Kursk Bulge, 1943. Hondo yeKursk Bulge

Vanhu vanokanganwa zvakaitika kare havana ramangwana. Saka imwe nguva yakati muzivi wechiGiriki Plato. Pakati pezana remakore ekupedzisira, "mahedheni gumi nemashanu ehurumende" akabatanidzwa ne "Great Russia" yakakunda kukunda kukuru kune denda revanhu - fascism. Hondo ine utsinye yakarongedzwa nehuwandu hwekukunda kweRobert Army, iyo inogona kunzi kiyi. Musoro wechinyorwa ichi ndechimwe chehondo dzekupedzisira dzeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri - Kursk Doug, imwe yehondo dzinotyisa, iyo yakaratidza kuguma kwekugadzirira kwemazano edu makuru nevanasekuru vedu nekurukurukuru. Kubva panguva iyoyo, vanhu veGermany vakagumburwa pamiganhu yese. Chikwata chinogadzirisa chemuganhu kusvika kumavirazuva chakatanga. Kubva panguva iyo, vafascist vakakanganwa zvinorevei "kuenda kuMabvazuva".

Historical Parallels

Hondo yeKursk yakaitwa musi wa5/05/1943 - August 23, 1943 pamusoro penyika yekutanga yeRussia, pamusoro payo apo muchinda mukuru Alexander Nevsky akambobata nhoo yake. Nyevero yake yeuporofita kune vekuMadokero (avo vakauya kwatiri nebakatwa) rwekufa kwekufa kubva pakubvambiswa kwemunondo weRussia wakasangana nawo, uyo aimbova nesimba. Icho chimiro icho Kursk Doug chakanga chakafanana nehondo yakapiwa naChris Alexander Alexander weTeononic on Lake Peipsi musi waApril 5, Zvechokwadi, kubata kwemauto, kukanda uye nguva yehondo idzi mbiri hazvigoneki. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu ehondo mbiri akafanana nechimwe chinhu: maGermany akaedza kuputsa nepakati nharaunda yehondo yevaRussia, asi akaodzvinyirirwa nezviito zvinokuvadza zvezvikwata.

Kana, kunyange zvakadaro, iri pragmatic kuedza kutaura kuti yakasiyana neyeKursk Bulge ndeyekuti, chidimbu chichave chakadai: chisati chavapo kare (kare uye shure) kushanda-tactical simba mukati me1 km kubva mberi.

Kusarudzwa kwehondo

Izvo zvinotyisa zveBlack Army mushure meHondo yeStalingrad kubva munaNovember 1942 kusvikira munaMarch 1943 zvakaratidzwa nekukundwa kwemazana makumi maviri emakamuri emuvengi, akakandwa kubva kuNorth Caucasus, Don, uye Volga. Asi kuburikidza nekurasikirwa kwakatambudzwa nechepakati pedu kusvika pakutanga kwegore ra1943, mberi kwave kwakadzika. Pamapu ehondo iri pakati pepamberi neVaGermany, kune uto reHitlerite, pakanga paine dhoo, iyo mauto akapa zita reKurskaya Duga. Iko 1943 Zuva rakabudisa ruzivo mberi: hakuna munhu akanga achifambira mberi, kumativi ose maviri akaunganidza simba zvakasimba kuti adzokere zvakare chirongwa ichi.

Kugadzirira kweFascist Germany

Mushure mokunge Stalingrad yakundwa, Hitler akazivisa kuunganidza, semubairo wekuti Wehrmacht yakakura, kupfuura kudarika kurasikirwa kwakatambura. "Pasi pfuti" yaive yevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 9,5 (kusanganisira 2.3 mamiriyoni evanotsigira). 75% yevarwi vehondo yakakwana (vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 5,3) vakanga vari mberi kweSoviet-German.

VaFührer vaida kubvisa chinangwa chehondo muhondo. Kutendeuka, mumaonero ake, kwaifanira kuitika zvakananga kune chikamu chepamberi apo Kurskaya Duga iripo. Kuti iite chirongwa, we Wehrmacht mahofisi makuru akavandudza chirongwa che "Citadel". Chirongwa ichi chaifungidzira kuvekwa kwekurova kuKursk (kubva kuchamhembe - kubva muruwa rweOrel, kubva kumaodzanyemba - kubva kuguta reBelgorod). Nenzira iyi mauto e Voronezh neCentral Fronts akapinda mu "cauldron".

Pasi pemubatiro uyu, makumi mashanu mapoka akaiswa pazvikamu zvepamberi. 16 tangi uye motorized, mamiriyoni 0,9 akasarudzwa, mauto akazara; 2,7 mazana matangi; 2,5 zviuru zve ndege; Zviuru gumi zvidhinha nemapfuti.

Muboka iri, kuchinja kune zvombo zvitsva zvaiitwa zvikuru: Panther uye Tiger matangi, Ferdinand akarova pfuti.

Nzvimbo yechirevo cheSoviet

Paunenge uchigadzira mauto eSoviet muhondo, zvakakosha kubhadhara tarenda yehutungamiri hweMutevedzeri Mukuru weGurukota G. Zhukov. Vose pamwe chete nemukuru weGeneral Staff, AM Vasilevsky, akaudza Mutungamiri Mukuru wepamusoro Joseph Stalin kufungidzira kuti Kursk Duga yaizove iyo nzvimbo huru yekurwisana yemberi, uye akafanotaurawo kuti simba rekukunda boka rinokurudzira.

Pamberi pekutanga, vaFascist vaipikisa Voronezh (mutungamiriri-General Vatutin NF) uye Central Central (mutungamiriri-General Rokossovsky KK) anokwana mamiriyoni 1,34. Pamauto avo paive nevane zviuru makumi masere nezvitatu zvepfuti uye pfuti; 3,4 zviuru zvitanhatu; 2,5 zviuru zve ndege. (Sezvatinoona, zvakanakisa zvaiva pamativi avo). Pachivande kubva kune muvengi shure kwezvakanyorwa pamativi acho pane nzvimbo yakachengeterwa Steppe front (mutungamiriri IS Konev). Yakanga yakaita tangi, mhirizhonga uye mauto mashomanana ehondo pamwe chete, akawedzererwa nedzimba dzakasiyana.

Kudzora uye kuwirirana kwemabasa ekugadzirisa uku kwakagadzirwa pachavo naGK Zhukov naAm Vasilevsky.

Tactical hurongwa hwehondo

Pfungwa yaMarshal Zhukov yakafunga kuti hondo yeKursk Duga yaizova nezvikamu zviviri. Yokutanga inodzivirira, yechipiri - inonyangadza.

Bridgehead yakadzika-yakadzika (makiromita 300 akadzika) yakanga yakagadzirirwa. Yakareba urefu hwemasango ayo yaive yakaenzana nechekure "Moscow - Vladivostok". Yakagadzirira 8 mitsara ine simba yekudzivirira. Chinangwa chekuzvidzivirira kwakadai ndechokuderedza muvengi zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore sezvinobvira pakufambira mberi. Muchipiri, chikamu chinonyadzisa chehondo, maitiro maviri anonyadzisa akarongwa. Kutanga: Kushanda Kutuzov nechinangwa chokubvisa boka re fascist uye kusunungura guta reOrel. Wechipiri: "Gavhuna weRumyantsev" yekuparadzwa kweboka reBelgorod-Kharkov revavengi.

Nokudaro, nechinangwa chaicho cheRed Army, hondo yeKursk Doug yakaitwa kubva kuSoviet side "kubva kuzvidziviriro". Pamabasa anonyadzisa, semakadzidzisi anodzidzisa, zvakatora kaviri kusvika katatu nhamba yevarwi yaidiwa.

Artillery shelling

Zvakaitika kuti nguva yekutanga kwemauto eFascist yakazozivikanwa mberi. Pakati peusiku wevaJappen vanotsvaga vakatanga kushambadza mumigodhi yemigodhi. Soviet front-line intelligence yakarwisana navo uye yakatora vasungwa. Kubva "mumitauro" yakazozivikanwa nguva yezvinonyangadza: 3-00 05/07/1943.

Mhinduro yacho yaishanda uye yakakwana: Muna 2-20 kubva 05/05/1943, Marshal Rokossovsky KK (mutungamiri weCentral Front), nekutenderwa naSevere Supreme Commander-mukuru-Chief GK Zhukov, kuburitsa kwakasimba kwepamberi kwakaitwa nemauto emberi. Ichi chaiva chigadziro mune mazano ekurwa. Vavengi vacho vakaparadza mazana zana eKyyushas, mazana matanhatu pfuti, uye zvitatu 460. Kune vaFascists, izvi zvakange zvakashamisa zvakakwana, ivo vakatambura kurasikirwa.

Iko chete muna 4-30, kuungana, vakakwanisa kubata mauto avo ekugadzirira, uye pa5-30 kuenda kune chinonyangadza. Hondo yeKursk Dug yakatanga.

Kutanga kwehondo

Zvechokwadi, havasi vose vaigona kutarisa vatungamiriri vedu. Kunyanya, General Staff uye Stavka vaitarisira kutyiswa kukuru kwevaNazi kumaodzanyemba kwekutungamira, kuguta reOrel (rakadzivirirwa neCentral Front, mutungamiri mukuru aiva General Vatutin NF). Muzvokwadi, zvisinei, hondo yeKursk Dug kubva kurutivi rwemauto eGermany yakasimudzirwa mberi Voronezh Front, kubva kuchamhembe. Bhittoni mbiri dzematangi akaremara, matanho masere akaparadzana, kupatsanurwa kwezvombo zvepfuti, chimwe chikwata chakaendeswa kune mauto eGenerat Vatutin Nikolai Fedorovich. Muchikamu chekutanga chehondo, nzvimbo yekutanga inopisa yaiva musha weCherkasskoe (zvirokwazvo akadzima pasi pepasi), uko maviri maSoviet mazana akaparadzanisa mberi kwemachishanu masangano emasikati panguva iyoyo.

Mazano eGermany anonyangadza

Iyi Hondo Yakaisvonaka inokudzwa muhutu hwemasoja. Kursk Duga yakaratidza zvakazara kupikisana pakati pezvirongwa zviviri. Chii chakaita sechiGermany chakaipa? Pamberi pekurwiswa, midziyo yakaremara yakasununguka: 15-20 Tiger matangi uye kuzvipira pfuti Ferdinand. Shure kwazvo kwakatevedzerwa kubva kuma makumi mashanu kusvika kumazana emasikirini emapanethi ePantera, akafambidzana nevana. Vakadzoka shure, vakaungana uye vakadzokorora kurwisa. Kurwisa kwakafanana nemasvingo egungwa aitevera.

Tichazotevera mazano emunyori wenhau dzakazivikanwa anozivikanwa, Marshal weSoviet Union, Purofesa Zakharov Matvey Vasilievich, hatingafungi zvidziviriro zvedu zvegore ra1943, tichataura zvakananga.

Tinofanirwa kutaura nezvemaGerman maitiro ekuitisa tangi kurwisana. IKursk Duga (inofanirwa kubvumidzwa) yakaratidza unyanzvi hweColonel General German Goth, iye "zvishongo", kana munhu aigona kutaura zvakadaro pamusoro pematangi, akaunza hondo yake yechina muhondo. Uyezve, Hondo yedu yechina ine matani 237, yakagadzirwa nemapuranga (35.4 maundi pa1 km), pasi pemurairo weGeneral Kirill Semenovich Moskalenko yakanga iri kuruboshwe, i.e. Kwete kubasa. Kurwisana NeGener General Goth, 6th Guards Army (mutungamiri IM Chistyakov) aiva nehupfu hwemakiromita 1 - 24.4 ane matangi 135. Kunyanya kuHondo Yechitanhatu, kure nekuva nesimba kwazvo, ndiyo yekurwa kweAuto ye "Army" "South", yakarayirwa nemudzidzi ane ruzivo rwakanyanya we Wehrmacht, Erich von Manstein. (Sezvineiwo, murume uyu aiva mumwe wevashomanana vaigara vachikakavara pamusoro pesarudzo uye mazano neAdolf Hitler, ayo chaizvoizvo, muna 1944, akange asara mujeri).

The tangi hondo pedyo neProkhorovka

Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma iye zvino, kuitira kuti kuve nokugadzirisa kubudirira, Red Army yakapinda muhondo maitiro ekuchengetedza: 5 Guards Tank Army (mutungamiriri weR Rotmistrov PA) uye 5 Guards Army (Mutungamiriri weHondo Zhadov AS)

Iko kunogona kuurayiwa kwebhokisi neuto reSoviet tank riri pedyo neguta reProkhorovka raimbofungidzirwa neGermany General Staff. Nokudaro, kutungamirirwa kwechirongwa ne "Dead Head" uye "Leibstandart" kukamukana kwakashandurwa kusvika 90 ⁰ - nokuda kwekukwikwidza neuto reGeneral Rotmistrov Pavel Alekseevich.

Matangi paKursk Bulge: kubva kumaodzanyemba kweGermany, motokari dzehondo 700 dzakapinda muhondo, kubva kwatiri - 850. Mufananidzo wakazonaka uye unotyisa. Sezvo vezviitiko vachiyeuka, kurira kwaiva kwakadai zvokuti ropa rakabuda kubva munzeve. Shoot at-point-blank range, kubva kune iyo shongwe yakaputirwa. Kuenda kune muvengi kubva kumashure, akaedza kupisa pamatangi, kubva ipapo matangi akatungidza mwenje. MaTankmen ainge akaita sekuti muhupfeko - achiri mupenyu, zvaive zvakakodzera kurwisana. Kudzoka, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuvanza.

The Red Army muhondo yeProkhorovka, kuratidza heroism, yakatambura kurasikirwa kukuru, panzvimbo yeGermany. Matanho 18 ne29 tank body akaparadzwa ne makumi manomwe kubva muzana.

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pekurasikirwa kwemiganhu muHondo yeKursk, Voronezh, Steppe neCentral Fronts vakarasikirwa ne177,8 zviuru zvevanhu, avo vanopfuura makumi manomwe vakaurawa. Voronezh mberi yakave "yakasvibiswa" pakuzara zvakakwana. Maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, maGermany akarasikirwa zvishoma ne20% zvekurashikirwa kwedu.

Chikamu chechipiri chekushanda

Yakaderedzwa nemakiromita 35 uye yakatambura kurasikirwa kukuru, maGermany akaziva kuti havazokwanisi kuchengeta bridgehead, uye musi wa16.07.1943 vakatanga kunonoka mauto. Voronezh uye Steppe fronts vakatamira mune chimwe chinhu chakashata uye vakavakazve mberi. The General Staff neGeneral Headquarters (tinofanira kubhadhara mutero kune) zvakananga kubata "nguva yezvokwadi" uye kuisa zvigadziri muzviito.

Zvisingatarisirwi kune veGermany, iyo "yakatsva" Bryansk Front musi wa 08/03/1943 yakatangwa mune chinonyadzisa chakasimbiswa kubva kumativi nemaoko eSteppe neCentral Fronts. 05.08.1943 mushure mekurwa kwakasindimara, Bryansk Front yakasunungurwa muOrel, uye muSteppe, Belgorod. Kuitwa kweKursk Duga kwakapedzerwa musi waAugust 23, 1943, nekusunungurwa kweKharkov. Mepu yehondo iyi inosanganisira nzvimbo yekudzivirira (05-23.07.1943); Orel opera ("Kutuzov") 12.07-18.08.1943; Belgorod-Kharkov operation ("General of the Rumyantsev") 03-23.08.1943.

Mhedziso

Mushure mokukunda kweBlack Army pamusoro pe Wehrmacht muHondo yeKursk, chirongwa chekugadzirira chakazopfuurira kuRed Army. Nokudaro, hondo iyi inonzi kushanduka muHurumende yePamatritic War.

Zvechokwadi, zvakanga zvisina musoro kurwisa muvengi muchikamu chekutanga chekushanda (kana mukuzvidzivirira takatambura kurasikirwa kwekashanu kusvika kune mashanu, chero chii chavakanga vari mune chinotyisa?!). Panguva imwecheteyo, mauto eSoviet akaratidza hunyengeri chaiyo muhondo iyi. Vanhu zviuru makumi matatu vakapiwa mirairo nemitambo, uye 180 vavo vakapiwa zita guru reHero yeSoviet Union.

Nhasi, zuva rekuguma kwayo - August 23 - rinosangana gore negore nevagari venyika seZuva reRussia rukudzo rwehondo .