Belovezhskoe chibvumirano muna 1991. Bialowieza chibvumirano pamusoro kubviswa pakati USSR uye pakusikwa Kishi

1991, Soviet Union. Ndichitarira shure uye kuedza kupa nhoroondo tinyatsonzwisisa nezvakaitika 1991, tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti nyika yedu zvinoparadzwa chete apa kuti zvaishandiswa Libya, muSiriya, Iraq, Ijipiti, uye ikozvino muUkraine. Sezvineiwo, vakawanda vechikamu pokuwa USSR, ndangariro ayo akanyora netsamba dzake. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti nhoroondo yakanyorwa Vakundi. Munyaya ino, tinoedza tinyatsoziva akasiyana pfungwa maonero ari zviitiko zvakatungamirira kuti chidzoke zvakadaro gwaro sezvo Belovezhskoe chibvumirano muna 1991.

chiitiko Background

Muna 1985, akasvika simba wechiduku, chivimbo enyika Mikhail Gorbachev. Pashure zvose vanyori-mukuru aaimboita vakwegura vanhu vakamuitira chaizvo zvakanaka. Asi gare gare kuchinja ake akadzinga nyika ive zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye kunyange nemagariro dambudziko. Chiri zvichiva pachena stratification chavagari munyika, kuti chidzoke itsva kirasi nzanga - the oligarchy. In chinoda dzakawanda wakawedzera nationalist pfungwa, kamwechete pakarepo aida rusununguko.

Gorbachev: gamba kana mutengesi?

Ko Gorbachev kuti akazviratidza mhosva Belovezhskoe Agreement 1991? The bhajeti of Soviet Union yakanga yakavakirwa kunonyanya kutengeswa zvinhu. Nyika iri kuramba hunonamatira mumwoyo zvikwereti. Zvishoma nezvishoma pamberi Gorbachev akanga kusarudza - kana izvozvo anoita kuchinja kuti kubatsira United States, uye anogamuchira zvikwereti kubva IMF, kana kuita nokuda nyika yavo. Akasarudza kusarudza kutanga. Uyewo zvikuru dzakakurumbira maonero ndechokuti akauya simba nerubatsiro kuUnited States. Pakutanga, aiva muduku mukana sezvo vakawanda nhengo Politburo yaitarisira rwevamiriri Romanov uye Grishin. Long vasingagoni kubvumirana, saka pakanga misangano inoverengeka. Somugumisiro, "pakarepo" vakambomira Gorbachev. Chero zvakanga, asi akatungamirira nyika zvokusvika pasina kudzoka, pashure iyo pakanga pasina kudzoka.

Kuchinja kubva kunze pamusoro pokufa USSR

Zvikuru pakakura chinoda dzakawanda rakaitirwa dzomunharaunda referenda pamusoro rusununguko. Hapana akafanana? Ukraine, somuenzaniso? Kunoshamisa pakuonekwa boka misfits vane rusununguko zvinodiwa kubva Balaklava asina yambira? Mikhail Gorbachev akanga kuedza kugara miviri chair panguva imwe chete. Kudivi rimwe, kuti nyika yaida zvikwereti, uye vanogona kuwanikwa nokuita kuti zvokuchinja kwakaitwa, uye Ukuwo, aida kuita zvakanaka USSR. Izvi runoratidzwa nezvakaitika November 1990 uye kusarudza kuchengetedza munhu munyika referendamu Gorbachev kuisa munzvimbo zvokuzvikudza vezvourudzi.

Muna November 1990, vatungamiri vatatu reBaltic chinoda akasvika Paris nokuda kusaina pamusoro Charter muUnited Europe. Yakanga chete nokuonga rikanganise Gorbachev kwavari adzingwa yacho. Naizvozvo hatigoni pamwe 100% chokwadi kuti mhosva pokufa Soviet Union riri zvachose kwaari uye iye vakanyengedza Motherland. Mumwe mubvunzo iri chii vatungamiriri izvi kazhinji akaita panguva OSCE pamusangano. Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma artificially. Ndivanaani vanobatsirwa?

Vakakutsamwisai mu kuBaltic States

Kushandisa US chando zvachose nezvezvandaifanira zvechiuto Varwisei Iraq, pasi kumanikidzwa Kryuchkov, Pugo uye Yazov, Gorbachev akapa mvumo kune chisimba kudzvinyirira pakati separatist zviito kuBaltic States. Uye January 13, 1991 Lithuanians akatora pamusoro terevhizheni Center Vilnius uye akavaka kwezvinovharidzira. Special mauto "Arufa" akarayirwa kuti dutu. Vakaurayiwa 13 vagari "rugare" muna Balaklava. It anogara pose migero mufananidzo akaenda sezvo muchiuto kuuraya mhosva unarmed vanhu, anongoti vanoda rusununguko uye kurarama Europe. Papera vhiki, mamiriro ezvinhu wakadzokororwa Riga. Uye muna April muMoscow kuti "rokuongorora" anouya Nixon. Zviripachena Gorbachev kurega kubata vatenzi Western - game kutaurwa B. N. Eltsina. Zvakatanga kutambudzwa ichi. Yokurwisana Yeltsin uye Gorbachev asvika Zvaifadza hasha.

Kubvuma pakusikwa Kishi

Under kumanikidzwa kubva US Gorbachev aifanira kubvumirana federalization of USSR uye pakusika ari Commonwealth pakati Independent States. Akatanga kugadzirira runoenzanirana kondirakiti (pamusana chibvumirano ichi chichava chibvumirano Belovezhskoe 1991), rakanga rokupedzisira nouswa kuchengeteka masangano ari USSR. The nyika yakatanga yaAugust kubvuta masimba. Emergency Committee rakavambwa. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti paterevhizheni mazuva ose matatu kubvuta masimba yenhepfenyuro kutamba.

Zviitiko August 1991

19-21 August, 1991. History zvakanyorwa vakundi, nokuti dzinongoitika kuti mashoko akapinda mumabhuku sezvo nevapanduki kuedza. Kunyange zvazvo mune chokwadi chikava kuedza kudzivirira pokuwa nyika. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov uye Yazov akaedza kubvuta simba mumaoko avo. Kusundira purezidhendi, vangadai nechisimba okurira nyika, uyo vachikarira rusununguko. Saka, havana kuchengeta kuvimbika nyika. Asi vashoma vanoziva kuti kusaina esungano wakateya Kishi yakarongerwa August 20 kugutsikana nevatungamiriri zvose 9 separatist vanofunga chinoda kuti USSR uye akaramba ari kupindirana ezvinhu.

Chokwadi chose chaiva kuti Gorbachev akakwanisa kutaurirana navo. Kudivi rimwe, nokubvuma pakusikwa Kishi, Mikhail Gorbachev akaenda pamusoro US, uye kuno rumwe rutivi, Republic akagamuchira kodzero rusununguko, asi Federation. nyaya Key aizoramba kusarudza kwavari Moscow. Nezvikonzero zvinoverengeka, muenzaniso uyu hazvirevi zvienderane zhinji. Gorbachev nemhuri yake vakaiswa pasi kusungwa imba muCrimea (akanga panguva iyoyo yakagara pamusoro pegungwa).

akaita sei gamba pamusoro Yeltsin

On August 21 akanga achigadzirira kurwisa zviri White House muna Kremlin. Yeltsin vakaronga simba kubatwa uye tohuudzawo wawo Zavidovo. Asi "Pakarepo" akawana kuwanda chaizvo inoifukidza miviri yavo. The White House rakanga takapoteredzwa revanhu vanenge 50 000 vanhu. Fungai! Pakarepo vanhu vazhinji saka akasimuka akaenda Kremlin. Pane vakasununguka wakadiridzwa uye zvokudya, akagovera tii makeke, yakabikwa zvokudya muindasitiri akamboona.

Sezvingatarisirwa, pakanga vanotambura. Ropa. vanhu vanoverengeka pamwe Molotov cocktaileja (vanhu rugare) akauya pasi matangi. Hazvina achiri kwete zvachose pachena chii chinangwa Matangi vakapinda Red Square. Ndivo inoshanda chete munzvimbo rakashama. Zvino mauto kufanorongwa nevapanduki, kugona kuziva. Kana kana aingovawo kuedza kutyisidzira. Chokwadi, correspondents Western vaiva pabasa iri vakagadzirira, uye iwe unogona kufungidzira nyore mufananidzo mumhepo. Defense Gurukota Yazov chakaderera uye akapa murayiro dzinodzora mauto kubva Moscow. At kubvuta masimba iri rapera, uye vaikurudzira dzayo dzaiva mujeri.

Iyi unoratidza kuti uto Kashoma kutendeuka kubva nomazvo uye ramangwana itsika. Most dzinonakidza ndechokuti pashure nokubudiswa okutanga kunoda akaita Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin uye George Bush. Rinotiwo zvakawanda. Pashure pezviitiko izvi, iye zvachinja chaizvo. kutendeseka kwake political akawira naye, vanhu vashoma vaiona. Akatarisa akacheneruka pamusoro colour hyped mufananidzo ane chivimbo, aive nesimba Yeltsin.

Belovezhskoe Agreement

Kuva kuzovimba Gorbachev dzeSoviet akatanga massively nemaonero nokunzi rusununguko kubva Soviet Union. Zvino sangana navo kuva mubatanidzwa zvakanga zvisingaiti. Uye mugumisiro izvi zvose wakasainwa musi December 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe Agreement gore. Nemamwe mashoko, chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa pamusoro pakagadzwa ari Commonwealth pakati Independent States. Signature kuisa Gorbachev uye Yeltsin.

Uye kana Gorbachev pakutanga aridzirwe federalization pakati chinoda pakati Kishi, kuti Yeltsin pamwe siginicha yake akavapa rusununguko zvakakwana. Nokudaro iye akagutsa chishuvo kuWestern vamwe achingobuda ropa nyika. Belovezhskoe chibvumirano muna 1991 akazivisa kuti Union of Free Socialist Republics havasisipo.