Civil hondo machinda Russian: tsananguro, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro. Kutanga hondo yevagari kuMoscow hugota

Mumwe chinhu chinosiririsa mapeji nhoroondo yedu kusabatana Russia yekare kuMiddle Ages. Asi hondo - ichi haisi anozviita roushe yekare. Mezhfeodalnymi hondo yakanga yapararira yose Europe, muFrance oga, paiva 14 huru feudal primogeniture, pakati zvakanga kuramba ropa Kusanzwisisana. hondo Civil - the kuzivikanwa of Ages.

Simba hurumende muKiev uye agnatic ukuru

The chikuru chinokonzera kurwisana kwakanga simba centralization nesimba. Nguva nenguva, pane vatungamiriri simba, akadai Vladimir Monomakh uye Yaroslav Mudry, radeyuschie kubatana kwesimba, asi somunhu mutemo, pashure pokufa kwevanakomana vavo vakatanga kukakavadzana zvakare. Uye vana vagara zhinji, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe mhuri, vachibva nevakawanda sekuru Rurik akaedza hwokuchengetedza mutemo. Zvinowedzerwa ose chaizvo yokugara - agnatic ukuru, kana simba vakapfuura kwete rakananga Nhaka mwanakomana wedangwe dangwe mumhuri. Russia hondo patted kusvikira afa Prince of Moscow Vasily II Dark, kureva kusvikira yechipiri yezana XV remakore.

ainetsana

Mukutanga zvokukura pakukura ehurumende nguva aumba zvimwe nemibatanidzwa pakati machinda akawanda, uye hondo dzairwiwa kutigumbura, kana panguva yacho Kievan rose Rus vakabatana kuti vadzivise zviri vachirwisa vari inowanzorimwa avanhu. Asi izvi zvose zvakanga kwenguva, uye vatongi yakapfigwa zvakare nhaka yavo, rimwe nerimwe oga akanga asina mauto kana zvinhu, vabatane pasi murayiro wake Russia rose.

Very simba Federation

hondo Civil ndiyo hondo. Hazvina ropa usafurirwe pakati vagari imwe nyika, vakabatana imwe boka. Pasinei chokwadi kuti mumazuva iwayo, nyika yedu Aimiririrwa vanoverengeka akazvimiririra inoti munhau yakaramba sezvo Kievan Rus, uye kubatana kwayo, kunyange basa, achiri akanzwa. Zvakanga zvakadaro simba mubatanidzwa, vane vagari dzinonzi vamiririri pedyo ukuru inogorodtsami uye vatorwa - vatorwa.

Dzakajeka pakavanda zvinokonzera kupesana

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kusarudza kuenda kunorwa hama akatora kwete chete muchinda, akamira shure kwake uye vagari uye vatengesi, uye nechechi. Machinda simba ishoma chaizvo uye Boyar Duma matunhu neminisiparati veche. The zvinokonzera hondo nhema zvikuru zvakadzama. Uye kana kwavabati vakarwa pakati pavo, zvino ichi taiva zvikonzero zvakasimba uye vakawanda, kusanganisira kwemadzinza, mune zvoupfumi, uye kutengeserana. Ethnic nokuti kumucheto Russia akaumba idzva mamiriro, uyo vakawanda vakatanga kutaura nendimi uye aiva tsika dzavo pachavo uye nemararamiro. Somuenzaniso, Belarus uye Ukraine. By voga pakati ukuru akatungamirira machinda uye vanoda akatamisa nesimba zvakananga nhaka. The hondo pakati pavo akanga akatakurwa nokuda kusagutsikana nokuparadzira munharaunda nokuda Kiev choushe, nokuti rusununguko kubva Kiev.

ainetsana hama

hondo yevagari muRussia kwakatanga IX remakore, uye zviduku skirmishes pakati machinda, chokwadi, kumborega. Asi pakanga feuds kukuru. Wokutanga bopoto akasimuka pakupera X - mavambo XI emakore pashure pokufa Svyatoslav. vanakomana vake vatatu, Jaropolk, Vladimir uye Oleg aiva amai zvakasiyana. Mbuya, Grand Duchess Olga, unogona nokubatanidza navo, akafa muna 969, uye pashure 3 years uye baba vakafa. Chaiwo misi kuberekwa mangwanani machinda Kievan uye avo vatsivi, pane zvishoma, asi pane mazano kuti panguva kusiyiwa Svyatoslavich Yaropolk wedangwe aiva nemakore 15 chete okuberekwa, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo ave kuisa kare pamusoro Svyatoslav rwake rworuboshwe. izvi zvose vakabatsira kuti chidzoke akasimba pamapatya ukama.

The guru rokutanga daka

Kutanga hondo anouya panguva hama kukura - vangobvumira vakawana simba, uye akanga varindi vakarinda fiefdoms dzavo. Chaicho chikonzero chaiva nguva kuonekwa Oleg mumasango dzavo Ohotnikov Yaropolka, akatungamirirwa mwanakomana magavhuna Sveneld lyutom. Mushure akatadza kuwirirana kwakaitika nembira akaurayiwa uye, maererano vamwe, baba vake zvakasimba Svenald Jaropolk egged pamusoro kurwisa uye zvakasimba zvakafadza kuvenga hama, uyo anonzi kuzovewo Kiev choushe. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi muna 977 Jaropolk anouraya mukoma wake Oleg. Wakati anzwa kupondwa muduku, munin'ina Vladimir, akanga agere Veliky Novgorod, akatizira Sweden, kubva yakauya shure nehondo wakasimba varwi, akatungamirirwa warlord kwayo Dobrynya. Vladimir akabva atamira Kiev. Kutora vanopandukira Polotsk, akaisa akakomba muguta guru. Kwapera nguva Jaropolk akabvuma musangano munin'ina wake, asi haana kusvika bheji, nekuti akanga akaurayiwa varwi vaviri. Vladimir akatonga pachigaro choushe Kiev pashure pemakore 7 chete pashure pokufa kwababa vake. Jaropolk munhau, oddly zvakakwana, aiva mutongi munyoro, uye vakatenda kuti vechiduku zvikuru hama dzakanga vakawirwa chivande, inotungamirwa ruzivo uye noumhizha anofungidzirwa akadai Sveneld uye ufeve. Vladimir akatonga Kiev 35 makore uye ashandira remadunhu- Red Svondo

The vehurumende hondo Kievan Rus rechipiri uye rechitatu

Hondo yevagari vemo yechipiri machinda rinotanga pashure Vladimir afa, navanakomana vake, waakanga 12. Asi chikuru hondo yakanga pakati Svyatopolk uye Jaroslav.

In daka ichi akauraya Boris uye Gleb, vakava vatsvene wokutanga Russian. Pakupedzisira yokumusoro ruoko Yaroslav, gare gare vakagamuchira zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Wise. Panguva Kiev choushe akakwira muna 1016-M uye aitonga kusvikira 1054, apo akafa.

Chokwadi, wechitatu makuru daka vakatanga pashure porufu rwake pakati pavanakomana vake vanomwe. Kunyange Yaroslav yake hwose zvakajeka chete fiefdoms vana, ikazopiwa choushe Kiev Izyaslav, zvichiguma hondo chavo chokuuraya hama akatonga pamusoro payo chete muna 1069.

Century kusabatana uye pazviri Golden Horde

Zvakazoitwa nguva kusvikira pamugumo ari XIV remakore ndiyo nguva enyika kusabatana. Vakatanga aumbe akazvimiririra ukuru, uye chirongwa kusabatana uye kwaita itsva yemberi kuva kusingarapiki. Kana ari XII remakore ari munharaunda Russia paiva 12 ukuru, atova XIII remakore, izvo pane 50, uye muna XIV - 250.

In sainzi, izvi anonzi feudal kusabatana. Kunyange nevaMedhiya Russia Tatar-eMongolia muna 1240, vakatadza kumisa unorema muitiro. Chete kuwana nokuti 2.5 remakore pasi pejoko Golden Horde akanga kuderera ramachinda Kievan kuti nokuumba hurumende centralized simba.

Mashoko akaipa uye zvakanaka mativi kusabatana

hondo veHurumende muRussia akaparadza uye nokudeura ropa ari nyika, kwete kuubvumira kukura zvakanaka. Asi, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, hondo yevagari vemo kusabatana vakanga vakaremara Russia kwete chete. Pamucheka sechigaro France uye Germany, uye England. Oddly zvakakwana, asi pane dzimwe nguva kupwanya uye vakaita zvakanaka basa. Mugadziriro mumwe ehurumende vakatanga kushingaira kuva imwe nyika, akatendeuka kupinda guru Estates, dzakavakwa uye kaiva maguta itsva dzakavakwa machechi, akasika uye vakagadzirira pamwe makuru squads. Political, upfumi uye zvetsika kukura peripheral umambo vane simba simba rezvematongerwo enyika muKiev akabatsira nekukura kuzvionera uye rusununguko. Uye mune dzimwe nzira kuti kwaita hweruzhinji.

Zvisinei muzhdousobitsey muRussia agara nounyanzvi akashandisa vavengi varo, yaiva zvakakwana. Kuti kuwedzera peripheral Estates hwogumisa kuti kurwiswa Russia Golden Horde. Pfungwa centralization munyika Russian zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatanga XIII remakore uye akanga XV. Asi ipapo chakaitika internecine Kusanzwisisana.

The duality pakati mitemo yokugara

Dzinenge mashoko akakodzera kutanga hondo yevagari hugota of Moscow mumakore 1425-1453. Pakafa Basil I chinopinda mumaoko mwanakomana wake, Vasily II Dark, makore ane rokutonga aizivikanwa gakava simba. pashure pakarepo rufu Basil I muna 1425 kusvikira 1433rd hondo yakarwiwa pakati Vasily Dark uye sekuru vake Yuri Dmitrievich. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviri Kievan Rus kusvika XIII remakore, mitemo yokugara vakashingirira agnatic ukuru. Maererano naye simba chakasvitswa kumukuru mumhuri, uye Dmitry Donskoy muna 1389 akagadzwa ake mwanakomana worugotwe Yuri mugari wenhaka pachigaro pamusoro rufu mwanakomana mukuru Basil. Basil ndakafa, pamwe venhaka dzavo, kunyanya mwanakomana wake Basil, avo muridzi kodzero pachigaro, nekuti simba XIII remakore vari kuwedzera vakapfuura vachibva baba mwanakomana mukuru.

Kazhinji, wokutanga kuiputsa kurudyi Mstislav I Mukuru, mwanakomana Vladimir Monomakh, uyo akatonga kubva 1125 ne 1132. Zvadaro, nemhaka simba Monomakh, Mstislav achaita, vachitsigirwa nevamwe machinda boyars vakaramba vakanyarara. Uye zvakarurama Yuri Basil akadenha, uye dzimwe hama kumutsigira.

mutongi simba

Kutanga hondo yevagari muna Moscow hugota Akaperekedzwa kuparadzwa zvikamu zviduku, uye nokusimbaradza simba roumambo. Vasiliy Temny akarwa kuti kubatana munyika Russian. Kwoupenyu hwake ushe, urwo rwakatora intermittently kubva 1425 kusvika 1453, Vasiliy Temny kakawanda akarasikirwa chake choushe mukurwa yokutanga babamunini vake uye ipapo vanakomana vake uye vamwe vanoda kuti chigaro Moscow vanhu, asi nguva dzose anodzoka. Muna 1446 akaenda parwendo kunonamata Utatu-rwacho Segiyo Lavra, paakange akakunda uye vakapofumadzwa, uye nei zita remadunhurirwa Dark. Power muMoscow panguva akabatwa Dmitriem Shemyakoy. Asi, kunyange kana vakapofumadzwa Basil Dark akaenda yakaoma kurwisana pamwe wechiTatar yaingopambwa uye dzimwe vavengi, achibvambura Russia kunze.

hondo yevagari muna Moscow hugota yaguma afa Basil II Dark. Mugumisiro kwake, kwakanga kuwedzera mundima Grand Duchy of Moscow (akabatana muPskov uye Novgorod), uye kurasikirwa chinokosha kwakaderera uchangamire mamwe machinda, kuti Moscow akamanikidzwa kuteerera.