Murevereri wenyika uye nhengo yake muhupenyu hwehupfumi hwe1861

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, Umambo hweRussia hwakave nehuwandu hwekuchinja huri nechinangwa chekuchinja hutsika uye zvematongerwe enyika maererano nezvinodiwa nenguva, imwe yei ndiyo yekugumisa serfdom uye nzvimbo yakagadziriswa yeiyi - murevereri wenyika.

Mubvunzo wenyika iri pasi peAlexander I

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rino, Russia yakasvika nehupfumi hwakanyanya kuderera uye zvekurima, kukundwa muHondo yeCrimea kwakanyanya kuwedzera zviito zvose zvisina kunaka zveRussia chaiye. Kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina, boka revanhu rakaramba richisimudza mubvunzo wekubviswa kwevhavha. Aleksandro wekutanga aiva pakutanga akaregererwa uye aidawo kuita chisarudzo ichi. Uyezve, mushure mokukunda kwatakaita munyika yedu muHondo yePatriotic yeChina nekushambadzira kune dzimwe nyika, mafungiro ekuvandudza mafungiro akawedzera kwete chete pakati pevanzwisisi, asiwo pakati pevarimi ivo pachavo, pamwe chete nevatongi vanogara vachitsika. Alexander Pavlovich ainyatsoziva zvose izvi, asi akanga asingakurumidze kuita zvigadziriswa, uye mushure mokutaura kwakasiyana-siyana kwezvematongerwe enyika mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope akazoramba zvachose chero kuchinja kwemaonero evarimi. Murairo pamusoro pe "varimi vakasununguka" uye kusunungurwa kubva mukuderera kwevanhu veBaltic, avo vakanga vashoma kwazvo, zvose zviyero zvakatorwa kuti kuderedze mamiriro evarimi.

Pfungwa yekuona kwaNicholas I Pavlovich

Mutori wenhaka kumambo, mukoma muduku Nikolai, mumhuri aizivikanwa seine chivimbo chakasimba, Decembrist aipikisa muna 1825 zvakamukurudzira zvakare mune izvi. Kunyangwe mushure mekutsvaga kwake, mambo iyeye pachake akabatanidzwa mukubvunzurudzwa kwevadzivisi, uye pamberi pake chifananidzo chose chinonyadzisa chechokwadi cheRussia chakanga chiri pachena. Nikolai Pavlovich akabvumirana neshoko rokuti serfdom kuRussia yakaipa, asi akafunga chimwe chinhu chakaipa zvikuru pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mukutonga kwake, aidiwa namambo, Count Arakcheev, akanyora basa rekudzikinurwa kwevanhu vekugarisa, avo vanoda zvido zvemabhiriyoni mamiriyoni mashanu pagore, uye nzira yacho pachayo yakawedzerwa munguva yekusingaperi. Kunyange iyi iri purojekiti yakakonzera kukanganisa kusununguka kubva kumagariro ehurumende. Gurukota rezveMari, Count Kankrin, akati hapana mari yakadaro mumari, saka iwe unoda kutarisa imwe nzira yekubuda nayo, imwe imwe hafu-miedzo yakagumawo pasina. Nicholas I, nokuda kwekutonga kwake kwenguva refu, haana kuita chinhu chinopedzisa kuguma kwevagari vekumbe. Zvichakadai, hupfumi hwakaramba huchikura nekukurumidza, izvo zvakaratidzwa mune zvimwe zviitiko.

Kuchinja kubva ku "vakafa centre"

Muna 1856, mwanakomana wedangwe waNicholas, Alexander II, akatora chigaro. Akanga atova munhu akaumbwa uye unhu hwake, zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kukosha kuti Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, munyori wenhetembo, uyo akabata maonero ehurukuro uye akaedza kuvapa kune mudzidzi wake, aiva mudzidzisi wegari wenhaka. Kubva pamazuva okutanga ekutonga Alexander Nikolaevich akazivisa chinangwa chokugumisa chiitiko chinokuvadza uye chinonyadzisa - serfdom. Izvo zvose zvakatanga nehurukuro yavose pamusoro pekuvandudzwa, izvo zvakazvipa chiratidzo chekuvhara uye kusakwanisa. Pakanga pane maitiro akawanda ekuvandudza pasi rose. Muna 1859, Komisheni Yekugadzirisa yakasikwa, iyo yaifanira kuongorora nekubatanidza mapurojekiti ose, kubudirira mugumisiro unogamuchirwa kune vatenzi venyika uye varimi. Basa racho raiva pakati pekupesana kwakanyanya, asi tsar haana kukakavara pamusoro pematambudziko ndokusimbisa oga. Pakutanga kwa1861, matanho ose ekugadzirira akanga apera, uye musi waFebruary 19, Manifesto pakubviswa kwevhafdom yakaziviswa , mamiriro emuranda wevarimi akawira, asi nokuda kwekushandurwa kwaifanira kuumba mizhinji mitumbi nemapurisa mitsva avo vaizocherechedza kushanda kwayo. Nokudaro inoratidzika pasi pekutungamira hukama - mutongi wenyika.

"Rusununguko"

I "Manifesto yeManifesto ya1861" yakarondedzera basa guru revanhu ava sekunyora kwehukama pakati pemwene weimba uye varimi maererano nesungano yakaitwa pakati pavo, inonzi "charter charter". Uyezve, vatongi venyika ndivo vanhu vane unyanzvi hunosanganisira kutarisirwa pamusoro pehurumende-yehurumende yemaruwa, kugamuchirwa kwevakasarudzwa (vashandi vakuru, mukuru weparidzi). Kana zvichidikanwa, murevereri we rugare anogona kuvabvisa pahofisi. Nezvevashambadziri, akapiwa simba rekutonga nemapurisa, akaongorora mhirizhonga dzakasiyana-siyana, aigona kusunga nekugadza chirango chemunhu. Nzvimbo iyi, iyo yakashanda murevereri mumwe, yakafukidzwa kubva kune matatu kusvika ku5 volosts. Muumambo hwose maiva ne1714 vevakuru ava. Vakasarudzwa kubva pakati pevakakurumbira venzvimbo dzakapiwa pachinangwa chegavhuna uye mutungamiri wevanokudzwa. Kumusoro kwakanga kune urongwa hwemabasa ayo murevereri wenyika ari kugadzirisa, 1861 ndiyo yakabudirira zvikuru, vazhinji vakagadzwa pakati pevaridzi veminda vanofambira mberi, pakati pavo vaiva L.N. Tolstoy, N.I. Pies. Sezvo nguva yezviitiko ichienderera mberi, zvinyorwa zvinopiwa kune mumwe murevereri zvinoderera gore negore.

Migumisiro yekuvandudzwa

Zvisinei, vanhu ava vakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukushandiswa kwekuvandudzwa. Izvo zvaiva kuvonga kwavari kuti imwe sarudzo yevagari vemunyika yakasara, kunyange zvazvo yaipesana, asi izvi hazvina kuwana unhu hwakanaka. Uye chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokugadzira rugwaro rwakarurama rwepamutemo, runofanana nehutano hwemativi ose maviri epepa, iyo yaiva gwaro. Vatongi venyika vakaedza kuita kuti varimi vose uye muridzi weimba vagadzirire kusunungurwa kwechitsva nokukurumidza, uyewo kuitira kuti mamiriro emhosva kwenguva pfupi evarimi aisawedzerwa nguva refu. Mabasa evakuru ava akaregwa muna 1874, uye mukuchinjana mabato maviri akazvimirira akaumbwa. Zvisinei, vakanga vasingafariri zvido zvevagari vemunyika uye pasina nguva vakava chikamu chemakamuri makuru ehurumende yeRussia. Asi chinhu chikuru chakaitwa: varimi vanowana rusununguko, uye vanyori venyika vari chiratidzo chekusununguka kune varimi.