Hussite Wars: zvikonzero zvakatungamirira kutanga kwavo

Chikamu chokutanga chezana remakore gumi namashanu muBohemia (nhasi Czech Republic) chinoratidzwa nekurwisana kwenguva refu kwevanhu veCzech vachirwisana neChechi yeRoma Katurike, kudzvinyirirwa kwevanhu nekutonga kweGermany. Izwi rokuti "Hussite hondo" rinoshandiswa mukutsanangura mhirizhonga yakawanda yakaitika pakati pemakore 1419 ne1434. Vazhinji veCzech vanhu veBohemia vakaumbwa kuva simba guru rehondo, iro rakanga riri mumatongerwo enyika akaparidzirwa naPapa. Kurwisana kwakaguma muna 1434, apo boka rinonongedza remitraquist rakakunda chikamu chikuru cheTaborites, uyo aifanira kuzviisa pasi pesimba raMambo weBohemia nechechi, asi pamamiriro ezvinhu kuti akabvumirwa kuita tsika dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dzechitendero.

Pakutanga, mutungamiriri wekereke-sangano rehurumende aive mupfungwa uye muprista Jan Hus, uyo aipikisa Chechi yeKaturike, ane shungu dzakasimba dzekuzvidza upfumi hwayo uye kujekesa kukanganisa kwevafundisi. Mharidzo dzake muchitendero cheBhetrehema muPrague aitungamirira mutauro weCzech, zvinonzwisisika kune vanhuwo zvavo. Mafungiro aHuss, ayo maonero ehurumende akatungamirirwa nezvinyorwa zvemuvandudzi uye akafanotangira kupurotesitendi, John Wycliffe, haana kufarira Chechi.

PaYunivhesiti yePrague muna 1410, nharo yakarongeka, chikonzero chacho chaiva kupisa kwaWycliffe zvakanyorwa. Gus nevamwe vadzidzisi vakakumbira kuna Papa, vachiedza kuratidza kuti vanhu vasina zivo chete ndivo vanogona kupisa svesa uye mafilosofi. Asi chigumisiro chaiva naKus's excommunication, uye chikamu chaakaenda chakashanduka kubva yunivhesiti kusvika kuvanhu uye zvechitendero.

Muna 1415, maererano nesarudzo yeConstance Cathedral, Gus, akapomerwa mhosva yeupanduki, akatongerwa rufu uye akapiswa padanda. Kuuraya kwake kwakagumbura chikwata chekupikisa kwevateveri vake, izvo zvakaguma neHussite hondo. Kurwisana naMambo Sigismund, uyo akakurudzira Papa kuti ataure neConstall muConstanta, dutu rekupomerwa rakamuka, kutsamwa kwakaratidzwa nekurwiswa kwevapristi vechihedheni.

Chinenge chichibva pakutanga chaipo sangano rakapatsanurwa kuva maviri mazano makuru - kuenzanisa uye kukanganisa. Nguva pfupi asati afa, Gus akagamuchira Dzidziso yeUtraquists (kana Calistinction-Chashniki), avo vaizviona sevaKaturike, asi vakatsigira kudanidzira kwekuvandudzwa, chinhu chakakosha pane icho chaiva chokuti vatendi vose vanofanira kunyanya kudya chingwa newaini (sub utraque specie - pasi pese Species), uye kwete chete vafundisi. Yakanga yakawanda zvikuru yevatengesi veguta uye vashoma vakuru.

Pakati pe1419 na1420, apo "Hussite hondo" dzakanga dzatotanga kufamba, vatungamiri vesangano vakaedza kuvanzisana pachivande naMambo Sigismund, asi vakaramba kuita chimwe chinhu, uye izvi zvakaita kuti vanhu vanotsigira kupesana kwehondo. Mamwe mafungiro ekutsvaga, kuramba chero mhando ye simba (zvenyika, chechitendero), vaizivikanwa seTaborites (mukukudza kweguta reTabor, rakatangwa navo muna 1420, iro raive riri ravo guru). Iri boka rakagadzirwa zvikurukuru nevarimi uye vashandi.

Hondo dzeHussite dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwekuti panguva yekukakavadzana kwakagadzirirwa zvombo zvinoshandiswa nemaoko (pischalniki) zvakashandiswa zvikuru.

Yokutanga kudzivirirwa kwePrague kwakaitika musi waJuly 30, 1419. Varombo muPrague, vachitungamirirwa naJan Zhelivsky, muprista weChechi yeMhandara Mary weChris, vakayambuka mumigwagwa yeguta vachienda kuDhorobha yeNew-mesto, nechishuwo chikuru - kugoverana kwevose nechingwa newaini. Mumwe munhu kubva pahwindo rehofisi meyare akakanda ibwe muchikepe. Vanhu vakatsamwira vakaputika muimba uye, pavakabuda muimba yacho, vakarasa kunze kwehwindo vanomwe varosi vezvikomo, kusanganisira meya uye mutongi. Mambo weCzech ainzi Vaclav IV akashamiswa zvikuru nechiito ichi chokuti, sezvavanotaura, akatambura chirwere chakakonzera rufu rwake musi waAugust 16, 1419.

Nyika yacho yakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri ehondo - maKaturike, ayo aitsigira vafundisi, madzishe makuru emasimba, vaGermany patrician, uye vaHussite. Sigismund, mushure mekufa kweWenceslas asina mwana, akaita chirevo cheCzech korona. Akanga ari mutsigiri wakasimba weChechi yeRoma, mubatsiri waPapa Martin V, uyo akabudisa nzombe musi waMarch 17, 1420, achizivisa machechi "kuparadza vose vanyengeri muBohemia." Icho chaisanganisira kwete vaGermany nePoland chete makambani, asiwo vanofamba-famba vanobva kumativi ose eEurope, vachikwezva netariro dzekubata.