Karamzin. Historical nyaya pfupiso: "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi, kana The Kukunda Novagoroda"

Ndivo kunzwisisa uye dzakaoma kuti Russia, iyo achinetseka mutsimba yakakuwandira of Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Raiva pamusoro iyi uye vanoudza rakanyorwa ichi chigadzirwa pfupiso. "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi, kana The Kukunda Novagoroda" - kare raitaura vangani mhosva ropa kwevanhu rinoteurwa mhiri Russian nyika. Kuti izvi zvisaitika, Mukuru Prince of Moscow Ivan III akava wokubatanidza ukuru Russian uye nokuunganidza pasi yayo mureza vose vaya aisagona kushivirira utsinye joko Golden Horde. Zvisinei, akaramba kuteerera vanozvikudza Novgorod State akataura kwayo rusununguko.

Uyezve zvichaita tsanangura zvizere pfupiso. "Marita-Gavhuna mudzimai" iri nyaya yake ine zvinofadza nezvendima kuti panguva Novgorod akarwira dzavo dzekare charters uye kodzero, izvo pamwe akavapa machinda makuru. Somuenzaniso, zita Prince Yaroslav akanga kutsigira rusununguko rwavo.

Karamzin: "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi", pfupi nyaya kugutsikana

Novgorod akafanoona kuti vakadaro nhaurwa ndivauyise mameseji, asi kugona chibayiro kuzvikudza kwake. Uye mumadhorobha veche bhero anodana vagari vose kuungana paImba Square Great pakarepo.

Vanhu vose pamusoro vakamhanyira ikoko, kwakavhundutsa nokuda nokuomba ake muffled peal. Vanhu vakaungana uye aida kutanga Chamber.

Zvinopesana chena ibwe dzimba vakaungana Yaroslav posadniki pamwe Medals pachipfuva chake, kuti boyars ine mireza, vakuru namasanhu sirivha uye nevamwe vanhu vakawanda.

Pakarepo, paKarivhari, kana, zvimwe, musi Vadimova, apo chirefu machena mufananidzo Vityazya Vadima akazviratidza mutumwa - munhu waunovimba mambo John Prince.

mutumwa

Yaiva Prince Holm, uyo aifanira kuzivisa Novgorod vagari kuti pasi murugare kune zvinodiwa Grand Prince of Moscow uye kwete kuunza kunetsana kudeurwa kweropa. Akavaudza kuti chete vanhu vanoda mhuka rusununguko, asi munhu akachenjera - akarayira kuti hapana autocracy munyika hakungagoni kukwanisika.

Akaramba kuti masvingo Novgorod akaberekwa uye akasimbisa autocracy yeRussian nyika. Magnanimous Rurik akatanga pano kuita zvakarurama, nekuti izvi Varangian gamba pamusoro Novgorod vakatanga kutya vamwe vanhu.

Speech of mumiririri waiva wakazadzwa chaizvo uye hasha, akakumbira kuti hana vanhu akavatsiura kuti vakakanda hama Russian panguva ngoni Horde, uye pachavo panguva ino, ubudirire uye vakapoteredzwa muumbozha. Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir ropa nevanozvitsigira ravo. Russian, aine bakatwa, akasangana vatorwa, uye nevachivi Novgorod kuvatora mumaoko angu, akachiva nemasango nefuma yavo, nesirivha.

Very simba pavanhu vane mabasa avo protagonists kushanda "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi, kana The Kukunda Novgorod." Pfupiso yebhuku mberi anoenda kuti Prince John akadzidza pamusoro pakurangana vatongi Novgorod pamwe muvengi Duchy pamusoro Lithuania uye Poland, uye akanyevera kuti Vatorwa izvi varanda kwavari, nokuti nguva dzose zvinoitika kune vaya kutsarukana anorayira rusununguko kubva nevanun'una. Iye unotenda kuti hazvichaiti vadzivise kusabatana Russian wehurumende, pashure ose dambudziko auya pano. Ndapedza kutaura kwake, Holm aenda frontal uye vakakumbira mhinduro kuvanhu asi vanosarudza runyararo kana hondo.

izvozvo Marfa

Uyezve kunakidza dzinokanganisa ake zano pfupiso. Wife Martha-Gavhuna nokuramba ruzha paanoti chinyararire uye majestically akapinda padariro simbi frontal nzvimbo. Nechiso chake verenga kusuwa uye nokubwinya. Iye zvinyoronyoro akatanga kutaura kwake kurudziro uye akati kuti kurudyi zvinogona mudziviriri rusununguko, sezvo yakanga baba vake uye murume akaisa musoro wake, vachirwira guta rino guru.

Vanhu vakateerera nawo bated mweya. Uye akaramba kutaura kwake kuti hazvina zvakakodzera kupomera vanhu kuti haana kubatanidzwa internecine hondo , uye akatsauka kubva Mongol-wechiTatar vakundi, kana nezvaizoita Batu aida kubvarura guta ravo. It kupemberera nemadzibaba vanoziva kuti vachazofa pakurwa, asi musava varanda, uye Vakarodza minondo yavo pasina kunyara. Zvino Veliky Novgorod vachibudirira, uye vatengesi zhinji asina musoro, achiuya kumba kwake, vanoti guta runako kwakadaro asina kumboona kumwe. Uye hazvishamisi kuti John yava kuona zvose ukuru uye kunaka Novgorod, anoda kutonga navo.

Uye saizvozvo pokupedzisira kunyange glows zano pfupiso. Martha-Gavhuna kuti Wife anopfuurira kutaura kuti denga zvakarurama, uye kana makaro unodzinga, uye kwete kunaka nokubwinya, nokukurumidza kurova awa yavo freemen vokupedzisira, uye kurasikirwa nerusununguko uchaoma, uye tsime upfumi, kubwinya guta richasvibiswa, uye achadzokera kunyika inosuruvarisa matongo. Vanhu yakadedera makatsamwa uye akachema "Hondo John! Tichafa nokuda Yababa wedu uye Freedom! "

Ambassador Moscow achiri kuda kutaura chinhu, asi zvakashaya basa - vazhinji havana kuteerera uye akapotsa ndokurityora. Akabva nokusuwa kukuru kwemweya hwakataurwa wokupedzisira mutsindo shoko rake: "Ngakuve hondo!" - uye nokukurumidza vakasiya guta pamwe navaranda vake.

hondo

Zvikuru dzinonakidza rinorondedzera kugadzirira hondo nyaya "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi", nyaya tigutsikane pfupi mberi anoti, kana Samanai aramu bhero, vanhu vakatanga chigadzirirai kutora hondo yokupedzisira. Uye Marita pakarepo akakurumidza vakarurama sevatsvene mukuru Theodosius, uyo, pashure pemakore 70 ebasa kunyika yake akabva kubva kumhanya-mhanya hwenyika musango. Ndiye akamuudza pamusoro zvashata dambudziko, asi Martha akanga akatsunga. Akaunza naye mukomana muduku, Miroslav uye aida kuwana chikomborero kubva kuvakuru pakurwa. Pashure paizvozvo Martha akanga achimhanyira kuroorwa naye mwanasikana wake Xenia. Pamberi muhondo, Vakawanikwa, uye bhishopi akanga muduku korona kuSt Sophia Cathedral. Saka Miroslav akava mutungamiriri Novgorod varwi.

Martha aitarisira muPskov haringamiri parutivi, vanova vakabatana uye kupa mauto ake, asi ivo vakaramba kutsigira kwokumukira Novgorod. Nokukurumidza kwakauya nhau kuti John nehondo zvakatama guru guta. EchiShinto Miroslav akatamira kusangana navo.

tarisiro

Zvinotyisa runyararo vakagara muguta Vachitarisira, chete machechi mupfige mikova dzavo, dzasara vanhu vakapfugama akaridza kuverenga moleben. Kwenguva refu nguva pakanga pasina nhau. Pazuva kuramba hondo, Martha, rurefu frontal nzvimbo akaona gore guruva. Kuvhara maziso ake, iye akati: "Miroslav akafa, John akanga Kumukundi!"

In ngoro muguta kuuya muviri Miroslav vakuvadzwa varwi kuudza kunotyisa hondo. Russian vaiva pamusoro Russian, varwi vose kumativi vaida kuratidza kuti vari Slavs. ruvengo rwavo itirana ndicho kutombonaka! vanakomana vaviri naMarita akafawo.

Asi hondo akapfuurira, John, mune zvakananga kudhumhana kugona kukunda Knights pamusoro Novgorod, ipapo akaenda refu rakakombwa. City akatanga nenzara zviri vanotsigira rusununguko vakatanga kufa.

The mukuru Theodosius, akasiya suo raro uye vakapinda muguta zvakare akava Posadnik, asi pashure kukunda iye chinhu pamusoro kiyi guta kuna mambo John akamukumbira tsitsi vanhu, achivimbisa vari kudzokera kuti vanhu ava uchamushumira nokutendeka.

ruregerero

Prince of Moscow anosarudza kuregerera vanhu Novgorod, asi haina kugumisa pfupiso. Martha-Gavhuna mudzimai uye mwanasikana wake Xenia achiri asingaiti kupfuura ake anotyisa kurangwa. Kwavari, nokukurumidza kuvaka scaffold, izvo Martha manyawi richibuda uye kuzivisa kuti vanhu vakafa mugari Novgorod, pavanenge vakashumira John.

Panguva iyoyowo, vekare bhero shongwe yabviswa uye zvaitakura naye Moscow.

Warwo rakasiyana nhindi "Marita-Gavhuna mukadzi, kana The Kukunda Novgorod." Mukupfupikisa, zvinosuwisa, haangaupfuuri inopenya yekare manyorerwo uye kunoshamisa pakubika, saka zvakanaka kuti kuverenga basa iri zvachose.