. The yokupedzisira basa musayendisiti aiva matatu mutemo okuguma Descartes, Huygens uye Galileo uye dzimwe pfungwa huru iyoyo, nokudaro kuziva mberi pokugadzwa mechanistic nyika maonero uye kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti zvakasikwa.

In pfungwa mukuru pamusoro munyika nemanomwe remakore mufananidzo mumwe nyika wakasika uye wakatsigira zvose. Newton vaiona nzvimbo yacho mudziyo zvose zvinhu, uye nguva - yakareba kwacho nayo. The nzvimbo magumo uye asingachinji nguva.

Three mutemo Newton kuti munyika yanhasi

Vazhinji kuedza musayendisiti yakawandisa pezvakaitwa hwomuviri pakati pezvitunha. Panguva mabasa akauya mitemo mitatu kuti tishandise nhasi.
The inoti rokutanga kuti isimba rinoshanda se chikonzero kumhanyisa muviri. pezvakaitwa All munyika zvinoodza mhanyisa zvinhu ndiwo mhaka kwokukurukurirana miviri.

Mutemo wechipiri rinoti kuti simba riri chinhu pane imwe nguva uye akapiwa pfungwa ikachinja kumhanya, izvo zvinogona dzaona.

Mutemo wechitatu rinoti kuti zvinoitwa mitumbi pamusoro mumwe kwakafanana mune simba uye pakatarisana nenhungamiro.

Kuti dzakadaro Newtonian mechanistic maonero. Space, nguva haana kutaura nemumwe, waivapo somunhu yoga chinoshamisa. Zvisinei, tsanangudzo Newton sehofisi riwedzere kuti vachinje maonero uye rizere yezwi zvizere mufananidzo ukama nzvimbo - nguva.

kunzwisisa Kwechokwadi yezvakaita nzvimbo uye nguva?

Makore mazana maviri gare gare, mukuvamba ramakumi remakore, Albert Einstein akati Newtonian mechanistic mufananidzo munyika yacho uye nzvimbo zvinogona kududzirwa chete mukati zvatinosiita, yaizivikanwa kwatiri munyika. Mugore yepasi pose pamwero anomirirwa mitemo hadzishandi achitsive rethinking. Zvadaro, musayendisiti yakatanga dzidziso relativity, izvo zvabatanidzwa nzvimbo uye nguva mune imwe gadziriro.

Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chete nzvimbo apo mitemo Newton hazvikanganisi hunoshandiswa dzavo. With veMubatanidzwa pakudzidza zvepakutanga nezvimedu uye hunhu nemaitiro avo zvakanga zvakajeka kuti munzvimbo iyi pane mitemo zvakasiyana. Vane chairwo chaizvo, dzimwe nguva nezvimwewo uye kunogona kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwedu zvenguva dzose nguva uye nzvimbo.

The maonero ari vezvesayenzi okuti kuti quantum wefizikisi hazvibviri kunzwisisa inogona tenda chete, tsanangura disparity guru pfungwa pamusoro nyika yose pezvakaitwa zvichiitika panguva subatomic chechetere.

Chikonzero uye kushanda

In nedanho paumbwe zvinhu pamuviri zvakasikwa yakapoteredza Newtonian mechanistic nemaonero aronga mberi nzira nhoroondo yevanhu. Technology uye kukura yebudiriro hwakada chokuita yapfuura ruzivo uye simba vaitire ake kare uye chipo chimiro mufananidzo maonero enyika.