Ndivanaani "vvuku" uye "vachena"? Hondo Yenyika (1917-1922): Red Army uye White

Iko kupi mashoko okuti "tsvuku" uye "akachena" anobva kupi? Hondo yevagari vemo yaizivawo "ruvara", "Cadets", "Socialist Revolutionaries" uye mamwe maitiro. Ndechipi kusiyana kwavo kukuru?

Muchikamu chino, isu hatichapinduri mibvunzo iyi chete, asi zvakare tinyatsoziva nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwesimba reSoviet munyika. Ngatitaurire pamusoro pokusangana kweWhite Guard uye Red Army.

Kutanga kwemashoko "red" uye "white"

Mazuva ano, nhoroondo yeBaterland zvishoma nezvishoma inotarisira vechidiki. Maererano nemapurisa, vakawanda havazivi kuti ndeyani Lenin, regai kutaura chete nezveHondo yePatriotic ye1812 ...

Zvisinei, mazwi akadaro uye mitsara yakaita se "tsvuku" uye "yakachena", "Hondo Yenyika" uye "October Revolution", vachiri kunzwa. Vakawanda, zvisinei, havazivi zvese, asi vakanzwa mazwi.

Ngatinyatsoongorora nyaya iyi. Inotanga nekwakabva kumisasa miviri inopikisana - "yakachena" uye "yakatsvuka" muHondo Yenyika. Chaizvoizvo, chaingova chirevo chekutenderera kweSoviet propagandists uye hapana chimwezve. Zvino iwe unonzwisisa ichi chakavanzika iwe pachako.

Kana iwe ukatendeukira kune mabhuku uye zvinyorwa zveSoviet Union, rinotsanangura kuti "vatsvene" - vatsvene, vatsigiri vamambo uye vavengi ve "Reds", vaBolshevik.

Zvinoratidzika kuti zvakanga zvakadaro. Asi chaizvoizvo, uyu ndeumwe muvengi, uyo maSoviet akakundwa nawo.

Nyika yakagara makore makumi manomwe mukurwisana nevashori vanonyengera. Vakanga "vachena", kulaks, kuputika kumavirira, vakuru vakuru. Kazhinji kazhinji tsanangudzo isina kujeka yemuvengi yakashanda senheyo yekuchera nekutyisa.

Zvadaro, tichakurukura zvikonzero zveHondo Yenyika. "Chichena", maererano nemafungiro eBolshevik, vaiva madzimambo. Asi iyo ndiyo dambudziko, pakange pasina avo vatongi vehondo muhondo. Vakanga vasina mumwe wekurwira, uye rukudzo haruna kutambura naro. Nicholas II akazvidza, uye mukoma wake haana kugamuchira korona. Nokudaro, vose vaTsarist vakuru vakanga vasina rusununguko.

Ikoko kusiyana kwei "mavara" kwakabva kupi? Dai maBolshevik aive nemureza mutsvuku, saka vadzivisi vavo havana kumbove nemureza mutsvuku. Mhinduro yacho inoratidzwa munhoroondo yezana nemakore makumi mashanu apfuura.

The Great French Revolution yakapa nyika makambi maviri ehondo. Mauto eRoyal akapfeka bhanhire jena, chiratidzo chesimba revatongi veFrance. Vavengi vavo mushure mokunge vatora simba vakaisa chigadziko chitsvuku muhwindo reimba yeguta sechiratidzo chekuiswa kwehondo nguva. Pamazuva akadaro, kuungana kupi kwevanhu kwakaparadzirwa nemasoja.

VaBolshevik vaipikisa kwete nevatongi vehurumende, asi nevatsigiri veCentral Assembly (Constitutional Democrats, Cadets), anarchists (Makhnovists), "varume vemavara" (akarwisana ne "Reds", "Whites", vatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika) uye avo vaida kuparadzanisa nyika yavo muhurumende .

Nokudaro, izwi rokuti "vatsvene" rakashandiswa zvakachenjera nemaonero ekutsvaga kuti vagozivikanwa. Chigaro chake chekukunda chaiva chokuti chero musungwa weArmed Army aigona kujekesa zvaairwira, kusiyana nevamwe vapanduki. Izvi zvakakwezva vanhuwo zvavo kune rumwe rutivi rweBolshevik uye vakaita kuti wechipiri akunde Hondo yeVanhu.

Nhoroondo yehondo

Apo Hondo Yenharaunda iri kuidzidzwa mune zvidzidzo, tafura inongodikanwa chete kuti tive nekuziva zvakanaka kwezvinhu. Pasi pane matanho emakakatanwa aya ehondo, ayo achakubatsira zviri nani kufamba kwete munyaya yacho chete, asi zvakare munguva ino yehau yebaba.

Nhanho dzemakakatanwa ehondo

Nhanho	Dates	Zviitiko
1	February-March 1917	Kuderedza hurumende, kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu.
2	March-October 1917	Kuwedzera kwekutarisana munzanga.
3	October 1917-March 1918	Kudyidzana kweHurumende inoshandiswa. Kutanga simba reSoviet. Kupararira kwehondo.
4	March-June 1918	Kukura kwechisimba uye kutya. Kuumbwa kweBlack Army uye White.
5	Zuva ra1918-kuguma kwa1920.	Hondo nekutora mauto anogara aripo, kusanganisira kune dzimwe nyika. Kutonga kwehupfumi.
6th	1921-1922	Kuchengetedzwa, kugarisana uye kuguma kweHondo Yenyika.

Iye zvino zvatakasarudza kuti ndiani "mutsvuku" uye "mutsvuku", Hondo Yenyika, kunyanya zvikamu zvayo, ichave yakanzwisisika. Iwe unogona kuenderera mberi pakadzidza zvakadzama pamusoro pavo. Zvakakodzera kutanga neimba.

Nokudaro, chikonzero chikuru chekupisa kwakadaro kwechido, icho chakazoguma chakaitika muHondo Yenyika Yemakore mashanu, ndiyo yakawana kupesana nezvinetso.

Kutanga, kubatanidzwa kweMambo weRussia muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakaparadza hupfumi uye hupfumi huripo munyika. Izvo zvakawanda zvevarume vaiva muuto, kupera kwekurima uye maguta emadhorobha. Varwi vakaneta nekurwira vamwe vavariro dzevanhu apo dzimba dziine nzara mhuri.

Chikonzero chechipiri ndechokuti nyaya yegorosi uye yehupfumi. Paiva nevarimi vakawanda uye vashandi vaigara pasi peurombo uye paurombo. VaBolshevik vakashandisa zvizere izvi.

Kuti tishandure kupinda muhondo yenyika muchikwata chekudzivirira, mamwe matanho akatorwa.

Pakuvamba, mavambo ekutanga ekugadzirisa mabhizinesi, mabhangi, uye nyika zvakaitika. Uyezve, Chibvumirano cheBrest chakasinwa, icho chakakonzera Russia mugomba risina chigadziko chekuparadzwa kwakakwana. Mukurwisana nechekupedzisira kwekuparadza kukuru, varume veArmed Army vakaronga kutya kuti varambe vari musimba.

Kuti varuramisire maitiro avo, vakavaka pfungwa dzekurwa neVhite Guards nevanopindira.

Prehistory

Ngatinyatsoongororei kuti sei Hondo Yenyika Yakatanga. Tafura yatakataurwa kare inoratidza maitiro ehondo. Asi isu tichatanga nezviitiko izvo zvakaitika pamberi peGreat October Revolution.

Takaneta nokubatanidzwa muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, Umambo hweRussia huri kuderera. Nicholas II akabvuma kubva pachigaro. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, haaina anotsiva. Mukuona kwezviitiko zvakadaro, masimba matsva maviri ari kuumbwa panguva imwe chete: Hurongwa Hwakagadziriswa uye Hurumende yeVatariri veMabasa.

Iyo yekutanga inotanga kusangana nemagariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika edambudziko, asi vaBolshevik vakanyanya kuwedzera pakuwedzera simba ravo muuto. Nzira iyi yakavatungamirira pakupedzisira kune mukana wokuva simba roga rokutonga munyika.
Yaiva kuvhiringidzika muhurumende yakatungamirira pakuumbwa kwe "reds" uye "vatsvene". Hondo yevagari vese yaingova apotheosis yekusiyana kwavo. Izvo zvinofanira kutarisirwa.

The October Revolution

Kutaura zvazviri, njodzi yeHondo yeVanhu inotanga neOctober Revolution. VaBolshevik vakawana simba ndokuuya nesimba nesimba rakawanda. Pakazosvika pakati paOctober 1917, mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru akatanga kuumbwa muPetrograd.

Gumiguru 25, Alexander Kerensky, mutungamiri weHurumende yeHurumende, anosiya Petrograd yePhkov kuti abatsirwe. Iye pachake anoongorora zviitiko muguta racho sekumuka.

MuPhkov anobvunza General Dukhonin kumubatsira nemauto. Kerensky anoita seanowana rubatsiro kubva kuCossacks, asi kamwe kamwe maCadet anobva muhondo nguva dzose. Iye zvino mazano ezvematongerwo enyika anoramba kutsigira mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Asingawani rubatsiro rwakakodzera muPikkov, Alexander Fedorovich anoenda kuguta reOstrov, kwaanoonana naGeneral Krasnov. Panguva imwecheteyo, Winter Palace dutu muPetrograd. Munhoroondo yeSoviet, chiitiko ichi chinoratidzwa sechiitiko chinokosha. Asi chaizvoizvo, zvakaitika pasina kupikiswa kubva kumatongi.

Mushure mokunge kuputika kusina chinhu kubva kune cruiser Aurora, vafambisi vengarava, masoja nevashandi vasvika paimba yamambo uye vakasunga nhengo dzose dzeHurumende yeHurumende iripo imomo. Mukuwedzera, Second Second of Soviets yakabatwa, apo kuziviswa kwezvinyorwa zvekutanga kwakagamuchirwa uye kuurayiwa kwepamberi kwakabviswa.

Achifunga nezvekukurudzira, Krasnov anosarudza kubatsira Alexander Kerensky. Gumiguru 26 mukutungamira kwaPetrograd kunobuda masimba emabhiza evanhu mazana manomwe. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti maJunkers aizovatsigira muguta iri mukumukira. Asi yakadzingwa neBolshevik.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino zvakajeka kuti Hurongwa HweMutemo hwakanga hwusisina simba. Kerensky akatiza, General Krasnov vakataurira vaBolshevik kuti vadzoke zvakare kuIchi Island nechisimba.

Munguva iyi, SRS inotanga kurwisana kunopesana nevaBolshevik, avo, mumaonero avo, vakawana simba guru. Mhinduro yekuuraya kwevamwe vatungamiri "vvuku" yaityisa kubva kumativi eBolshevik, uye Civil War (1917-1922) yakatanga. Iye zvino tava kuona zvimwe zviitiko.

Kugadzwa kwe "simba rvuku"

Sezvatataura pamusoro apa, njodzi yeHondo yeVanhu yevanhu yakatanga nguva refu pamberi peOctober Revolution. Vanhu vasina ruzha, masoja, vashandi nevashambadziri vakanga vasingafari nemamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino. Icho chiri pakati nepakati nzvimbo dzakawanda mauto emapilitary aiva pasi pekudzivirira kwakadzika kwe stavka, kumasuo ekumabvazuva kwaiva nemafungiro akasiyana.

Kwaiva kuvepo kwemazana akawanda evanhu vanochengeterwa mauto uye kusada kwavo kupinda muhondo neGermany iyo yakabatsira Bolshevik nokukurumidza uye pasina ropa kuwana rubatsiro kubva kunenge zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvehondo. Maguta 15 makuru chete aipikisa "simba rvuku", 84 ivo pachavo vakazviisa mumaoko avo.

Kushamiswa kusingatarisirwi kwevaBolshevik nenzira yekutsigirwa kukuru kubva kumasoja akavhiringidzika uye aneta akanonzi "mutsvuku" se "mutambo wokukunda weSoviet".

Hondo yehurumende (1917-1922) yakanyanya kuipa mushure mekunyora kwekuparadza kweRussia Brest rugare. Pasi pemitemo yesungano, yekare umambo yakarasikirwa nenharaunda inopfuura mamiriyoni makiromita emiganhu yenharaunda. Izvi zvaisanganisira: Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Caucasus, Romania, Don munharaunda. Mukuwedzera, vaifanira kubhadhara Germany mabhiriyoni matanhatu mararamiro emubhadharo.

Ichi chisarudzo chakagumisa kupesana mukati memunyika uye pane chikamu cheCentente. Panguva imwe chete nekuwedzera kwemakakatanwa akasiyana-siyana emunharaunda, kupindira kwechiuto kweWestern kunopinda munharaunda yeRussia inotanga.

Kupinda kwemauto eInentente kwakatsigirwa nekumuka kweCzechoslovakia Corps muSiberia uye kupandukira kweKuban Cossacks pasi pekutungamirirwa naGeneral Krasnov. Masoja akakundwa eVhite Guards nevamwe vevaya vakapindira vakabva vabva kuCentral Asia uye kwemakore mazhinji vakaramba vachirwisana neSoviet power.

Nguva Yechipiri yeHondo Yenyika

Yaiva pazera rino kuti avo vaishanda zvikuru vaiva White Guard Heroes veHondo Yenyika. Nhoroondo yakachengetedza mazita akadaro saKolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Yuzefovich, Miller nevamwe.

Mumwe nomumwe wevatungamiri ava aiva nemaonero ake ezveramangwana rehurumende. Vamwe vakaedza kuyanana nemauto eEentente kuitira kuti vapedze simba reBolshevik uye vachiri kuunganidza Gungano reChishanu. Vamwe vaida kuva machinda emunharaunda. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakadai saMakhno, Grigoriev nevamwe.

Kuoma kweiyi nguva iri muchokwadi chokuti nokukurumidza apo Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yapera, mauto eGermany aifanira kubva munharaunda yeRussia chete mushure mekuuya kweCentente. Asi maererano nechibvumirano chakavanzika chavakasiya kare, vakapa guta kune vaBolshevik.

Sezvo nhoroondo ichititaurira isu, Hondo yeVavhuna mushure mekunge kuchinja kwezviitiko zvakadaro kunopinda chikamu chetsinye hunokonzerwa neropa. Kukundikana kwevatungamiri, avo vaitungamira kune hurumende dzekuMadokero, zvakasimbiswa nekuti ivo vakange vane dambudziko rakaipa revakuru vakuru. Nokudaro, Miller's, Yudenich uye mamwe maitiro akaparara chete nokuti, nekushayikwa kwevatungamiri vepakati-kati, simba guru remauto rakabva kuna Va Red Army vakatorwa.

Mishumo mumapepanhau epanguva ino inoratidzwa nemusoro wehuyu: "Zviuru zviviri zvevasikemen nematatu matatu zvakapinda kune rumwe rutivi rweRed Army."

Chikamu chokupedzisira

Kutanga kwekupedzisira kwehondo ye1917-1922 vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanowanzobatana nehondo yePoland. Nekubatsira kwevavakidzani vake vokumadokero, Pilsudski aida kugadzira chibatanidzwa nenharaunda kubva kuBaltic kusvika kuGungwa Dzvuku. Asi zvishuvo zvake zvakanga zvisingafanirwi kuzadzika. Mauto eAva Civil War, akatungamirirwa naJegorov naTukhachevsky, akapfuurira mberi mukati memvura yakadzika yeWestern Ukraine uye akapinda muganhu wePoland.

Kukunda muvengi uyu kwaifanira kutorwa nevashandi muEurope. Asi zvirongwa zvose zvevakuru veArmed Army zvakakundikana mushure mokukundwa kunoparadza muhondo, iyo yakachengetedzwa pasi pezita rokuti "Chishamiso paVistula."

Mushure mekuguma kwechibvumirano chorugare pakati peSoviet nePoland, kusawirirana kunotanga mumusasa weCentente. Somugumisiro, mari yehurumende ye "white" yakaderera, uye Hondo yeVanhu muRussia inotanga kuderera.

Mukutanga kwema1920, kuchinja kwakadaro mumutemo wekune dzimwe nyika wekuMadokero kwakatungamirira kukuti Soviet Union yakaziva dzakawanda yenyika.

Magamba eHondo Yenyika yekupedzisira yakarwa naWrangel muUkraine, avo vanopindira muCaucasus neCentral Asia, kuSiberia. Pakati pevatungamiriri vakakurumbira vanofanira kuziviswa Tukhachevsky, Blucher, Frunze nevamwewo.

Nokudaro, semugumisiro wemakore mashanu ehondo yakaurayiwa munharaunda yeUsia hweRussia, nyika itsva yakaumbwa. Zvadaro, yakava yechipiri simba guru, iro rakatarisana chete raiva United States.

Zvikonzero zvekukunda

Ngationei kuti nei "chichena" muHondo Yenyika yakakundwa. Tichafananidza kuongororwa kwemisasa inopikisa uye kuedza kusvika kumhedziso yakazara.

Vanyori vezvakaitika kare zveSoviet vakaona chikonzero chikuru chekukunda kwavo muchokwadi chokuti pane rubatsiro rukuru kubva kune zvikamu zvakamanikidzwa zvevanhu. Kunyanya kusimbiswa kwakaiswa kune avo vakatambura nekuda kweshanduko ye 1905. Nokuti havana kutenderwa kutendeukira kune rumwe rutivi rweBolshevik.

"Chichena", pane kudaro, vakanyunyuta pamusoro pekushaya kwevanhu nezvinhu zvekunyama. Panzvimbo dzakatorwa dzine mamiriyoni evanhu, vaisagona kunyange kutungamirira huwandu hwekuunganidza kuti huzadzise zvikamu.

Kunyanya kufadza kuwanda, izvo zvakapa Hondo yeVanhu. "Reds", "chichena" (tafura inoratidzwa pasi apa) kunyanya inotambura nekutadza. Mamiriro ezvinhu asingatambudziki ehupenyu, pamwe nekushayikwa kwezvinangwa zvakajeka zvakazviita ivo pachavo. Iyo data inofunganya chete masimba eBolshevik, sezvo White Guard zvinyorwa hazvina kuchengetedza nhamba dzakasiyana.

Deserters mu Red Army muna 1919.

Mwedzi	Nhamba yevanhu
February	Zvinopfuura 26 mamiriyoni.
March	Kunopfuura 54 zviuru.
May	Zvinopfuura 78 zviuru.
June	Zvinopfuura 146 mamiriyoni.
July	Vanopfuura 270 zviuru.
August	Zvinopfuura 299 zviuru.

Nheyo huru, iyo inoratidzwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, yaiva yezvematongerwe enyika emakakatanwa.

Vatsvene VaGadhi, pakutanga, vakanga vasina mutemo wepakati pekutanga uye kubatana kwakanyanya pakati pezvikamu. Vakarwa munharaunda yavo, mumwe nomumwe kuti ave zvake. Chechipiri chiitiko chaiva kusavapo kwevashandi vezvematongerwe enyika uye chirongwa chakajeka. Idzi nguva dzaiwanzopiwa kune mapurisa aingoziva chete kurwisana, asi haana kutaurirana zvematongerwo enyika.

The Red Army zvakare akasika simba Pfungwa network. pachena hurongwa pfungwa yakazokudziridzwa, riri drummed kupinda misoro vashandi uye varwi. Masirogani vabvumirwe kunyange kunzwisisa zvikuru vanodzvinyirirwa vanhuwo zvavo, nokuti iro ari kurwa.

Zvinonzi mutemo uyu akabvumira Bolsheviks kuti vawane rutsigiro kunonyanyisa vemo.

migumisiro

The kukunda of "tsvuku" iri Civil War aiva mamiriro zvikuru. It rakaparadzwa upfumi zvachose. The nyika yakarasikirwa ndima rine vanhu vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 135 kubva.

Agriculture uye goho, kugadzirwa kwezvokudya yakaderera nezvikamu 40-50 muzana. Requisitioning uye "matsvuku-chena" anotyisa ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvakakonzera rufu akawandisa vanhu nenzara, kutambudzwa uye kuurayiwa.

Industry, maererano nenyanzvi, akaita akaverevedza kuti ufanane Russian Empire paitonga Peter Mukuru. Sezvo Vatsvakurudzi vanoti, kurimwa nhamba ichiwira 20 muzana muna 1913, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye vanosvika 4 kubva muzana.

Somugumisiro, paiva hombe water drainage vashandi kubva kumaguta nemisha. Sezvo pakanga pane zvimwe tariro isina kufa nenzara.

"White" iri Civil War yakaratidza chido kwamachinda uye yepamusoro pamisara kudzosa akare ezvinhu oupenyu. Asi voga yavo chaiyo mashoko akapararira munyika vanhuwo, zvakakonzera zvachose kukundwa yekare.

Mumatauriro netsika

Vatungamiri Civil War vakanga immortalized muzviuru mabasa akasiyana - kubva mabhaisikopo kuti mifananidzo, kubva nyaya zvivezwa uye nziyo.

Somuenzaniso, nepfuma akadai "Mazuva turbines", "Kumhanya", "netariro Dambudziko" akamunyudza vanhu vari kugadzikana tsiye yehondo.

Firimu "Chapaev", "Red Devils", "Tiri kubva Kronstadt" anoratidza zvinoitwa ne "zvitsvuku" iri Civil War nokuda mukukunda zvinangwa zvake.

Mabhuku zvisikwa Bhabheri, Bulgakov, Gaidar, Pasternak, Ostrovsky anoenzanisira upenyu vamiririri akasiyana sectors munzanga mumazuva akaoma iwayo.

Unogona kupa mienzaniso anenge nokusingaperi, nekuti magariro njodzi, izvo kwakaguma Civil War, akawana ungira simba mumwoyo mazana vemifananidzo.

Saka, nhasi tichataura kuziva kwete chete kwakabva pfungwa ye "chena" uye "zvitsvuku", asi akasangana zvishoma chete weboka Civil War zviitiko.

Yeuka kuti dambudziko ose akabata vana ramangwana kuchinja nani.