Krymskaya inokosha tsamwisa oparesheni. Krymskaya mashandiro (1944): simba uye sezvamunoita mativi

Peninsula pamusoro Crimea nguva dzose nekuda yokutanga Russian Empire uye gare gare USSR chinhu inokosha muzinda muGungwa Dema. Operation Crimea kwaikosha kwazvo mberi Red Army, uye panguva imwecheteyo, Hitler aiziva kuti kana kupa Peninsula, kurashikirwa zvose Sea ari Black. Vanotyisa kurwisana kwakaitika kupfuura mwedzi uye zvakaguma pokukundwa nevaNazi nevanozvitsigira.

asati avhiyiwa

Kubvira pakupera 1942 - kutanga muna 1943 panguva Second World War pakanga nokuchinja kukuru; kana Red Army ichidzokera kuti pfungwa iyi, zvino vachifamba inogumbura. Hondo Stalingrad aiva nedambudziko yose yose Wehrmacht. Muzhizha 1943 pakanga pahondo iri Kursk kuzvimba, akadana munhoroondo makurusa tangi hondo umo mauto eSoviet sokuronga outplayed vaNazi vakatora vakavaisa pincer sangano, pashure izvo Third Reich akanga kare raisazobudirira. The vehondo akaudza Hitler kuti kuenderera emauto chiito anova maturo. Zvisinei, akarayira kumira mubatirire nzvimbo kusvikira ichangopfuura.

Crimean mashandiro aiva kuenderera mbiri nebudiriro Red Army. Pashure Nizhnedneprovsk mauto tsamwisa rechi17 German vakaiswa parumananzombe Crimean kweItari, pasina mukana replenishment uye chisimbiso. Mukuwedzera, mauto eSoviet vakakwanisa kuzotora hwomutambarakede midzi munharaunda Kerch. Higher murayiro German akayeuchidza kamwe zvakare pamusoro netariro zvinhu panguva mberi. Maererano Crimea, zvikurukuru vemauto vakati kuti pasina mukana munyika vavabatsire Vakagara vamwe rufu zvimwe nemishonga. Hitler haana kufunga kudaro - akarayirwa kuchengeta kudzivirira ichi chinokosha zvine urongwa pfungwa. Akatsanangura ichi nokutaura kuti chiitiko kuCrimea, Romania uye Bulgaria richaguma kuti vanobatana maoko pamwe Germany. Hurongwa hwakapiwa, asi chii chaiva maonero masoja munhuwo zvokuita ichi uye zvavo kuti hondo, kana vakatanga Crimean Campaign?

War theorists Kazhinji kutaura chete pamusoro pakuenzanisa ehondo mativi avo zvirongwa, zvichireva pedyo kutanga hondo hondo yose, kungotaura Anoverenga muchiuto michina uye ukuru varwi.

Zvichakadai, vanoita vanodavira kuti kana asina mutsindo, izvozvo inoita basa rinokosha achirwa mweya. Uye chii chaiva naye ari mativi?

The morale of Red Army

Kana pakutanga yehondo morale ravarwi eSoviet zvakanaka pasi, mukufamba mabasa ayo, kunyanya pashure Stalingrad, iye akura kusimba. Zvino raiva Red Army mukurwa kukunda. Kuwedzera kune izvi, mauto edu, kusafanana mwedzi hondo yokutanga, vave nokuomesa muhondo uye murayiro vawana anodiwa ruzivo. ichi zvose pamwe akatipa vabatsirwe zvizere pakati occupiers.

The morale wehondo Germany-Romanian

Pakutanga Hondo Yenyika II muchina German uto haizivikanwi kukundwa. Makore asingasviki maviri muGermany akakwanisa akakunda zvinenge zvose Europe, vakasvika kumuganhu USSR. The morale nemauto ari Wehrmacht akanga nourefu. Vaiona pachavo asingakundiki. Uye kuenda kuhondo inotevera, nechekare isu aiziva kuti zvichava akunde.

Zvisinei, mukupera 1941, vaNazi kuonana zvakakomba nemishonga muhondo kuti Moscow. Muna kontroperatsii Red Army ndokuakushira kubva muguta chinhambwe pamusoro 200 km. Waiva akundwa kwavo nokuzviremekedza uye, Chikurukuru, avo morale.

Izvi zvakateverwa Stalingrad, Kurskaia kurwa budiriro blockade Leningrad akatanga Crimean inokosha tsamwisa oparesheni. The Third Reich akanga kuenda pamusoro fronts zvose. Kunze kwokuti masoja eGermany vakakundwa imwe, ivo zvinongova waneta hondo. Sei isu kuvabata kana, asi ivo ndivo vanhu zvakare, vaiva mhuri, izvo vaida uye aida kudzokera kumusha. Kwavari, hondo iyi isingachadiwi. The morale yakanga razero.

Masimba vemapato. USSR

Crimean oparesheni yazova rimwe remasangano ari Great Patriotic War. The Red Army Aimiririrwa:

• 4th Ukrainian mberi, izvo zvaakaraira F. I. Tolbuhin. Chaiva pamusoro 51st Army pasi Ya G. Kreyzera. 2nd Guards Army pasi G. F. Zaharova; 8th Air Army, akarayira T. T. Hryukina uye 19 Panzer Corps, pakutanga rakanga pasi murayiro I. D. Vasileva, uyo akanga vakabva ne IA nokusveta.
• Independent Coastal Army, ari pasi General AI Eremenko, asi murayiro 15.04.1944 yakaiswa pamusoro K. S. Melnika, uyo aiva refutenendi-mukuru weuto.
• Black Sea Fleet, akarayira Admiral FS Oktyabrsky
• 361-M nomumwe radiodivizionom Sevastopol.
• Azov Flotilla, akatungamirirwa Rear Admiral Gorshkovym S. G.

Masimba vemapato. Germany, Romania

Defence akabatwa Peninsula sehofisi Wehrmacht mauto rechi17. On May 1, 1944 zvakanzi kunoshanda murayiro General Corps Karl Allmendinger. The Army yaiumbwa 7 Romanian uye 5 kupesana German. Dzimbabwe guru iri muguta Simferopol.

Crimean mashandiro ari chikamu Wehrmacht muchirimo 1944 wakange kuzvidzivirira hunhu. Territorially kuzvidzivirira zano pamusoro Wehrmacht inogona kukamurwa 4 zvikamu:

1. North. Murayiro mauto aya yaiva Dzhankoy, kwaiva kuisa uye reserves. Pane inotungamirwa maviri akanga pfungwa:

• 49th Mountain Corps: 50, 111, 336 fung Infantry Division, ari 279th Brigade kuti kurohwa zvombo;
• 3rd Romanian vamabhiza Corps zvinosanganisira emauto rechi9, 10th uye rechi19 inifanduri kupesana.

2. West. Yose kwemhenderekedzo kubva Sevastopol kuna Perekopa vakanga rokurinda regiments maviri 9th Romanian vamabhiza Division.

3. East. The zvakaitika musi Kerch Peninsula. Pano akadzivirira:

• 5th Corps (73th uye 98th inifanduri kupesana, bhurigedhi 191 kurwisa pfuti);
• 6th aifamba nemabhiza uye 3rd Mountain Infantry Division Romanian.

4. South. All yokumaodzanyemba kubva Sevastopol kuna Feodosiya dzaifamba famba munzvimbo dzaiyambuka uye akarirwira 1st Romanian Mountain Corps.

Somugumisiro, mauto akanga kusimbiswa zvinotevera nzira: kuchamhembe nzira - 5 kupatsanurana, Kerch - 4 mumapoka, kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo kuCrimea - 3 mapoka.

Crimean mashandiro kwakatangwa chaiyo panguva dzakadaro urongwa kurwa yeimwe.

Pakuenzanisa ehondo mativi

simba	USSR	Germany, Romania
vanhu	462400	195000
Atirari uye mumaturi	5982	anenge 3600
Matangi uye nokuzvidzora propelled pfuti	559	215
Jets	1250	148

Uyewo, Red Army akanga 322 zvinoshandiswa kwemashoko Navy. Izvi nenhamba zvinoratidza chinokosha kusanganiswa ukuru Soviet Army. murayiro uyu Wehrmacht akaudza Hitler kuti vawane mvumo kubva akasara ari blockade mauto.

Ndangariro vemapato

Vanhu vokuSoviet vakaona ari Crimea, uye kunyanya Sevastopol, chikuru mujinga Black Sea Fleet. With risiti nechinhu ichi mukushandisa kwayo Soviet Navy aigona kuva nyore uye zvakawanda tobudirira kuita Zvakaitwa gungwa, iyo zvakafanira kumwe kufambira mberi wamapoka.

Germany zvakare anonyatsoziva kuCrimea kusvikira zvinonyatsorehwa nepakati simba. Hitler aiziva kuti Crimean tsamwisa inokosha kushanda kungaita kuti kurasikirwa bridgehead ichi chinokosha. Uyezve, Adolf kazhinji kushumwa kutadza kudzora Red Army munzvimbo iyi. Ungangove, zvaaitoziva netariro ezvinhu, asi akanga asisina zvimwe zvinhu. Hitler akapa kuti vadzivirire Peninsula rokupedzisira murume, chero zvazvingava, usazvisarudzira it USSR. Aidavira Crimea simba kuti anodzora vatsigiri akadai Romania, Bulgaria uye Turkey vari pedyo Germany, uye kurasikirwa chinhu, vachangoerekana kutungamirira kufirwa nokutsigirwa vatsigiri.

Saka, muCrimea kwaikosha chaizvo kuti mauto eSoviet. For Germany, iye zvaikosha.

Tanga Crimean Kurwisa

Red Army nzira yakanga mawa muhombe kukanganisa pamwe kuchamhembe (kubva Syvash uye Perekopa) uye kumabvazuva (Kerch) vakatevera kusimudzira inokosha nzvimbo - Simferopol uye Sebastopol. Pashure paizvozvo, muvengi raifanira rwakakamukana mapoka, uye kuparadza, kudzivirira mukana kubvisa kuna Romania.

April 3 uto Soviet, kushandisa kwake rinorema atirari, achiparadza muvengi masvingo. 7 April, manheru, ushori, izvo akasimbisa nzvimbo mauto muvengi kwaitwa. April 8 Crimean oparesheni rakatanga. Mazuva maviri varwi Soviet vaiva vane hasha mukurwa. Somugumisiro yomuvengi kuzvidzivirira vakanga atyora. 11 April rechi19 Panzer Corps akabudirira pakutanga kuedza akandosungawo Dzhankoy - mumwe kumuzinda mauto muvengi. zvakatipoteredza Anoumba achitya German uye Romanian vakatanga taramuka kubva kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva (Kerch) kuna Simferopol uye Sebastopol.

Pazuva iroro mauto eSoviet vakabata Kerch, ipapo zvose nzvimbo kutambudzwa kuenda muvengi pamwe avhiyesheni. Masoja Wehrmacht akatanga evacuating nomugungwa, asi mauto Black Sea Fleet vakarwisa vakanga vanunurwa midziyo, zvichiguma yechiFascist chingashamwaridzana mauto vakafirwa vanhu 8.100.

April 13 vakasunungurwa guta Simferopol, Feodosia, Saki, Yevpatoria. Zuva rakatevera - Sudak, zuva mushure - Alushta. Crimean kuvhiyiwa muHondo Yenyika II yakaguma. The chaiva Sevastopol chete.

mupiro guerrillas

A yoga nyaya pakukurukurirana chinhu remagandanga uye clandestine mabasa Crimean. Crimean kuvhiyiwa, muna pfupi, akanga kubatana hondo uye guerrillas kuwana chinangwa nevakawanda. Maererano nokufungidzira, paiva dzinokwana vanhu vanenge 4,000. Zvinangwa basa ravo hwakaparadzwa shure yomuvengi, dzokupandukira, akazaruka kukurukurirana uye njanji, inoungana akaita pamusoro monyoroka. The guerrillas vakaputsanya kushanda pana Yalta chengarava, izvo kuoma zvikuru kubvisa ravarwi German uye Romanian. Kunze kukoromora chinangwa mabasa guerrillas vakanga kutadzisa kuparadzwa indasitiri, chokufambisa makambani uye makanzuru.

Heuno mumwe muenzaniso chinoshingaira remagandanga basa. April 11, panguva shure kwezvinhu rechi17 Army of Wehrmacht muna Sevastopol, ari guerrillas akabata mutaundi vanha Krym, zvokuti kucheka pamugwagwa shure.

Kurt Tippelskirch - General of Wehrmacht - okupedzisira hondo dzinotevera panzira; guerrillas panguva oparesheni kunge aishingaira pamwe nemauto eSoviet uye kuvabatsira.

Sevastopol Sturm

By April 15, 1944, mauto eSoviet akasvika huru chawo - Sevastopol. Kugadzirira ndatanga kurwisa. Pakazosvika nguva kuvhiyiwa rakapera Odessa, yaiitwa sezvo chikamu Dnieper-Carpathian. Odessa (uye Crimean) mashandiro, umo hwokumusoro uye kuchamhembe-yokumadokero kweGungwa Dema akasunungurwa, akaita rakakura Victory.

Kuedza kutanga maviri akakunda guta rechi19 uye yechi23 havana kubudirira. Zvakatanga regrouping mauto, uyewo zvokudya zvatinopiwa, mafuta uye zvombo.

May 7, pa 10:30, pamwe muhombe mhepo rutsigiro, yaaigara dzakavakirirwa kudunhu Sevastopol. May 9, Red Army kubva kumabvazuva, nezasi-kumabvazuva akapinda muguta. Sevastopol akasunungurwa! The yasara nevarwi Wehrmacht akatanga mumusiye, asi pana Cape Chersonese vakanga usapindwa rechi19 Panzer Corps, apo akatora hondo yokupedzisira, iro kwakaguma 17-fung hondo yakatyoka zvachose, uye 21 000 varwi (kusanganisira vakuru) vakasungwa pamwe chete yairema midziyo nezvimwe zvombo.

zvabuda

Last Wehrmacht midzi Dzakarurama-Bank Ukraine, iri Crimea, iri pachiso rechi17 Army chakaparadzwa. Zvachose akarasika aiva zvinopfuura 100,000 masoja eGermany uye Romanian. The vakawanda nezvinhu vakasvika masoja 140 zviuru uye vakuru Wehrmacht.

Nokuti Red Army akanyangarika mungozi kumaodzanyemba akananga mberi. Pakave kudzoka Sevastopol - chikuru mujinga Black Sea Fleet.

Asi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha - ndechokuti Soviet Union mushure Crimean kuvhiyiwa yava kutonga muGungwa Black bheseni. Izvi zvinoshamisa kuzununguswa kumusoro pakugona Germany zvepamusoro kuBulgaria, Romania uye Turkey.

Zvikuru zvinotyisa kurwadziwa munhoroondo rudzi rwedu muna XX remakore - Mukuru Patriotic War. Crimean oparesheni, uyewo zvose vamwe, akanga kunobatsira Pazvinotanga uye nenzira, asi somugumisiro musazonetsanazve izvi vakauraya mazana ezviuru uye dzimwe nguva mamiriyoni vomunyika yedu. Crimean Kurwisa inokosha inokosha chinangwa wakasiyiwa murayiro yeSoviet. Germany akatora muna 1941-1942. Mazuva 250 nokuti kubatwa pamusoro Sevastopol. Mauto eSoviet kushaisa mazuva 35 kusunungura ose Crimean kweItari, 5 vacho vaifanira taramba Sebastopol. Somugumisiro kubudirira kushanda akasika zvakanaka mamiriro mberi reSoviet muchiuto muBalkans.