Tafura yeZvikwi muTsarist Russia. Tafura yeZvikwata zveRussia Federation

Dhawero YeZvondo dzeTsarist Russia (1722-1917) mutemo pamusoro pekuita basa rehurumende muRussia Republic uye neRussia Empire, iyo inoratidzawo chiyero chehutungamiri hwemhando dzakasiyana uye kuenzaniswa kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoitika.

Yakagamuchirwa naPeter I munaJanuary 1722 uye yakaguma kusvika munaNovember 1917 nekuchinja kukuru. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinotungamirirwa nehurumende dzeCossack uye White, kushanda kwayo kwakachengetedzwa kusvikira muna Gumiguru 1922. Iyo "Tafura Yematunhu" eRussia Federation haipo.

Nhoroondo yezvisikwa

Tsar Petro akashanda nesimba mukusika nekugadzirisa kwemurairo uyu, unobva pakweretwa kubva pakurongwa rwemazana ehurumende yePrussian, French, Danish uye Swedish. Peter, iye pachake akachinja purogiramu yepurogiramu, akaisayina muna 1721, asi asati atumira bhuku akaraira kuti ataure mutemo uyu kuti uonekwe neSeneti.

Zviri mukati me "tafura yemapoka" eTsarist Russia, kunze kweSeneti, yakaonekwawo muAdmiralty ne Military Colleges, umo maitaura akataurwa pamusoro pekuenzanisa mahedheni, mubhadharo wemari, uye kuiswa kwemaRussia ekare mumakadhi evhumo uye Kugadziriswa kwechimwe chinhu pamaripo yekugara pachigaro chaive chakakwirira kudarika chikamu chakafanana muchechi. Zvose izvi zvinyorwa zvacho, zvisinei, zvakasara pasina kufungisisa zvakare mumutemo "Table of Ranks" (Empire reRussia). Nhengo dzeSenate Bruce naGolovkin, pamwe naDmitriev-Mamonov naMatyushkin, Major-General, vakabatanidzwa mukunyora shanduro yekupedzisira.

"Tafura Yemakata": Akashumira sei State muTsarist Russia

Musi waJanuary 24, 1722, iyo tsar yakagamuchira chikwangwani. Mitsara yose yakange yava kugoverwa mumhando mitatu inotevera: vehurumende, veuto nehondo. Vaivawo vakabatanidzwa mune zvidzidzo 14 zvakasiyana.

I "Tafura Yemakakatanwa" muTsarist Russia yaiva nenzvimbo makumi maviri nemaviri, asi dzimwe dzakazobviswa, uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 dzakanyangarika zvachose.

Vakuru vanogara nhaka

Bhuku rechi14 (fendrik, uye gare gare, kubva muna 1730, mureza) rakapa munhu kodzero yekuzvarwa nhaka, iyo iyo yehurumende yakawanikwa paakawana girasi rechisere (chikwata chevadzidzi vekudzidzira), uye rechi14 (kureva, munyori wechikoro) Chete pavakakurumbira vevatakuri vake.

Vakuru veManfesto, iyo yakabudiswa musi waJune 11, 1845, yakawanikwa pamwe chete nehuwandu hwema 8 fomu (iyo yakanga yakaenzana nehutungamiri hwepamusoro). Akazvarwa pamberi pemadzitateguru avo akaagamuchira, vana vaimirira chikamu chakanaka. Vakatumidzwa kuti ober-officer vana. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumwe wavo aigona kugamuchira vazukuru vedzinza pakukumbira kwababa vake.

Kuchinja kwakaitika gare gare mu "Table of Ranks"

Muna December 1856, Alexander II akachera chirevo chake kune kodzero yekugamuchira nheyo yemukuru wechiremera nehuwandu hweColonel (iyi ndiyo mafomu 6), uye mubasa rehurumende - kirasi yechina.

Sezvaunogona kuona, shanduro yepakutanga, iyo yaiva ne "Tafura yeVanhu" muTsarist Russia, yakashandurwa semugumisiro wekuvandudzwa kwemakore anenge mazana maviri. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi dzakagadziriswa hurumende, zvisinei nemabasa chaiwo evamiririri vavo.

Akabvisa mazita

Semuenzaniso, mazita okuti "vadzidzisi vevadzidzi", "mutungamiri wehurumende", "mutungamiri wenyika", "mutungamiri wehurumende", "mutungamiri wehurumende", akatanga kutaura chirevo icho boka remakurukota rakagadzira neshoko rakasarudzwa uye rekufunga, munyori webhodhi, uyewo mutungamiriri we "state" collegium. Sachigaro wedare rainzi "kunze kwechipangamazano". Muna 1726, matare ataurwa pamusoro apa akazobviswa, uye zita rechigaro rakagara kusvikira 1917.

"Dhawero Remazana" muTsarist Russia rakapa mukana wevanhu vane ruzivo, vamiririri vezvikamu zvepasi, kuti vaende mberi, kusanganisira kuwana vakuru.

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasangano

Vakuru vacho vakapatsanurwa kuva vabati-vashandi, vakuru vakuru (kusvika kune giredhi 9, kureva, chiremera chekupa mazano avo / mutungamiri mukuru) uye vakuru vakuru . Kunyanya kusiyaniswa kwaiva mazita emakirasi maviri okutanga (vakuru vakuru). Vaifanirwa kuva nemishonga yavo pachavo: nokuti mahofisi ari kutarisira, "kukudzwa kwenyu", vashandi vehurumende vaifanira kunzi "kukudzwa kwenyu," vakuru vakuru vaiva "kukudzwa kwako," uye vamiririri vezvikamu zviviri zvokutanga vaiva "kukudzwa kwako."

Vadzidzi vekirasi yekirasi yechishanu (State Counselor / foreman) vakamira voga, kwete kuverengera kune vakuru kana kuti mapurisa, vaifanira kufungidzira zvinotevera: "Ukuru Hwenyu".

Chines, kunyange zvazvo isina kuparadzaniswa zvakananga, yakapiwa kuvanhu chete. Madzimai akapinda muchengeti wakaenzana nevarume vavo, uye vasikana vasati varoora vaifungidzirwa sezvikamu zvishoma pasi pemadzibaba avo. Uyewo, mutemo wakatangwa maererano nekupihwa chirango chakanga chaiswa panzvimbo dzinoda uye chinoremekedzwa pamusoro pepamusoro pamisangano yepamutemo uye mhemberero dzepaguru, iyo yakanga yakaenzana nemari yemwedzi miviri yemunhu uyu, iyo 2/3 yemari yaifanira kugamuchirwa nemhosva. Chirango chimwechete chakapiwa chibvumirano kune munhu wepamusoro-soro yenzvimbo yake. Livery, crew, nzira yehupenyu - zvose zvinofanira kuva maererano nehuwandu hunotorwa.

Kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri vehondo nePeter I

Petro I, kusimbisa mune zvose zvaidiwa neuto remauto, haana kuda kugadzirisa vanhu vari mubasa rehurumende mazana akaenzana ekirasi yokutanga. Asi, kubvuma kukunyengetedza kweOsterman, yakaenzana kubva pakufungisisa kwekukudzwa kwebvumirano nzvimbo yeChancellor (mutungamiriri weimwe dhipatimendi rezvematongerwo enyika) kwaari.

Chikamu chemupiki wepachivande weklasi yekutanga yakasimbiswa chete pashure. Kuda kwaPeter kwakaratidzwa zvakare mukuti kana vakuru vakagadzirirwa muuto nechechi yegorosi ye14, ipapo mubasa rehurumende - chete nechepamusoro wevadzidzi vekudzidzira (gorosi 8, mukuru wevarindi-vashandi). Kubva muna 1856 nokuda kweizvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuwana nzvimbo yevakuru, ndiko kuti, kuva mutevedzeri wemazano enyika.

Chiratidzo munyaya iyi ichinewo nzvimbo yakaderera (kwete kunyange inzvimbo yakawanda) iyo mutungamiri wesangano re "nyika", kureva, mushumiri, maererano neEuropean concepts, aiva.

Gare gare, vashumiri vakagamuchira zvikwata zvemupi wezano wepachivande uye chaiyo chaiye mupi wepachivande.

Kufurira kune vanokudzwa uye munzanga

Nekuiswa kwemurairo uyu, mazana ekare (okolnichi, boyars) haana kubviswa zvachose, asi kubvira panguva iyoyo kusarudzwa kwavo kwakaguma. "Tafura yeZvikwata" yakave nemasimba makuru pamagumo evanhu vekudenga, pamwe chete nepamutemo. Chero hutano hwemunhu hunova ndiye chete mutongi wepamusoro pemaitiro. Kusununguka, "kukudzwa kwababa" kwakarasikirwa nechinangwa mune izvi. Ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha chinyorwa chebhuku rakadai sa "Table of Ranks" muTsarist Russia.

Kubva muruvazhe uye hurumende yakaparadzaniswa neuto. Kuwana kwevakuru kuburikidza nechikomborero cheMambo, kubudirira kwega pachake kwakanyorerwa. Izvi zvakakonzera, kazhinji, kudzvinyirira kwevanhu vakuru, kusimbiswa kwehutano hwehutano hwavo, pamwe nekuparadzanisa kwechikoro ichi mumapoka mitsva - munhu wega uye wekwavo.

Nzvimbo yekirasi yakaderera mubasa rechiuto (kirasi ye14, fendrik, uye gare gare, kubva muna 1730 - mureza) yakabva yatumirwa kodzero yekuwana vazukuru kumarudzi ose. Gare gare, Manifesto ya1845, akapiwa gorosi 8 chete, uye mubasa rehurumende - ye5.