Chii chinonzi sonnet? Nhetembo, mumwe sonnet. Vanyori sonnets

A kufarira vamwe vadetembi uye nhetembo mafeni sonnet iri akabva mabasa Provencal troubadours, uyo akasika rokunyika mashoko uye ndivo vakatanga vanonyora nziyo mururimi rwavo kupfuura Latin. Zita Genre anodzokera kuna Provencal shoko sonet - sonorous, sonorous rwiyo.

Chii chinonzi sonnet? Nhoroondo chiitiko

Albigensian War (1209-1229) kuti akafukidza kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, kumanikidzwa troubadours zhinji kune Sisiri apo ari 1200s muna Naples mudare mudetembi uye vaichengetedza pamusoro Frederick II, nhetembo chikoro rakaumbwa. Vamiririri awo zvakabetsera Kushandurwa sonnet - Italian paakadana SONETTO - anotungamirira Genre basa rake. Sicilian vadetembi vakanakidzwa Tuscan rwechiHebheru, izvo kare pakutanga kwezana 13-14 emakore akaumba hwaro mutauro wokuItaly. Vakawanda geniuses ari Renaissance akanyora sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope of Vega, Shakespeare ... uye mumwe nomumwe wavo Zvinounza zviri nhetembo ndiko chinhu chitsva.

Features maumbirwo

Classic sonnet ine gumi ndima. Munguva rokuItari uye French Renaissance nyanduri nhetembo zvakanyorwa muchimiro quatrains maviri (quatrains) uye vaviri Terzigno (vatatu), uye panguva Chirungu - quatrains matatu uye mumwe couplet.

Detembo-Sonnet kusimba musically, zviri nyore kugadzira mimhanzi nokuti. Vamwe mutinhimira akanga kubudirira nemhaka alternation wokuratidza uye zvechikadzi nekudetemberwa, kana kunetseka weveta yokuteverera, naizvozvo, pamusoro Penultimate mabhii. Vaongorori vakawana kuti dzekare sonnet ine 154 mabhii, asi tsika iyi haina akabvuma nomwoyo vanyanduri. Italy, France neEngland - paucheche vatatu chedetembo. Vanyori sonnets - vakabva mumwe nyika - vakaita zvimwe kuchinja chimiro uye sezvamunoita.

korona sonnets

Ichi kunyanya chimiro nhetembo dzakatangira Italy muzana remakore rechi13. Muna 15 sonnets yake, uye yokupedzisira ndiro dingindira uye pfungwa dzimwe gumi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, hatina atanga basa pakupedzisira. Negore regumi namashanu sonnet yakakosha stanzas maviri okutanga, uye maererano netsika, wokutanga sonnet anofanira hazvo kutanga mutsetse wokutanga uye kuguma nowokupedzisira wechipiri. No dzinonakidza zvishoma ndizvo zvimwe zvikamu korona-nhetembo. Vamwe gumi nenhatu sonnets okupedzisira mutsetse yapfuura hazvo kuva mutsara rinotevera rokutanga.

Of vadetembi Russian munhoroondo mabhuku nyika kuyeuka mazita Vyacheslava Ivanova uye Valery Bryusov. Vakanga zvakakwana kuziva kuti sonnet, saka kufarira korona sonnets. MuRussia, chimiro ichi kunyora dzakatangira remakore rechi18. Genius Valeriy Bryusov aiva mwene Genre ichi, uye kuteerera yakasimbiswa nheyo. detembo rake rokupedzisira kubva chishongo sonnets ( "Doom dzinoti") rinotanga pemitsara:

"Patsamba Ndiudze zvakafanira

Mazita Ndangariro dzandinofarira vapenyu! "

, Unofanira kupedza zvishoma kuongorora kuti Genre kuti nziyo kwainyanya zvinonzwisisika. Netsika, chokupedzisira stanza wokutanga sonnet rinotanga uye inoguma - wechipiri; wechitatu sonnet anotanga wokupedzisira mutsara yapfuura mumwe, iyi nyaya - "! mazita Ndangariro dzandinofarira vapenyu" Inogona angapokana kuti Valeriy Bryusov paakasvika vakwane Genre ichi. To musi, 150 chaiko kuverengwa emimbure sonnets vadetembi Russian, uye pane 600 munyika yose nhetembo.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). The Italian Renaissance

Vaimuti munhu wokutanga Renaissance uye akatanga dzekare philology. Franchesko Petrarka akadzidziswa gweta, akava muprista, asi havana kurarama maererano nheyo theocentrism. Petrarch akafamba zvose pamusoro Europe, basa Cardinal akatanga ake mabhuku basa mumusha Vaucluse kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. All hwake akadudzira zvekare uye vaifarira Classics vekare - Virgil uye Cicero. Vazhinji nhetembo yake, kusanganisira sonnets, Petrarch raizoiswa dzakaunganidzwa "Canzoniere", iro rinoreva "Book Songs". Muna 1341 wake mabhuku nokubudirira korona munhu welaurel chishongo.

unyanzvi Features

The chikuru chinoratidza Petrarch - kuda uye kudiwa, asi kuti rudo harufaniri kungoratidzwa vakadzi asiwo shamwari, mhuri, zvisikwa. Pfungwa iyi akanga kunooneka basa rake. Rake rinonzi "Kantsonere" rinoreva yokutya Laura of Newly, mwanasikana knight wacho. Collection rakanyorwa zvinenge zvose upenyu uye akanga shanduro mbiri. Sonnets bhuku rokutanga vanonzi "Nokuti upenyu Laura," wechipiri - ". On rufu Laura" Vose, collection - 366 ndima. The 317 sonnets pamusoro Petrarch akacherechedza epanyama simba manzwiro. Mu "Canzoniere" munyori anoona basa nhetembo ari kushevedzera yakaisvonaka uye utsinye Madonna. He idealizes Laura, asi haina kurasikirwa zvachiri chaiye. The lyrical gamba iri kuona zvose nematambudziko ose rusina kukwana mberi rudo uye kutambudzika, kuti aifanira vaputse mhiko tsvene. The yakakurumbira sonnet munyori - 61, umo akafara kuti miniti imwe neimwe aine anodiwa:

"Ngaarumbidzwe zuva, mwedzi, muzhizha, awa
Zvino nguva maziso angu akasangana maziso avo! "

MuThe Petrarch - Huchidetemba kureurura, umo iye anoratidza rusununguko yake yomukati uye rusununguko pakunamata. Ari kuenda kuburikidza, asi asingadi kudemba rudo. Aifunga kuti tuzvikonzero uye nokukudza vepasi chido, nekuti pasina rudo, vanhu havagoni kurarama. Verse, sonnet kunoratidza pfungwa iyi, uye anoramba kutsigira vadetembi ose akazotevera nguva.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). The Italian Renaissance

Mukuru Renaissance munyori (vanozivikanwa zvikuru basa rake "The Decameron") aiva mwana woupombwe, saka pakutanga akanga chinozvidzwa, asi tarenda vakakunda, uye mudetembi muduku chaizivikanwa. Kufa Petrarch Boccaccio zvokuti akanyora sonnet nokukudzwa kwake, iro rinotaura pfungwa impermanence upenyu hwepasi.

"By Sennuchcho kuna Chinese akabatana,

Uye Dante iwe, uye usati

Zvadaro kuvanzika kwatiri wacho zvinooneka. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho vakazvitsaurira sonnets Dante Aligeri nemamwe geniuses, uye Chikurukuru - vakadzi. Mudiwa wake akadana rimwe zita - Fiametta, asi rudo rwake hakusi kutobaya sezvo Petrarch, uye zvakawanda pasi pano. Iye zvishoma alters ari sonnet Genre uye wokupemberera kunaka kumeso, bvudzi, matama, miromo, anonyora pamusoro kukwezvana wake runako uye kurondedzera vasiri zvinodiwa. Dodger uye kufarira vakadzi kutarisira hasha wematambudziko: mwoyo mune hunhu zvisikwa akanaka uye akatambudzika kumutengesa, Boccaccio muna 1362 akatora zvirevo tsvene.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Renaissance

Akaberekerwa mumhuri nevabereki vakapfuma uye anokudzwa, Per De Ronsard akanga mukana wose kuti dzidzo yakanaka. Muna 1542, akapa zvishoma itsva nhetembo French enhetembo metres nekudetemberwa, yaakanga chakakodzera kunzi "mambo vadetembi." Haiwa, kubudirira kwake zvakaipisisa akabhadhara uye akarasikirwa ake kunzwa, asi haana kusiya kuchiva anozvipira kuvandudzika. Advanced mudetembi wekare akafunga Horace uye Virgil. Per De Ronsard yaitungamirirwa basa vamutangira: aiziva kuti munhu sonnet, uye akatsanangura runako vakadzi, rudo rwake kwavari. Mudetembi wacho aiva matatu afungisisa anoti: Cassandra Marie uye Elena. Mune rimwe sonnets, anobvuma rudo rwake kune mumwe rima-haired uye shava takangwaririra musikana, uye anovimbisa kuti hapana redheads kana svetlookie haana kukonzera nayo chiedza manzwiro:

"Ndine maziso shava mupenyu nemoto Vira,
Ndine vhudzi maziso uone handidi ... "

Translations sonnets kwakaitwa munyori uyu nevanyori Russian remakore rechimakumi maviri - Vilgelm Levik uye Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). Chirungu Renaissance

Kunze kwazvo comedies nenjodzi akanyorwa chefuma mabhuku nyika, Shakespeare akanyora 154 sonnets, kufarira panguva mabhuku vatsoropodzi. Zvinyorwa ake vakaudzwa kuti "kiyi ichi, akazarura mwoyo wake." Mune dzimwe sonnets munyori vakagoverana ake nazvo pakunamata, apo vamwe vakanga zvadzorwa, zvinoshamisa. Shakespeare akazvipira chetyrnadtsatistrofnye detembo shamwari yake uye Swarthy Lady. Mumwe sonnet ndiyo nhamba chairwo, saka zviri nyore kuona gradation pakati yemunyori manzwiro: kana ari mabasa lyrical gamba rokutanga inoyemura runako, pashure 17 sonnets kuuya kwokukumbira reciprocity. Mune nhetembo pasi nhamba 27-28, kunzwa - haisi mufaro asi kupengeswa.

sonnets Shakespeare kwakaita zvakanyorwa kwete chete murudo madingindira: dzimwe nguva munyori anoita somunhu muzivi, kurota pamusoro kusafa, uye akashora zvakaipa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukadzi kwaari - pane akakwana, uye zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti runako anofanira kuzoiponesa. In yakakurumbira sonnet 130 Shakespeare inoyemura runako panyika yake unodikamwa wake Meso chisingaenderani nenyeredzi, ruvara rweganda iri kure kusimba mumvuri ruva, asi iye anoti ari wokupedzisira couplet:

"Asi iye akapa saka kashoma,

Ndiani kuchienzaniswa zvakasvibirira zvinonyeperwa. "

Italian, French uye Chirungu sonnets: zvakafanana uye misiyano

Renaissance akapa vanhu ounyanzvi zhinji mabhuku. Zvaakanga zvakatanga muItaly remakore namatatu, zvishoma ichikosha akazotevera kwakaita kuti France, uye mazana maviri gare gare - muEngland. munyori ose, ari chizvarwa wenyika, kunounza ari muchimiro sonnet zvimwe kuchinja, asi yakaramba misoro zvikuru akakodzera - kushevedzera vakadzi runako uye rudo naye.

The klassiske sonnet quatrains Italian yakanyorwa nekudetemberwa maviri, Terzetto akabvumirawo kunyora sezvo vaviri kana vatatu, uye alternation vechirume nekudetemberwa akanga hako. Nemamwe mashoko, kusimbisa iri stanza angawira sezvo yokupedzisira, uye pamusoro Penultimate mabhii.

MuFrance, akara- kwakaitwa kudzokororwa kwemashoko uye kushandisa haanyatsorondedzera nomazvo nekudetemberwa. Quatrains kubva tercets zvachose vaparadzana umwe syntactically. Vadetembi of Renaissance muFrance akanyora sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

utsanzi wakatangwa muEngland. Vadetembi vanoziva kuti sonnet, asi panzvimbo yake zvatinosiita chimiro, zvinosanganisira quatrains maviri TERCET vaiva quatrains matatu uye mumwe couplet. Achipedzisa ndima anoonekwa kiyi uye akatakura kuratidza aphoristic Maxim. Tafura chinoratidza normalized shanduro nekudetemberwa munyika dzakasiyana.

sonnet nhasi

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya ndima yepakutanga chimiro yakabudirira vakashanduka uye basa vanyori panguva. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, rakajairika ndiye muenzaniso French. Pashure Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak sowakajeka rakashandurwa sonnets Shakespeare vake, hachishandi vanofarira Chirungu chimiro. The yokupedzisira zviri kudiwa kunyange ikozvino. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose sonnets akashandurwa inozvikudza geniuses mabhuku, kufarira Genre ichi inoramba kuhupenyu nhasi: muna 2009 Alexander Sharakshane yakabudisa muunganidzwa pamwe shanduro Shakespeare kuti sonnets.