Industrial revolution. Zviratidzo zvekushandura kwemabhizimusi muU.S. neRussia

Iko kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi, iyo yakatanga muEngland mumazuva ekupedzisira kwezana remakore rechi18 uye yakabva yabata nyika dzakabudirira (muzana remakore rechi19), yakanga yatsiva maitiro ekugadzirwa nemichina, kuchinja kune imwe fekitari kubva kune zvakagadzirwa. Nzira dzekutungamira dzevanhu munharaunda ndevashandi uye bourgeoisie. Chikonzero chekugadzirwa kwefekitari uye fekitari yakagadzirwa nemichina.

Industrial revolution yakawedzera. Muchikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi19, kupandukira shure kweEngland kwakagamuchira United States. Zvadaro kwakauya kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi muEurope. Uye kune chikamu chekumabvazuva kwekushandura kwemabhizimisi hachina kuguma.

Kutanga kwekushandura kwemaindasitiri kwakakonzera kushandiswa kwemichina. Zvadaro, mhizha yemichina yakatanga kuvhara mamwe matavi ekugadzira. Iyi nguva yakarongedzwa neunyanzvi hwokugadzira, kusanganisira lathe, mutsara wekucheka, itsva yekutakura (motokari yekutengesa uye steamer), marudzi ekukurukurirana (redhiyo, telegraph, foni).

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi19, kushanduka kwemabhizimisi kwakapfuurira kune imwe nhanho yekuvandudza. Munguva iyi, injini yejini inopisa inogadzirwa yakagadzirwa, piramufomu (chirekodhi uye chirwere chinounza), mafuta, chigadzirwa chemakemikari yakawanikwa. Vanhu vakatanga kushingaira kushandisa magetsi.

Industrial revolution yakaitika munzvimbo dzakanaka. Izvo zvakasikwa nedzidzo yeUnited States. Kupinza mashizha uye magetsi ekugadzira magumbo yakaonekwa muAmerica muna 1789. Mushure mokunge mushandi-mumiriri weEngland Pleiter akashonga mufananidzo wekugadzirwa, gore rakatevera mushizha wekutanga wekugadzirwa kwemafuta wakatanga kushanda muU.SA. Pakupera kwemakore makumi mashanu, kushandiswa kwekotoni mumabhizimisi eAmerica kwakakura kudarika makumi maviri nemaviri nguva.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti basa guru pane kuiswa kwemajini inowanikwa kubva pakutanga kwemazana makumi maviri ezana remakore rechi19. Kutaura kwakadaro kwenguva pfupi kwakabva nekuda kwekupararira kwejini injini, pakuenzanisa nemhepo, inodhura.

Kunyanya kukosha mukubudirira kwekushandura kwemaindasitiri muAmerica kwakabatanidzwa pakuvakwa kwezvitima. Pakazosvika 1830 na1850, motokari yezvitima yakawedzera kudarika zvishanu.

Kukura kwemabhizimisi ekuwedzera uye emabhizimisi emitambo yakawanda zvikuru nemhaka yemichina yekufambisa. Nokudaro, muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi19, kuwedzera kwezvakagadzirwa nehuni yesimbi zvakaratidzwa kaviri, uye kubviswa kwekona kwaive nezviuru zvuru.

Shanduro yemabhizimusi yakashandura US kuti ibudirire iyo inyanzvi yemhizha. Saka, muPennsylvania, New York, miti yakakura yekugadzirwa kwemajini yakagadzirwa.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mupiro mukuru mukusimudzirwa kwemabhizimusi muAmerica yakagadzirwa neunyanzvi hwokugadzira pfungwa (Colt, Singer, Morse). Nyika yacho yakanga ichiwana hurumende yemagetsi, iyo yakanga yakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekuda kwepurazi. Munguva yemakore makumi mana-makumi mashanu muAmerica, yakasikwa yakaisvonaka inogadzira michina, mbeu, mowers nemimwe midziyo.

Kwemakumi mashanu emakore muU.S., kukosha kwekutengeswa kwakawedzera 4-peta, uye kutengeswa kune 3.7. Zvisinei, pakati pezana remakore rechi19, michero yezvirimwa uye zvigadzirwa zvaive zvichiri kutora nzvimbo dzinotungamira kune dzimwe nyika.

MuRussia, hurongwa hwekushandura kwemaindasitiri hwakanga husingaenderani munharaunda uye munharaunda. Ichi chaiva chikonzero chekushanduka kwemazana emakore ekumazana kwenyika kubva kubasa rekushandisa kusvika pakugadzirwa kwemhando. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwakatanga muindasitiri yekotoni mumakumi matatu, ndokuguma mumetallurgy mumakore makumi masere.

Nenguva yekubviswa kweserofu, zvinodarika makumi matanhatu kubva muzana zvezvakabuda mumakambani ekutengesa zvakabudiswa nevashandi vanozvipira mune zvinyorwa uye zvigadzirwa.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, anenge mashizha zana ekugadzira zvemashini akavakwa, asi basa rekushandisa rakaenderera mberi richishandiswa mune metallurgy.