Treblinka (musasa wevasungwa): nhoroondo. Chirangaridzo muTrblinka

Treblinka - musasa wevasungwa pedyo neWarsaw (Poland), uko munguva kubva muna 1942 kusvika muna 1943, vaNazi vakaparadza nyika yevaJudha yenharaunda. Vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti vanenge mazana masere zviuru zvevanhu vakafa pano, uye vazhinji vavo vaJudha. Zvino pamusoro pezviitiko izvi zvinotyisa sechiyeuchidzo chokuyeuka avo vasina mhosva vakaurayiwa neHolocaust.

Vatongi vakaita nenzira yakachengetedzwa yakavanzika: pamwe nechepakati pamakiromita emakiromita kubva kumusasa, murindi akazarurirwa, iyo yakazarura moto kune vose vakaswedera pedyo nekuisa. Vashandi vezvitima uye mauto pamwe chete nemapurisa vakanga vasingabvumirwi kumusasa pamarwadzo ekufa. Uyezve, kunyange Luftwaffe ndege yakarambidzwa kubhururuka muzvibatanidza izvi.

VaJudha vokuPoland

Nyika yePoland ndiyo iyo mahedheni makuru evaJudha akange akazara. Pakuvamba kwebasa, maGermany akaverenga vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu. Pakati pavo pane masayendisiti akaisvonaka, vadzidzisi, vanyori - hapana munhu akazvidemba nemichina yeHitler.

Vamwe, vachinzwa dambudziko, vakatamira kunharaunda yeUSSR neBelarus munguva, vamwe vakabva vatizira kuVilnius. Nokudaro, pasi peDhipatimendi reFascists musi waSeptember 1, 1939 (musi wekupinda kwePoland), 2 mamiriyoni emaJudha akasara. Vose vavo vakaiswa pasi pe "chisarudzo chokupedzisira". Kubvira musi waSeptember 21, boka rekushanda rakanga riri kuunganidza, iro rakasarudza kugadzirisa kuchengetedza, apo vaJudha vanobva munzvimbo dzakapararira vachatarirwa.

Nokudaro, zvitatu zveghettos zvakasikwa munzvimbo yePoland - nzvimbo dzinokosha apo fascists inoisa vanhu vechiJudha. Upenyu mu ghetto nzara, zvirwere, kushaiwa uye kunyadziswa. Asi izvi hazvina kugadzirisa nyaya yekuparadzwa. Saka kune chirongwa chakasimba-icho chinonzi Reinhard operation, pamusoro apo nzvimbo dzekuparadza dzakasikwa, kusanganisira musasa wekutambudza weTrblinka. VaJudha vakatumwa pano kunyanya kubva kuGartoti yeWarsaw. Asi tichakurukura izvi zvakare.

Nhoroondo yezvisikwa

Ndeipi rakaita kuti Treblinka ivakwe? Musasa wevasungwa, ane nhoroondo yakasuruvara, inotanga kuvapo kubva muna 1942. Mutemo weReichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler musi waApril 17 wakatanga kuvaka kwekambi yekuparadza. Mhosva yakagadzwa Arpad Wiegand - Vachigaro weFascist gavhuna weWarsaw.

Mushure mokugadzirisa kunonoka kwemahofisi, kuvaka kwakavamba kumavira kwaMay, uye musi waJuly 22 wegore rimwechete musasa wekutambudza weTrblinka wakagamuchira varwi vekutanga veWarsaw. Pakutanga, varombo vakanga vasina kuparadzwa mumatambudziko akadaro, asi munguva pfupi, muna Gumiguru 1942, mushure mekuvakwa kwemamwe makamuri emagetsi uye chekudya, mhepo yekuparadza yakaipa yakawana simba rayo rose.

Treblinka (musasa wevasungwa) yakavapo kusvika muna 1943. Kutendeuka kwaiva kupesana kwevasungwa vemusasa wevasungwa, mushure mokunge nzvimbo iyi inotyisa yakasvibiswa.

Infrastructure

Nzvimbo iyi yakashanda sei? VaNazi vaigona sei kuparadza pane imwe nguva zviuru zvevanhu: vakadzi, vanhu vakwegura nevana? Nyaya dzemotokari makumi maviri, dzakazara navanhu, dzakabva dzaenda pakarepo pakuparadzwa mumakamuri emagetsi. Nenzira, d / f "Musasa wekutengesa" Treblinka "inorondedzera nguva idzi zvakanaka, zvichibvumira kupinda mukutya kwezviri kuitika.

Funga nezvekugadzirwa kweTrblinka. Saka, makiromita makumi matatu kubva kuWarsaw kumunda, makiromita mana kubva kumusha usingazivikanwi, kune nzvimbo apo vaJudha vePolish vakaunzwa kuti varangwe. Girazi huru ye 24 hectares yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemamita matatu emabhedha akavhara fence, iyo yakareba yakashandiswa. Mukuwedzera, pakanga paine matatu mamita tsanga - imwe nzira dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa. Nharaunda yacho pachayo yakanga iri mumhete kubva musango. Rimwe bazi rechitima rakasvika kumusasa, iyo yakaparadzwa.

Musasa wacho pachawo wakaparadzaniswa kuva maviri. Mukutanga (Treblinka 1), vasungwa vakanga vakanyanyisa, vachipa zvimwe zvivako zvekambani. Zvechokwadi, kune chikamu chikuru, iyo inonzi "musasa wevasungwa" yaiva nzvimbo yekufa kunononoka kwevarombo. Yechipiri - Treblinka 2 - yaisongerwa chete kuponda kwevaJudha. Munharaunda yaro paiva nemisasa yekusunungura, makamuri emagesi, crematoria nematongo okuviga. Mukuwedzera, pano akararama izvo zvinonzi Sonderkommando - vaJudha, vakasarudzwa kuti vashumire kuurayiwa. Penguva dzose, vakashandura ("vekare" Sonderkommands vakaurayiwa).

Treblinka, musasa wevasungwa wakashandira masero makumi matatu eSS, uyewo aisanganisira vekuUkraine nevasungwa vehondo vakange vayambukira kune muvengi. Mutungamiriri aiva Franz Stengel. Mushure mehondo, akatongerwa kuiswa mutorongo.

Anozivikanwa vasungwa: J. Korczak

Upenyu hwevanhu hwakawanda hwakatorwa neTrblinka. Kamu Yokumanikidzi yakashaya nyika yevanhu vakakurumbira. Ikoko mufundisi mukuru wePoland akafa, munyori webhuku "Ndinopa mwoyo wangu kuvana", Janusz Korczak. Vana vaive nehupenyu hwake hwose, uye apo vaNazi pavakava nesimba, Korczak vakachengetedza vadzidzi vake - vana kubva kuOrphans 'Home. Kutanga mughetto, uye zvakare muTrblinka.

Vaida kumuponesa, kumubvisa kunze kweghetto, uye pane imwe nguva - Korczak akanga agadzirira kubva pamotokari achibva kuWarsaw kusvika kune yekupedzisira yekupotera-Treblinka. Akaramba. Heroic Korczak akapinda muimba yegesi nevana vake, achinyaradza vana, achikurudzira vakuru.

S. Pullman: mutambi anotambudzwa

Simon Pullman - muimbi akakurumbira uye mudzidzisi - mumwewo uyo upenyu hwake hwakavhiringidzwa neTrblinka. Kamu Yokumanikidzwa yaiva yeiye gare gare gare mushure mehupenyu hwake muWarsaw ghetto. Ikoko akasika nziyo dzokuimba nziyo dzokuimba, uye ipapo, pamwechete nevamwe vaimhanya navo, vakafa muimba yegesi. Zuva chaiyo rekufa kwemuimbi hazvizivikanwe, sezvinoitika zviitiko zvisati zvaitika.

Kubuda kwa1943

Muna 1943, musasa wekufa uye ghetto inotora mhirizhonga. Zvingangodaro, kukurudzirwa kwaive kupandukira kwechisimba muhondo yeWarsaw ghetto. Kunyange zvazvo vasungwa vachinzwisisa utera hwavo mukuenzanisa nemauto eGermany, vakasarudza kufa muhondo yekusununguka.

Kuvhunduka muTrblinka pakutanga kwaizoparadzwa. Zvechokwadi, chii chingave vanhu vakaneta nebasa uye nzara vanoita, vakashongedzerwa chete nemakato nemafoshoro, vanopikisa musasa nemapfuti mumaoko avo? Zvisinei, vasungwa vakanyatsoenda vakaenda.

Chikonzero chacho chainzi "Operation 1005". Mushure mokudzingwa kwechitima chekupedzisira nevaJudha kubva kuWarsaw, vaNazi vaifanira kuvanzira mhaka yezvakaipa zvakanyanyisa. Vakasara 1 000 vasungwa vanomanikidzwa kuchera matanda uye vakaviga vashandi uye kupisa zvitunha zvakaparara.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu vasina tsitsi vanoziva kuti kana vapedzisa basa ravo, ivo vachaurawa. Saka pfungwa yekumukira yakazvarwa. Munguva iyi, musasa wakapiswa zvachose. Vakawanda vevasungwa vakadururwa vachiedza kupukunyuka, vamwe vakabatwa mumatanda, vakamanikidzwa kupedzisa basa uye vakapfura zvakare. Vashomanana chete ndivo vakakwanisa kutiza. Pakati pavo aiva Samuel Villenberg.

Samuel Villenberg mumwe wevakasara

Nenguva yeropafadzo haana kubvisa upenyu hwaSamuel Villenberg Treblinka. Musasa wekumisa (iwe unogona kuona mufananidzo wake munyaya yacho), kwaakasvika kune imwe yezvitima, pakarepo yakaita sechisingazivi kuna Samueri. Nokudaro, akateerera zano reumwe weavo vakasangana kuti vazonzi mason. Nokudaro, akava iye oga akapukunyuka zvezviuru zvakaparadzwa kubva mumubhedha wake.

Akararama muTrblinka, achiita mabasa akasiyana-siyana: kubva kuzvinhu zvezvinhu kune nhengo yeSonderkommando. Kupukunyuka kwaWedenberg kwakabudirira - akakuvara muhudyu, asi akakwanisa kupukunyuka. Uyezve, Samueri akawana baba vake vari vapenyu uye vakabatana pasi pevhu. Akafa kunopera muna February 2016. Pashure pacho, Willenberg akasiya bhuku rekumhanya "The Rebellion in Treblinka."

Chirangaridzo

Chii chiri ikozvino Treblinka (musasa wevasungwa)? Chirangaridzo panzvimbo yekuuraya kunoshamisa kunoita kuti munhu arangarire munhu wose nezvekutyisa kweHolocaust. Yakavhurwa muna 1964. Iyo inomiririra chikumbaridzo, uye inenge 17 mamiriyoni emabwe - chiratidzo. Ndizvo zvakaita vanhu vazhinji mumusasa panguva imwechete.

Nzvimbo inobvisa manzwiro akasimba, saka, muna 1943 zvitunha zvakatsva, zvishoma zvingoro, zvakatsva uye zvakaputirwa nehutsvuku hwomusizi.

Muna 1964 munaTrblinka, Museum of the Memory of the Victims of Nazism yakavhurwa.