Chikwata cheScottish William Wallace: biography. Nhoroondo Yakafukidzika yeKumukira

Chikwata cheScotland William Wallace ndiye gamba renyika munyika yake. Akava mutungamiri wekumuka pamusoro pekutonga kweChirungu, chakaitika mu XIII yezana. Kufanana nezvose zvakabatana neMiddle Ages, chokwadi chehupenyu hwake chinongova chidimbu, kunyanya izvo zvine chokuita nemakore ekutanga, paakanga asati achiri kuzivikanwa.

Kubva

William Wallace akaberekwa munenge muna 1270. Akanga ari mwanakomana wechipiri mumhuri yediki-inozivikanwa uye shoma-inozivikanwa. Sezvo William akanga asiri iye mukuru, mazita akadarika. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kumudzivisa kusaziva kutonga kwemunondo uye zvimwe zvombo, pasina izvo zvakanga zvakaoma kufungidzira upenyu hwemunhu. Apo paaiva nemakore gumi nemaviri aive nenguva yekuziva ramangwana rake, izvo zvisingafanoonekwi zvakaitika.

Mamiriro ezvinhu munyika

Mambo weScotland Alexander III akafa nekuda kwedambudziko rakaipisisa. Akanga asina vanakomana vanogona kutora mutemo chigaro. Asi pakanga pane mwanasikana ane makore mana Margaret. Naiye akatungamirirwa nere regents kubva pakati pevakuru veScotland. Muvakidzani wekumaodzanyemba - Mambo weEngland Edward I-akasarudza kushandisa zvakadai mamiriro ezvinhu ndokubvumirana kuti musikana aizoroora mwanakomana wake. Chibvumirano chakaitwa kwenguva. Zvisinei, muduku Margaret akafa nechirwere ichi ava nemakore masere. Izvi zvakakonzera kukakavara mukati memunyika. Vakawanda vamachinda eEcotland vakataura nezvekuda kwavo kuti vane simba.

Vamwe vavo vakashandura Edward kuti vatonge avo vane kodzero dzakawanda dzechigaro. Akapa murume wake - Balliola. Zvakaonekwa kwaari kuti chibvumirano chaizomuteerera uye, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chaizotungamirira hondo yake kubatsira British muhondo yekurwisana neFrance. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuitika. Edward akacherechedza ichi sechisimba uye akasarudza kushandisa mukana wekuisa pasi peScotland yose kwaari oga. Kana iri kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kwenyika akakwanisa kudzorera kurongeka, mapurisa ekuchamhembe akapandukira.

Kutanga mukurumbira

Pakati pevapanduki aiva muduku William Wallace. Pakutanga akanga ari musoja chaiwo. Pane imwe nguva iyo yakatorwa neChirungu, iyo yakamukandira mujeri. Zvisinei, varimi vekuScotland vaipfeka zvinhu kwaari uye vakamubatsira kutiza. Ipapo William Wallace akaunganidza sangano rake rekusimbisa, uyo akabudirira kupamba uye akauraya vatorwa vanovengwa.

Kune mukuru wechidiki mukuru wemauto izvi yaiva nyaya yehutano, sezvo vaBritain vakauraya baba vake. William, pamwe neboka rake revarume makumi matatu, akaona pasi ane mhosva ane ruzivo ndokumisa kuurayiwa pamusoro pake. Misha yeScotland yakanzwa makuhwa pamusoro pevanhu vanotsiva. Vanhu vazhinji havana kufadzwa nekupindira. Chaizvoizvo, vakanga vari vagari vomunharaunda vakaneta nokupambwa uye kusaruramisira. Yaiva gore ra1297. Panguva imwecheteyo, Wallace akatanga kutaurwa mune zvinyorwa zvakatendeseka zvinyorwa zvevanyori vekare.

Vatsigiri vatsva

Nenguva isipi sangano rakanaka rakava rakanaka kune vekudenga, vamwe vavo vaipikisana neChirungu munhau dzeScots. Mutungamiri wekutanga uyo akapinda muhukama nevapanduki aiva William Hardy, uyo ane zita raIshe Douglas. Kuti agadzire mupanduki, Edward akatuma Robert Bruce kuchamhembe .

Yaiva Ishe Annandale, pakutanga akavimbika kuna mambo weChirungu. Chikonzero chechiitiko ichi chaiva chokuti Robert ndiye aipikisa Balliol, uyo Edward akanga aranga nekupinda kwake munyika yakapoteredza. Asi panguva apo Bruce akanga ari oga achipikisa musangano wevaparidzi, akasarudza kubatana nevapanduki.

Hondo yeSterling Bridge

Hurumende yeBritain yakanga isingagoni kubvumira kusamuka kwekumuka. Nguva ino kuenda kumaodzanyemba yakaenda hondo zviuru gumi zveCountrey Surrey John de Varennes, iyo yakaenda kuna William Wallace. Nhoroondo yekumuka yakanamatira muyeri: kana mutungamiri akakundwa, vaBritish vaizove vangave kumucheto kusingagoni kuzvidzivirira.

Vanhu veScots vaingova nevana chete, iyo, zvakare, zvakare, yakanga iri yakaderera muhuwandu kune muvengi. Wallace akapa murairo wekutora nzvimbo panzvimbo yepamusoro makomo pamberi pe bhiriji kubva kuimba yeSterling. Iyi chete nzira yakanga yakanyanyisa, uye pairi yakanga isingakwanisi kukwanisa vanhu vashomanana mune imwe mutsara. Nokudaro, apo maBritish akatanga kuyambuka rwizi, kumhenderekedzo yakatarisana maiva nemauto mashomanana kubva pakati pe-avant-garde. Ndiye iye airwiswa nevasikana vaine zvombo zviduku uye vanomira mamita akawanda akareba. Chimbo chekupedzisira chakanyatsoshanda kuburikidza nehondo dzakasimba asi dzakadzika zvishoma dze Count. Apo vaBritain vakaedza kukurumidza kupfuura kwebhiriji kuti vabatsire shamwari dzake, akadonha, uye pamwe naye chikamu chikuru cheuto chakaonekwa murwizi. Mushure meiyi fiasco, hondo yamambo yakatiza. Zvisinei, kunyange mauto aya aisagona, nokuti shure kwavo kwaiva nenyota ine mvura, iyo yavakagadzirirwa. Nemhaka yeizvi, zvakasara zveuto zvakava nyore kutora maScots. Mumwe wevatongi vakuru veChirungu, Hugh Cressingham, akaurayiwa. Pane nharo yokuti akabvarura ganda rake, iro rakaenda kune tsandanyama pamunondo waWilliam Wallace.

Asi kunyange pakati peScots pane kurasikirwa kukuru. Chokutanga, anenge mamiriyoni evarwi akafa, kuti kubatana kwakabatana asi kuduku kwaive kwakakomba. Chechipiri, mumwe wevatungamiri nevatungamiri vevatsigiri, Andrew de Morrey, uyo aiva shamwari yaWilliam akatendeka, akawira.

Mushure mekukunda kweSterling Bridge, vaBrithani vakabva nechese yeScotland yose. Vashandi vomunyika vakasarudza William re regent, kana kuti mutariri wenyika. Zvisinei, vazhinji vavo vakabata mhirizhonga yepamusoro nekusatenda uye vakaenda pakuonekwa kwayo bedzi pasi pemhirizhonga yevanhu vanozivikanwa, zvisinei, vanzwira tsitsi vose Wallace. Pakufamba kwekubudirira, akatotambudza nechekuchamhembe kweEngland, kwaakaparadza zviduku.

Kukoka kwa Edward

Zvisinei, izvi zvaingova kubudirira kwenguva pfupi. Kusvikira panguva ino, chikwata chaipikisana naWallace chakanga chisingataurirwi zvakananga naEngland I, uyo akazviparadzanisa kubva mukurwisana asi achingoita nenyaya dzeFrance. Asi mugore idzva ra1298 akadzoka zvakare kuScotland nemasimba matsva. Panguva ino muuto maiva nezana remazana ehondo yevarwi vemabhiza, vane ruzivo rwakakura rwekurwa, kusanganisira muFrance.

Vapanduki vakanga vasina zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvakanzwisiswa naWilliam Wallace. Scotland yakanga yakaneta pamucheto wezvaikwanisa. Vose varume vakakodzera kurwisana vainge vagara vachibva kumataundi emisha nemisha kuti vadzivirire Baba. Kurwisana kwakananga pamusoro pehondo huru yeumambo kwakafanana nerufu.

Saka Wallace akasarudza kushandisa zvitsva zvinopisa nyika. Chinangwa chayo chaive mukuti Scots vakanga vachibva kumaodzanyemba, asi vasati vapedza zvachose zvivako zvekuvaka-minda, migwagwa, zvokudya, mvura, etc. Izvi zvakaoma dambudziko racho zvakanyanya sezvingabvira kuBritain, sezvo vaifanira kudzinga vavengi murenje rakaparadzwa.

Hondo yeFalkirk

Apo Edward akanga atofunga kuti yava nguva yekubva kuScotland, umo maive zvakaoma kubata vasikana, akadzidza pamusoro penzvimbo chaiyo yaWallace. Akanga amire pedyo neguta reFalkirk. Paiva nehondo.

Kuti vadzivirire mauto kubva pamabhiza ehondo, Sir William Wallace akakomberedza mhirizhonga nechepadheta, munguva dzakasimuka dzaive dzakagadzirwa nemiseve paigadzirira. Zvisinei, hondo yake yakatambudzwa zvikuru nekutengeswa kwevamwe vakuru, avo panguva yekupedzisira vakatendeukira kune rumwe rutivi rweBritish, vachitora mauto avo. Hondo yamambo yaiva kaviri kuScotland (zviuru gumi nezvishanu pakurwisana nemazana manomwe). Nokudaro, kukunda kweBritish kwaiva kunonzwisisika.

Makore Okupedzisira uye Kuurawa

Pasinei nokukundwa, zvikamu zveScots zvakakwanisa kudzoka. Pakati pavo paive William Wallace. Izvo zvinyorwa zvemutungamiriri wacho zvakashata zvakashata. Akasarudza kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva kuna mambo weFrance, kwaakabva, aimbobvisa masimba ehurumende uye achivatumira kuna Robert Bruce (mune ramangwana iye achava mambo weEcoscow oga oga).

Zvisinei, nhaurirano haina kuguma nezvose. William akadzokera kumusha, uko mune imwe yezvidzidzo zvakatorwa neBritish. Akaurayiwa musi waAugust 23, 1305. Nzira iyi ndiyo yakanyanya kunyanya kufanana: panguva imwe chete, kurembera, kupopotedzana nekuzvidzivirira kwakashandiswa. Pasinei neizvi, mhare yakashinga yakaramba iri muchiyeuchidzo chevanhu segamba renyika.