The Third Reich: The Rise, Fall, pfuti, anofamba uye mibayiro

The Reich Third (Drittes Reich) - anonzi kurongwa German hurumende 1933 kusvika 1945. Reich shoko German rinoreva "nyika dziri pasi chete simba." Asi sezvo ari kutonga, rinoshandurwa kuti "simba", "Empire", shoma "umambo." Zvose zvinoenderana chechinyorwa. Gare gare munyaya zvichanzi akarondedzera nokuparara Third Reich, nokubudirira muumambo hwacho wacho wokumwe uye mumhuri negwaro.

Vhuṱanzi

Mune historiography of Third Reich uye mabhuku kunzi yechiFascist kana Nazi Germany. Zita rokutanga Kazhinji aishanda mumabhuku eSoviet. Asi kushandisa iri izwi yakati sizvo sezvo Kuedzwa hwoudzvinyiriri pakati Mussolini muItaly uye Hitler akanga Misiyano. Hwakaratidza kusiyana nedzidziso dzechiKomonisiti uye mudziyo enyika. Panguva iyoyo Germany aiva nyika umo paakagadzwa ane utongi hwechiKomonisiti. Hurumende imwe-party uye ringareva dzematongerwe - National Socialism. Hurumende kuzvidzora kunosvika zvachose munzvimbo dzose yebasa. The Third Reich kutsigira hurumende yacho German National Workers Socialist 'Party. Mutungamiri inotungamirwa uyu Adolf Hitler. Iye vaishandawo zvachose musoro nyika kusvikira pakufa kwake (1945). Hitler nehurumende rokuti - "Fuehrer uye Reich chanzera." Fall of the Third Reich akanga pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II. Nguva pfupi asati kuti, muna 1944, mumwe akatadza nevapanduki uye chigaro Hitler ( "Ndamukirwa Generals") akanga akatakurwa kunze. The Nazi kufamba kwakanga kwakapararira. VaJudha vainyanya kukoshesa Chirevo Fascism - the swastika. Raishandiswa anenge kwese, kunyange akabudisa mari yacho Third Reich.

vatorwa negwaro

Sezvo 1938 munzvimbo iyi zvakanzi akacherechedza imwe chido kuti kuwedzera enyika uye miganhu. Anofamba ari Third Reich akaenda akasiyana anoti. Muna March, kumusoro, akanga akaita Anschluss (annexation nechisimba), Austria, uye munguva kubva September 38 ndipo kuna March 39 fung dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa German mamiriro Klaipėda nharaunda uye Czech Republic. Ipapo nyika wakashamira kunyange zvakawanda. Munguva 39th zvakanzi dzakabatanidzwa mamwe vokuPoland nharaunda uye Dantzig, uye 41st chakaitika annexation (annexation) Luxembourg.

nyika

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti kumboitika kubudirira German Empire mumakore hondo mangwanani. Anofamba ari Third Reich akaenda kuburikidza dzakawanda kuEurope. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, pamwe kunze Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal uye Spain vakabatwa. Dzimwe nzvimbo rakazvipira, vamwe De facto hunotsigirwa nehurumende masangano. Vapedzisira Somuenzaniso, vanosanganisira Croatia. Muchiitiko chino, paiva kunze - vari Finland uye Bulgaria. Vaiva vatsigiri Germany uye kuitwa zvose zvakafanana akazvimirira negwaro. Asi muna 1943 pane kwave kuchinja chinokosha ruvengo. Ukuru yakanga zvino kudivi Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa. By January rechi45 Kurwa yave vakatamira kune pre-hondo ndima German. Fall of the Third Reich, chakaitika pashure pokufa hurumende Flensburg rinotungamirirwa Karl Doenitz. Zvino muna 1945, musi 23 May.

The kumutsidzirwa hwenyika

Mumakore okutanga kutonga yaHitler, Germany yabudirira kwete chete kune dzimwe negwaro. Tinofanira kutaura pano kuti Führer nebudiriro vakabatsira kuti upfumi kumutsidzirwa ehurumende. Results remapazi ayo dzinoongororwa anoverengeka yokumwe vanoongorora uye mune zvematongerwo enyika madenderedzwa ari chishamiso. Nezvaiva pashure pehondo Germany kusvikira 1932, urovha akawa mamiriyoni matanhatu imwe kukwana kuna 1936 mü. Munguva imwe chete paiva kuwedzera maindasitiri kugadzirwa (kusvika 102%), kaviri uye kwemari. Mhanyisa kumhanya kugadzirwa. Mugore rokutanga hurumende yeNazi pazvinhu upfumi dzinongoita pakutsvaga Yalmarom Shahtom (Hitler pachake akapotsa haina kuvhiringidza basa rake). Panyaya iyi, dzomunyika mutemo wakanga nechinangwa, pakutanga, rimwe basa havashande nokuda unopinza kuwedzera munzvimbo nemabasa, uye kukurudzira voga vachida zvekutepfenyura. For dzisingafambwi mamiriro chikwereti akapa muchimiro dzinokosha zvikwereti. Mutero unodiwa kuti makambani richikura guta upfumi uye kupa vachiwana kuwedzera basa yekudyidzana ungaderedza.

Mupiro Hjalmar Schacht

Zvinofanira akati kuti upfumi munyika kubvira 1934, mauto akatora kosi. Maererano vaongorori vakawanda, kumutsidzirwa Germany wechokwadi kwakavakirwa rearmament. Kuti simba mushandi uye mabhizimisi kirasi vakatumwa pamwe nemauto mabasa. The upfumi hondo yakarongwa nenzira yakadai kushanda yorunyararo uye panguva kurwa, asi rinonyatsotarira hondo yose. Mano angu kuita munyaya dzemari vave rinotungamirirwa kubhadhara regadziriro mabasa, kunyanya re. Mumwe mazano ake akanga kudhinda Banknotes. Schacht aikwanisa kutendeukira nemanomano siyana currency zvikuru handily. Foreign nezvoupfumi vakatofungira dzaona kuti panguva iyoyo reGermany chiratidzo akamboforesa 237 mapoka. Schacht paakaita kunobatsira chaizvo ita mutengano kwema nedzimwe nyika, vakaratidza kushamiswa kuti vaongorori, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti rokumusoro basa chakagadzwa, kuti vakwanise unogona kuwedzera bhizimisi. Akararamazve saka upfumi Schacht kubva 1935 kusvika 1938 rave kushandiswa chete mari rearmament. Zvaifungidzirwa pa mabhiriyoni 12 mavanga.

Control Germana Geringa

Nhamba iyi vaifungidzira mashandiro ari Mine uye akava "mutongi" hwenyika German muna 1936. Pasinei akanga Goering, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, Hitler, imwe ignoramus upfumi bhora, nyika kwakaita kuti uto hurongwa zvachose mumhuri negwaro. urongwa-gore mana yakazokudziridzwa, chinangwa rakanga kurichinja Germany rive hurumende kuti vakazvimiririra anogona kupa zvose zvakakodzera kana hondo uye blockade pachavo. Somugumisiro, zvainoreva kwave kuderedzwa kune shoma zvichibvira, akatanga kudzora mitengo uye yakaoma muhoro, mibayiro vava unongoshanda 6% chete annum. Takatanga massively kuvaka Megastructures Third Reich. Vaiva miriwo makuru nokuda pagadzirwe akamendwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, mafuta nezvimwewo zvinhu kubva yayo mbishi zvinhu. Akatanga kukudziridza simbi indasitiri. Kunyanya, Third Reich vakanga akavaka Megastructures - muhombe mafekitari Goering, umo kugadzirwa inoshandiswa chete nemakanzuru mhangura. Somugumisiro, upfumi German rave vanounganidzwa zvizere nokuda hondo. Panyaya iyi, kuti maindasitiri, ane mari mamuka hasha, simbi zvenhengo iyi "hondo machine." Pamwe basa iri yangu yave simbi pamwe yakakura nezvatisingagoni uye nhau.

Economy pamberi Hondo Yenyika II

Panzvimbo Mine Walther Funk akauya 1937. Akashanda kutanga sezvo gurukota Economy, uye ipapo, makore maviri gare gare, muna 1939, akava purezidhendi Reichsbank. Maererano nenyanzvi, Germany kusvika kumusoro Second World War, zvarwo, Chokwadi, "vakaputsanya" upfumi. Asi wakatendeuka kuti maitiro mazhinji kundorwisa Third Reich haana kugadzirira. zvinhu, zvinhu, mbishi zvinhu kwave zvishoma, uye bhuku mudzimba kugadzirwa raiva shoma. Sezvazvakanga aiva pfungwa, zvose Qualitative uye quantitative mashoko mumakore hondo mamiriro nokutambura kupfuma. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvinonetsa, nokuda zvachose kudzora mamiriro midziyo uye German sangano hwenyika vachiri vakamira vakada njanji. Uye kunyange zvazvo hondo akapfuurira, kurimwa munyika rakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Yakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva uye uwandu kweuto indasitiri. Saka, somuenzaniso, muna 1940 zvikavavarira kusvika 15% kwakakomba kugadzirwa, uye kune 1944-ndipo - kare 50%.

Development musayenzi uye michina chawo

MuGermany, paiva yakakura hurongwa zvekutepfenyura mumayunivhesiti nesayenzi. Kwaari vaiva yepamusorosoro hwokugadzira masangano uye mumayunivhesiti. By kwemauto ichi zvinosanganisira SRI "Society Kaiser Wilhelm". Masangano zvose musangano vari akaisa kuna reBazi Redzidzo, Education uye Science. In mamiriro ichi, rwaiumbwa ezviuru masayendisiti, rakanga vayo Research Council, uyo nhengo vaimiririra dzakasiyana anoranga (mushonga, foundry uye migodhi, kemisitiri, wefizikisi, etc). musayendisiti neimwe kwakadaro kwakanga omurume rimwe boka nyanzvi imwe profile. Nhengo imwe neimwe dare raiva kutungamirira yesayenzi uye kutsvakurudza basa uye kuronga boka ravo. Panguva iyo kwaiva maindasitiri kwemauto yakazvimirira kwesainzi sangano. kukosha kwayo kwakava pachena chete pashure muna 1945 vatsigiri German kuti kutorwa pamigumisiro yemabasa ayo pachayo. By kwemauto kuti maindasitiri sangano kubatwa rabhoritari zvikuru zvavanotyira "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Neruvara", "Telefunken", "Osram". Izvi uye zvimwe makambani vane zvikuru rinoreva, midziyo, kundosangana hwokugadzira zvinodiwa nguva, kubudikidza vashandi zvikuru vanokwanisa. Kunetseka izvi zvinogona kushanda pamwe kupfuura Somuenzaniso, Institute rabhoritari unongotaura.

ushumiri Speer

Kuwedzera pakutsvakurudza uye maindasitiri mapoka uye siyana tsvakurudzo mumarabhoritari mu Africa ndiyo chaizvo sangano guru waiva Research Institute of muchiuto. Asi, zvakare, chikamu ichi haana kukuvadzwa, uye vakakamukana munzvimbo dzakawanda mativi, vakapararira mhiri nomumwe marudzi mauto. Zvikuru kukosha vawana muhondo ushumiri Speer. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti iyi yekudyidzana akaderedza mukana chokuendesa mumarabhoritari uye Institutes of pakugadzira zvinhu, midziyo uye vashandi, ari indasitiri munyika asiri kukurira guru Vhoriyamu Zvinorayirwa namauto. Speer Ministry akagamuchira masimba kugadzirisa siyana kugadzirwa matambudziko. Somuenzaniso, chii tsvakurudzo anofanira kumiswa sechinhu basa, vamwe mberi, sezvo ane inokosha kukosha iyo kutsvakurudza kunofanira kuva panzvimbo yokutanga, vachitamba kusarudza basa.

hondo

Zvombo Third Reich yakaitwa pakatanga siyana dzesayenzi kuitika, zvikuru akasika rwokugadzira. Chokwadi, kana akasarudza nzira upfumi uye mumwe vaisagona kuva. Germany haana chete kugovera pachavo ane zvemaindasitiri asi kuva akashongedzera mauto. Kunze zvatinosiita, akatanga kugadzira uye "simbi chando" the Third Reich. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvose zvakaiswa chando asati pokukundwa Fascism. Zvakabuda mabasa mazhinji tsvakurudzo vakashanda sezvo pokutangira kuti kutsvakurudza mabasa State Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa.

Awards of Third Reich

Pamberi vaNazi vakauya simba, mumwe gadziriro, maererano izvo mharidzo kuyeukwa insignia vakatakura vatongi venyika, kureva, wakange miganhu hunhu. With veMubatanidzwa Hitler nouchapupu kuchinja vakasikwa kwacho. Saka, asati Second World Fuehrer vagadzwa uye akauya awards of Third Reich chero mhando. Gare gare kodzero iyi akagamuchira yakasiyana siyana murayiro wamapoka. Asi kwaiva nevamwe kusarurana kuti, kunze Hitler, vasingagoni kupa mumwe (semuenzaniso, Knight kuti Cross).