Kubvumirana kweFinland kuenda kuRussia: muchidimbu

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina, chiitiko chakaitika chakakonzera kuguma kwevanhu vose vaigara munharaunda iri pedo nemhenderekedzo yeGungwa reBaltic uye kwemazana emakore pasi pekutonga kweSweden madzimambo. Ichi chiitiko chechiitiko chaiva kuendeswa kweFinland kusvika kuRussia, nhoroondo yeiyo yakagadzira nheyo yenyaya ino.

Gwaro rakazova mugumisiro wehondo yeRusso-Swedish

Musi waSeptember 17, 1809, pamahombekombe eGulf of Finland muguta reFriedrichsham, Emperor Alexander I naMambo Gustav IV veSweden vakasaina chibvumirano, iyo yakaguma yakaitwa neFinland kuRussia. Iri gwaro raive chikonzero chekukunda kwemauto eRussia, achitsigirwa neFrance neDenmark mumagumo ekupedzisira kwenguva yakareba yeRussia -Sweden hondo.

Kuendeswa kweFinland kusvika kuRussia pasi peAlexandro 1 kwakapindura kubvunzwa kweBorghorn Seim, gungano rekutanga renzvimbo yevanhu vaigara muFinland, kune hurumende yeRussia nechikumbiro chokugamuchira nyika yavo seRussia Grand Duchy yeFinland, uye kugumisa kubatana.

Vazhinji vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti ndiwo maitiro akanaka aMambo Alexander I kune iri nyika yose ichaita kuti kukurudzirwa kuumbwa kweFinnish national state, iyo vanhu vayo vakange vambove vakanyatsodzorwa neSweden elite. Nokudaro, hazvizove kuwedzererwa kutaura kuti iRussia iyo Finland inokwereta kugadzirwa kwenyaya yayo.

Finland sechikamu cheMambo weSweden

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nyika yeFinland, inogarwa nemadzinza emari nemari, haina kumbobvira yakamirira hurumende yakazvimiririra. Mumazuva ekutanga kubva ku X kusvikira pakutanga kwezana remakore reXIV raive raNovygorod, asi muna 1323 rakakundwa neSweden uye kwemazana emakore akapfuura pasi pekutonga kwayo.

Maererano nesungano yakasayirwa mugore rimwechete, Finland yakava chikamu cheMambo weSweden pamusoro pekodzero yekuzvidzivirira, uye kubva muna 1581 yakagamuchira nzvimbo yakagadzirika yeGreat Duchy yeFinland. Zvisinei, muzvokwadi, vagari varo vakaiswa pasi nekusarurwa kwakakomba, zvose zviri pamutemo uye zvekutonga. Pasinei nekuti Finns yaiva nekodzero yekupa vamiririri vayo kumaparamende eSweden, nhamba yavo yakanga isinganyanyi kukosha zvokuti havana kubvumira chero chinhu chakakosha pamhinduro yezvino. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu akaenderera mberi kusvikira muna 1700 imwe hondo yeRussia neSweden yakatanga.

Finland inotarirwa kuRussia: kutanga kwegadziriro

Munguva yeNorth War, zviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru zvakaitika munharaunda yeFinnish. Muna 1710, mauto aPeter I, mushure mekukomba kwakabudirira, akatora guta rakakomberedzwa zvikuru reViborg ndokudaro akadzivirira kupinda kwavo kuGungwa reBaltic. Kukunda kwakatevera kwemauto eRussia, kwakakunda makore mana gare gare muHondo yeNapouz, yakabvumidzwa kusunungura zvinenge zvose Grand Duchy weFinland kubva kuSweden.

Izvi hazvikwanisi kutaridzirwa sekusvika kwekuzara kweFinland kusvika kuRussia, sezvo chikamu chikuru chayo chakasara muSweden, asi iyo nzira yakatanga. Akange asingagoni kumiswa kunyange nekuedza kwakatevera kwekutsiva nekuda kwekukundwa kwakaitwa nevaSweden muna 1741 uye 1788, asi nguva mbiri dzakanga dzisingabudiriri.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pamamiriro echibvumirano cheNystadt, icho chakazadzisa neNorthern War uye chakapedzwa muna 1721, nharaunda dzeEstland, Livonia, Ingria, nezvimwe zviwi zveBaltic Sea zvakatamira kuRussia. Mukuwedzera, chimiro cheumambo hwaisanganisira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero Karelia uye guta rechipiri guru reFinland - Vyborg.

Yakava nzvimbo yekutungamira yehurumende-yakasimuka yeVivborg, iyo yakaiswa mujeri reSt. Petersburg. Maererano nerunyorwa urwu, Russia inofunga kuti inoshanda kune dzimwe nyika dzeFinland dzakanga dzadzokera kwairi kuchengetedza kodzero dzekare dzaivepo uye vagari vemamwe mapoka evanhu. Izvo zvakapawo nekuchengetedzwa kwezvose zvaimbova zvitendero zvekutenda, kusanganisira rusununguko rwevanhu kuti vazive kutenda kweevhangeri, kushanda kwekunamatira mabasa, uye kudzidziswa mune zvidzidzo zvezvidzidzo zvechitendero.

Chikamu chinotevera chekuwedzera kwekumadokero kwemiganhu

Munguva yekutonga kwaMakadzi Elizabeth Petrovna muna 1741 hondo itsva yeRussia neSweden yakatanga. Iyo yakavawo imwe yezvikamu zvekugadzirisa, iyo mhedzisiro inenge inenge makumi manomwe emakore gare gare, yakava yekufambisa kweFinland kuRussia.

Nenguva pfupi, migumisiro yaro inogona kuderedzwa kuva nhanho mbiri huru - kutorwa kwenharaunda huru yeGreat Duchy yeFinland, pasi pekutonga kweSweden, izvo zvakabvumira mauto eRussia kufambira mberi kusvika kuUleaborg, pamwe nehuwandu hwemashoko makuru. Mariri musi waMarch 18, 1742, Mukadzikadzi Elizabeth Petrovna akazivisa kusanangurwa kwenharaunda yose yehurumende yega, yakakundwa kubva kuSweden.

Uyezve, gore rakatevera mune guru guru rekufambisa kweFinland - guta raAng - hurumende yeRussia rakagumisa chibvumirano nevamiriri veSweden kurutivi maererano nezvose zveSouth-Eastern Finland zvakabatanidzwa mukuumbwa kweRussia. Yakanga iri nzvimbo huru kwazvo, kusanganisira maguta eVilmanstrand, Friedrichsgam, Neyshlot ine nhare yayo ine simba, pamwe neKymenegorskaya neSavolakskaya. Somugumisiro, muganhu weRussia wakatamira mberi kubva kuSt. Petersburg, zvichidaro zvichideredza dambudziko rekuSweden kurwisa guta reRussia.

Muna 1744, nharaunda dzose dzaive chikamu cheMambo weRussia pachishandiswa chibvumirano chakasayirwa muguta reAng, dzakabatanidzwa kune dunhu raimbova rakagadzirwa naVivborg, uye pamwe chete naro rakagadzira vaVigborern vatsva. Panharaunda yaro kwakasimbiswa mauto: Serdobol, Vilmannstrand, Friedrichsgam, Neishlot, Keksgolmsky uye Vyborg. Mune chimiro ichi, chirongwa ichi chaivepo kusvikira pakuguma kwezana remakore gumi nemasere, shure kwaizvozvo rakashandurwa kuva vicegerency nehuwandu hwehurumende.

Finland inosvika kuRussia: kubatana kunobatsira zvose zvinotaura

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina, nyika yeFinland, iyo yaiva chikamu cheSweden, inomiririra nyika inenge isati yashandurwa. Vagari varo munguva iyoyo havana kupfuura 800 000 vanhu, avo chete 5,5% vaigara mumaguta. Kune varimi vakanga vari vashandi venyika, pakanga pane kudzvinyirirwa kaviri kubva kune rumwe rutivi rweSweden madzishe madzishe uye kubva kune avo pachavo. Izvi nenzira dzakawanda zvakaderedza kusimbiswa kwetsika yenyika, uye kuzviziva.

Kubatana kweFinland kusvika kuRussia hakuna mubvunzo kunobatsira zvose zvinotaura. Alexander I akakwanisa, nokudaro, kuti awedzere kupfuurira muganhu kubva kumuzinda wake - St. Petersburg, iyo isina zvishoma yakaita kuti kusimbiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwayo.

IFinnns, iyo iri pasi pekutonga kweRussia, yakawana rusununguko rukuru mumatare edzimhosva uye emukuru. Zvisinei, chiitiko ichi chakatangira kune imwe, ye11, uye yekupedzisira munhoroondo yehondo Russo-Swedish, yakatanga muna 1808 pakati pematunhu maviri.

Hondo yekupedzisira pakati peRussia neSweden

Sezvo inozivikanwa kubva mumabhuku ezvinyorwa, hondo yeUbusiso yeSweden yakanga isina chikamu cheAlexandro I's plans uye yakanga yakangoita basa rekumanikidzirwa kune chikamu chake, mugumisiro waro waiva kuwedzera kweFinland kuRussia. Ichokwadi ndechokuti, maererano neChipatano cheTilsit, chakasinwa muna 1807 pakati peRussia neNapoleonic France, mutongi akazvipa pachake basa rekunyengetedza Sweden neDenmark kusvika kune rimwe nyika rakadzivirirwa kurwisa muvengi panguva iyoyo, England.

Kudai pakanga pasina matambudziko neveDanes, chiSweden King Gustav IV chakaramba zvachose chirevo chakaiswa pamberi pake. Sezvo ndapedza simba rose rekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwaidiwa nemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika, Alexander I akamanikidzwa kuenda kuhondo yekumanikidza.

Pakutanga kwemauto yakava pachena kuti, nezvose zvayo kuzvikudza, mambo weSweden akanga asingakwanise kuisa pachena mauto eRussia nehondo yakakwana yakakwanisa kuchengetedza ndima yeFinland, umo maitiro makuru ehondo akaiswa. Somugumisiro wezvakaipa zvakatengeswa nenzira nhatu, vaRussia vakabva vadzokera kuMvura yeKaliksjoki mushure memwedzi uye vakamanikidza Gustav IV kuti vatange nhaurirano pakugumisa rugare pamamiriro ezvinhu akataurwa neRussia.

Iri zita idzva reMambo weRussia

Somugumisiro wesungano yorugare yeFriedrichsham - pasi pezita iri chibvumirano chakasinwa munaSeptember 1809 chakazozivikanwa, Alexander I akazozivikanwa seMukuru Duke weFinland. Maererano neiyo gwaro, mambo weRussia akaedza kutsigira zvakakwana kushandiswa kwemitemo yakagamuchirwa neFinnish Sejm uye yakagamuchirwa.

Iri chirevo chechibvumirano chakakosha zvikuru, sezvaakapa mambo wekutonga weSeimas, ndokumuita iye chaizvoizvo mutungamiriri webazi rezvemitemo. Mushure mokunge Finland yakanyongedzwa kuRussia (mugore ra1808), yakange iine kubvumirwa kweSt. Petersburg kuti yakabvumirwa kutumira Sejm uye kuunza kuchinja mumutemo waivapo panguva iyoyo.

Kubva kumutemo wekutonga kwemadzimambo kuenda ku absolutism

Kubatana kweFinland kusvika kuRussia, iyo zuva rayo rinopindirana nezuva rekuziviswa kwetsarist manifesto yaMarch 20, 1808, yakaendeswa nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Tichifunga kuti Russia yakamanikidzwa, maererano nesungano, kupa Finns zvakawanda zvezvavakakundikana kuita kubva kuhurumende yeSweden (kodzero yekuzvidavirira, pamwe chete nehupfumi hwezvematongerwe enyika), zvinetso zvakakura zvakasimuka pamugwagwa uyu.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kare kare Grand Grandchch yeFinland yaiva chikamu cheSweden, kureva, chehurumende yaiva nehurongwa hwehurongwa, zvikamu zvekuparadzanisa kwemasimba, boka rekumiririra muparamende uye, kunyanya kukosha, kusakosha kwemajeri evanhu vemaruwa. Iye zvino kuFinland kutengesa kuRussia kwakaiita chikamu chenyika inotungamirirwa neumambo hwakakwana, iyo iyo iyo izwi rokuti "mutemo" yakamutsa hasha kune avo vanochengetedza vanhu vevanhu, uye chero kuchinja kunofambira mberi kwakasangana nekudzivisa kuswedera.

Kugadzwa kweKomisheni yeFinland Affairs

Tinofanira kubhadhara mutero kuna Alexander I, uyo akakwanisa kutarisisa zvakanyanya panyaya iyi, uye akatungamira komisheni, iyo iyo yakasimbisa rusununguko rwake rusununguko kugadzirisa zvinetso zviripo - Count M. M. Speransky, akakurumbira pamabasa ake okuchinja.

Pashure pokunge adzidza zvakadzama zvinhu zvose zvehupenyu hweFinland, the Earl akarayira kuti Tsar iise mutemo wekuzvidzivirira maererano nesangano rehurumende, kuchengetedza tsika dzose dzomunharaunda. Akatorawo murayiridzo webasa rekutumwa uku, izvo zvakagadziriswa izvo zvakagadzira hwaro hwekusarudzwa kwemazuva ano kweFinland.

Kubatana kweFinland yeRussia (gore ra188) uye kurongeka kwehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika mukati maro kwaive nemigumisiro yezvisarudzo zvakatorwa neBorghorn Seim, nekubatanidzwa kwevamiriri vehutano hwemagariro evanhu. Mushure mekusvitsa uye kusayina rugwaro rwakakodzana naro, nhengo dzeSeimas dzakavimbisa kutendeseka kumambo weRussia uye nyika iri pasi pehutongi hwavakapinda nemaune.

Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti, achikwira kuchigaro choumambo, vese vamiririri veChishanu yeRomanov vakabudisawo ma manifestos avo vakavimbisa kuti Finland inowanikwa kuRussia. Mufananidzo wekutanga wavo, wakagarwa naAlexandro I, unoiswa munyaya yedu.

Mushure mokunge vasvika kuRussia muna 1808, nharaunda yeFinland yakange yakawedzerwa nekuda kwekuendeswa kumasimba ayo eViborg (aimbova Finland). Mitauro yenyika panguva iyoyo yaiva yeSweden, iyo yakava yakawanda nekuda kwezvakaitika zvekuitika kwenyika, uye Finnish, iyo yakataurwa nevanhu vayo vemunharaunda.

Sangano reArmed Soviet-Finnish

Migumisiro yekufambisa kweFinland kuRussia yakaratidza kuva yakanakisisa zvikuru pakuvandudzika kwayo nekuumbwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Kuvonga izvi kwemakore anopfuura zana, kwakanga kusina kupesana kukuru pakati pematunhu maviri. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti munguva yose yekutonga kweRussia maFinnns, kusiyana nemaPoles, havana kumutsa kumutsa uye havana kuedza kubva kunze kwekutonga kwemuvakidzani wavo ane simba.

Mufananidzo wacho wakachinja zvikuru muna 1917, mushure mokunge Bolshevik, inotungamirirwa naV VI Lenin, yakapa rusununguko kuFinland. Sezvo vakagamuchira chiito chekufarirwa nekusatenda kwemavara uye vachibatsirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma muRussia, veFinnns muna 1918 vakatanga hondo uye, sezvo vaitora chikamu chekumadokero cha Karelia kusvika kuRwizi rwaSestra, vakapfuurira kuPechenga mharaunda, vachitora chikamu cheRybachy nePakati peninsula.

Kutanga kwakadaro kwakabudirira kwakaita hurumende yeFinnish kuhondo itsva yehondo, uye muna 1921 vakapinda mumiganhu yeRussia, vachironga zvirongwa zvekusikwa kwe "Great Finland". Zvisinei, nguva ino kubudirira kwavo kwakanga kusinganyanyi kuzvininipisa. Hondo yekupedzisira yakagadziriswa pakati pevavakidzani vaviri vokuchamhembe - Soviet Union neFinland - ndiyo hondo yakatanga muchando cha1939-1940.

Iyewo haana kuunza kukunda kuFinnns. Somugumisiro wekushanda kwemauto kunotangira kubva pakupera kweNovember kusvika pakati peMarch, uye chibvumirano cherugare chakazova chokupedzisira chekukonana uku, Finland yakarasika inenge 12% yenharaunda yayo, kusanganisira yechipiri guta guru reVivborg. Mukuwedzera, zvinopfuura 450 zviuru zveFinns dzakarasikirwa nemisha yavo uye dzimba, dzakamanikidzwa kuti dzibudiswe kubva mberi kwenzira inland.

Mhedziso

Pasinei nokuti iyo yeSoviet yakaratidza kutanga kwemakakatanwa eFinnns, achitaura nezvezvakaitwa kuti yakaita zvombo zvehondo, mhirizhonga yepasi rose yakapomera sangano reStalin rekusunungura hondo. Somugumisiro, muna December 1939, Soviet Union semhirizhonga yakadzingwa kubva mu League of Nations. Iyi hondo yakaita kuti vakawanda vakanganwe zvinhu zvose zvakanaka izvo Finland zvakambounza nayo kuRussia.

Zuva reRussia, zvinosuruvarisa, harina kupembererwa muFinland. Pane kudaro, Finns inopemberera zuva rekuzvimirira musi waDecember 6 gore rega roga, tichiyeuka kuti muna 1917 hurumende yeBolshevik yakavapa mukana wekubva kuRussia uye ichienderera mberi pachavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, haisi kunyanyisa kutaura kuti Finland, nemhaka yezvairipo iye zvino kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, inobhadharwa nehutano hwekuti munguva dzakambo dzeRussia dzave dzakagadzirirwa pakugadzirisa kwayo uye kuwanikwa kwayo pachayo.