Zolotnik - chiyero chekurema mumazuva ekare

Nekuchinjwa kwevanhu vose vanofambira mberi kuenda kuhutachiona hweSIC, maitiro akawanda ekare eSlavonic ekuyera uye kureba akazopera zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakati pavo, spool iyi chiyero chekurema, chakashandiswa zvakashandiswa kubvira pakutanga kwegumi nemasere uye kusvika pamakumi matatu emakore zana remakumi maviri.

Zolotnik - chii icho?

Zolotnikom mumakore ekare anonzi chiyero chemazana, anoshandiswa kutsanangura kuyerwa kwesimbi (kazhinji kendarama nesirivha). Maererano ne gramu yakashandiswa mazuva ano, imwe spool yakayera 4,3 gramu kana 1/96 yepaundi (Russian).

Nhoroondo yechitarisiko chechiyero chinorema chinonzi slide valve

Nhasi, masayendisiti haagoni kutaura zvakanyatsojeka, apo iyo iyo iyo iyo zita rekuyera kwechiyero sezvinonzi spool yakabva. Zvichida zita iri rakabva panguva dzeKivan Rus. Saka zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva yePrince Vladimir the Great (X yezana remakore), rimwe remari duku duku yegoridhe rainzi "zlatnik".

Zvichida, gare gare mari iyi yakatanga kushandiswa kushingaira semureru kana kuenzanisa michina yakaitwa nemidziyo inokosha. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muzita remari iyo yakawana zita rayo rokuti "spool" - chiyero chekuyera, chinoshandiswa kuziva huwandu hwechigadzirwa kubva kune tsvina yakaisvonaka.

Kutanga kutaurwa kwokutanga kwehuporo sechiyero chekuyera kwakadzokera kumashure kwezana remakore rechi13. Mune rimwe remabhuku ake ebhizinesi, Prince Mstislav anobva kuSmolensk anoshandisa shoko rokuti "spool" kwete sezita remari, asi sechiyero chekuyera. Zvichida, yakanga iri panguva iyoyo, nekubatsirwa kwezviputi, kuti chiyero chesimbi yakakosha yakayerwa mune imwe mari yesimbi kana chimwe chikamu chegoridhe nesirivha.

Nokufamba kwemazuva, kufarirwa kwe spool sechiyero chekuyera kwakapararira. Uye kubva muna 1711 spool yakagamuchira chimiro chechiremera chepamusoro chekurema kwete kwete chete yegoridhe nesirivha, asiwo yeimwe yemidziyo inokosha uye yakashandiswa kusvikira 1927.

Panewo imwe nzira yekuona kuti shoko rokuti "spool" rinobva kune zita resimbi yendarama. Zvisinei, izvi hazvigoneki, sezvo slide yegoridhe yakashandiswawo kuyera kuyerwa kweplatinum uye sirivha.

Chiyero chechiremera ichi chakakonzera kuonekwa kwezvinonzi spooling system samples, iyo yakanga yapararira muRussia Empire.

Zolotnikovaya system of samples

Iyi sarudzo yemasikirwo yakaita kuti zvive nyore kugona kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvesimbi mualloy, pamwe nenhamba yavo. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuedza kwesimbi yakakosha (kuchena kwayo) kwakabatsira kuziva iyo spool. Ichi chiyero chekurema chakakonzera pakuumbwa kwechinhu chegoridhe spool , pamwe chete ne spool yesirivha.

Saka goridhe rakachena risina kusviba (ikozvino kuongorora 999) rakaonekwa sesimbi yakakosha yakaenzana negoridhe 96. Izvi zvaireva kuti kana iyo yakagadziriswa yesimbi yakatorwa se 100%, iyo yose inenge 100% yegoridhe. Zvisinei, mu-slide control system, nhamba yakawanda yakanga isiri 100%, asi mapeji 96 esimbi yakakosha. Uye dai dzose dzadzo dzaive ndarama - tsvina yakanga yakachena uye yaiva nemuenzaniso we 96 (zvino 999).

Chechina chiduku chekudzivirira chepolori chaiva 56 (ikozvino 585), nokuti mukati mawo zvikamu 56 chete zvegoridhe, nezvimwe - zvinogadziriswa zveimwe simbi. Pakazara mumazuva ekare kwakanga kune zvitanhatu zvendarama.

Nhasi, vane nhanho yevashandi vezvishongo zvegoridhe zvekugadzirisa kwekutanga kwekugadzirisa zvinhu vanogona kuona kuongorora kwemazuva iwayo pavari. Kuti uishandurire muhurongwa hwemazuva ano uye udzidze simbi yakachena yechigadzirwa, unogona kushandisa maitiro akareruka: A / 96 * 1000 = B. Muchiitiko ichi A is a test slide, uye B ndeyemazuva ano.

Chiyero chekunatswa kwechirivha mumapepu chakanga chisati chakasiyana zvikuru nendarama. Zvisinei, pakutanga panga pane zvimwe zvidzidzo zvesimbi iyi - yakawanda seyepfumbamwe (kubva kune 72 kusvika ku95). Ichokwadi, pamagumo eEXIX vainge vakaderedzwa kusvika mana (kubvira 84 kusvika ku95).

Kungofanana negoridhe, sirivha yakatsinhaniswa inobatsira kuverenga nhamba yezvikamu zveiyo simbi mumakamuri 96. Mazuva ano, shanduro yegoridhe yekutanga yegoridhe inogona kuendeswa kune imwe yemazuva ano inoshandisa nzira imwechete segoridhe.

Chiyero che spool kune zvimwe zviyero zvekurema mumazuva ekare

Valium - chikamu: 1/96.

Pud is spool: 1/3840.

Roti-spool: 1/3.

Pound - spool: 1/96.

Zolotnik uye zviyero zvemazuva ano zvekurema

Mukuenzanisa nemazuva ano masero, imwe slide inenge inenge 4.3 gm (SI system).

Maererano neBritish system yemakemikari mapirisa, uremu hwehumwe hurasi inenge 0.01143 troy pounds kana 0.14 troy ounce.

Nezvekuyera kwemaitiro muUnited States, imwe spool inenge 0.151 ounces kana 0.01 US pounds.

"Zvidhori zviduku, hongu zvinodhura" uye mamwe mazwi pamusoro pechiyero ichi chekuyera

Ichi chiyero chekurema chaive chakakurumbira nemadzitateguru, kazhinji pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvaro zvakanyorwa. Somuenzaniso, apo vaida kuratidza chinhu chiduku, asi chaikosha, vakashandisa chirevo ichi chinozivikanwa kune vose kubva paudiki.

Uyewo pane zvishoma zvayo zvakafanana: "Small spool, hongu inorema".

Icho chimwe chirevo chakafanana, chakatsaurirwa kune zvinhu zviduku asi zvinokosha. Akanyatsoratidza zvakajeka mutemo: kwete hukuru hunokosha, asi kukosha.

Kurondedzera kukosha kwehutano kumunhu, akashandisa shoko iri:

Uye zvakananga spool sechiyero chekureruka chinopiwa kune chirevo chinotevera:

Nhasi, golide yegoridhe yakange isina nguva yakareba kuti ione kuchena kwemuenzaniso wegoridhe kana sirivha. Chiyero chechiyero ichi chave chikamu chenhoroondo. Zvisinei, shoko iro pacharo ikozvino rinoshandiswa zvakasimba mukutaura, kunyange zvazvo rine zvarinoreva zvishoma. Iye zvino shoko rokuti "spool" rava zita remashoko-distributor, asi iyi inyaya yakasiyana zvachose.