January 27 - zuva kubviswa blockade pakati Leningrad. Mararamiro blockade Leningrad

January 27, zuva kubviswa blockade pakati Leningrad, chinhu chinokosha chete munhoroondo nyika yedu. Nhasi, musi uyu, zuva Military Kubwinya pagore. Guta Leningrad (zvino St. Petersburg) agamuchira May 1, 1945 musoro Hero-City. May 8, 1965 kuchamhembe musoro paakavapa ari menduru "Gold Star" uye kuti Order of Lenin. Menduru pamusoro Leningrad yakagamuchirawo mamiriyoni 1,496 vagere muguta rino.

"Leningrad rakakombwa" - chirongwa yakatsaurirwa kuna zviitiko nguva

Kuyeukwa izvi umhare zviitiko munyika yave rakaramba nanhasi. January 27 (zuva vaizoitwazve ari blockade pakati Leningrad) muna 2014 - ndiwo musi unoenderana kusunungurwa guta-gore makumi manomwe. St. Petersburg Archive Committee akapa basa rinonzi "Leningrad rakakombwa." Internet portal "Archives St. Petersburg" akasikwa rakapotsa kwemasimba siyana zvakachengetedzwa zvinyorwa chokuita nhoroondo guta panguva yokukomba. Rakabudiswa anenge 300 munhoroondo epakutanga nguva. Zvinyorwa izvi zviri mumapoka akasiyana zvikamu gumi, chimwe nechimwe achabatsirwa mashoko nyanzvi. Vose dzinoratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana muupenyu Leningrad panguva blockade.

Rokuvakazve hondo-nguva nzvimbo

Nhasi hakusi nyore kufungidzira muduku St Petersburg, kuti kwazvo guta-Museum, nekwavanogara, yave vakatongerwa kuparadzwa zvachose kuburikidza vokuGermany muna 1941. Zvisinei, haana kukanda mapfumo pasi, kana akanga akapoteredzwa kuFinnish uye German kupesana, uye akakwanisa kuhwina, kunyange zvazvo akanga sokuti vakatongerwa kufa. To ino chizvarwa vagari veguta aiva pfungwa chii vakaenda kuburikidza kwavo kukuru-Vanasekuru uye Vanasekuru kwemakore iwayo (iyo vasara vagari rakakombwa Leningrad akayeuka sevapari nguva), mumwe migwagwa ano muguta, Italian uye Manezhnaya nharaunda vakanga "vakadzokera" kusvikira makore 70 gore muchando 1941-1944. Chirongwa ichi ainzi "Street Life".

In ichangobva kutaurwa nzvimbo St. Petersburg vari siyana mutsika masangano, uyewo dzemitambo, izvo kunyange mumakore akaoma zviri blockade havana kurega mabasa avo. Heano chavasina michinjikwa nemahwindo mudzimba, sezvo panguva iyoyo Leningrad, yakaitwa kudzivirira mhepo kurwiswa, reconstructed kwezvinovharidzira jecha mumasaga mumigwagwa, vakauya pfuti Anti ndege, marori zvechiuto nokuti vose pakati kubereka nzvimbo panguva. Saka makumi manomwe gore yokukombwa Leningrad akanga paakavapa. Maererano nokufungidzira anoshongwa munguva makore iwayo yakaparadzwa vanenge 3000 dzimba uye vanopfuura 7000 vakanga yekudyidzana zvakaparadzwa. Vagari rakakombwa Leningrad kudzivirira pamusoro dzakasiyana-siyana kutokonora amisa masvingo. Vakavaka vanenge 4 zviuru bunkers uye pillboxes, akashongedzerwa pamwe vanenge 22 zviuru zvakasiyana vachiridzira pfungwa mukuvaka akavaka mumigwagwa 35 makiromita ane Anti-tangi zvipingamupinyi uye kwezvinovharidzira.

Kukombwa Leningrad: mikuru zviitiko uye nenhamba

Yakatanga muna 1941, September 8, kudzivirira guta rwakatora mazuva 900 uye dzakaguma muna 1944. January 27 - Zuva vachisimudza pamusoro blockade pakati Leningrad. Makore ose aya, nzira bedzi iyo rakakombwa guta vakauya zvakakodzera zvigadzirwa, uyewo ekisipoti vakakuvadzwa zvakakomba uye vana rakanga kuitwa chando pamusoro muaizi Lake Ladoga. Yaiva nzira upenyu rakakombwa Leningrad. Pairi isu vachakuudza zvakawanda munyaya ino.

Putsa blockade rakanga January 18, 1943, uye hauchazvidzwi Leningrad zvachose musi wa27 January. Zvino kusvikira gore rakatevera - muna 1944. Saka, vagari aifanira kumirira kwenguva refu asati muguta Leningrad blockade wakazvikudza zvakajeka. Vakaurayiwa panguva iyi, maererano nokufungidzira siyana, kubvira vagari 400 zviuru. 1.5 miriyoni. Mawana panguva muNuremberg nemiedzo anotevera nhamba - 632 000 vakafa. 3 chete% wavo - kubva kutokonora uye kubhomba. Vamwe vagari vakafa nokuziya nenzara.

Tanga chiitiko

Nhasi, mauto dzekare vanodavira kuti hapana guta munyika munhoroondo yehondo asina vakawanda kudaro nokuti kukunda, asi kuti nguva Leningrad. Nomusi apo Mukuru Patriotic War (1941, June 22), muguta rino, uye munharaunda yacho yose, zvakanga pakarepo kuisa pasi mutemo wechiuto. YechiFascist avhiyesheni German pausiku 22 musi June 23 kokutanga akaedza kuti kurwisa Leningrad. kuedza ichi dzakaguma remuSamoa. The guta haana kubvumira hapana ndege muvengi.

Zuva rakatevera, June 24, Leningrad uto weruwa yachinjwa kuva kuchamhembe mberi. Kronstadt akafukidza pagungwa guta. Rakanga mumwe bwezvingoro, ipapo ndiripo muGungwa reBaltic. Pakatanga muvengi mauto munharaunda kubva July 10, vakatanga umhare kudzivirira, izvo zvinogona kudada nhoroondo Leningrad. September 6 kwakadonha wokutanga mabhomba muguta vaNazi, pashure akanga zvakanyatsorongwa pasi mhepo vachirwisa. Mumwedzi mitatu chete, kubva September kusvika November 1941, mhepo bvuta akasvinurira akanzi 251 nguva.

Nemasipika uye akakurumbira metronome

Zvisinei, simba kuti kusimuka pamberi guta-gamba pangozi, zvikuru vakabatana vagari Leningrad vakanga vachipikisana muvengi. Kuti adzivise Leningrad vakazvipira mhepo rinopamura awanikwa mumigwagwa yakapoteredza 1,500 vakurukuri pakutanga kwemwedzi. Population kuzoona paredhiyo mhepo bvuta. The yakakurumbira metronome, iro vakaburuka munhau sezvo kwetsika shongwe yacho kurwisa nguva yenhepfenyuro iri kuburikidza Network ichi. Quick mutinhimira zvaireva kuti unzve muchiuto vakamuka, uye anononoka - a dzokera shure. Michael Melaned, ari mushamarari, azivise aramu. Hapana chimwe dunhu muguta, uko munhu goko muvengi vasingagoni kubhururuka. Naizvozvo, mumigwagwa uye munzvimbo dzakanga dzaona, apo ngozi yokukanganisa aiva mukuru. Pano, vanhu akagadza zviratidzo kana pendi akanyora kuti nzvimbo ino ndiyo ngozi kana kutokonora.

Guta Adolf Hitler Chirongwa raifanira kuparadzwa zvachose, uye tichidzivirira mauto ake - akaurayiwa. VokuGermany, wakati akakundikana pane kuedza akawanda kupaza kudzivirira Leningrad, akasarudza nenzara nayo.

The kutokonora weguta rokutanga

mugari ose, kusanganisira vana uye vakwegura, vakava vanotsigira Leningrad. Special hondo rakaumbwa vanhu nevarwi, umo zviuru zvevanhu vakaungana mune partisan dzakabatana uye akarwa muvengi panguva fronts, muchirongwa pakuvaka kuzvidzivirira mitsetse. Zvakatanga ari kubvisa chavagari reguta, uyewo tsika tsika dzakasiyana siyana mamiziyamu uye mumaindasitiri midziyo mumwedzi hondo yokutanga. Mauto muvengi mundokunda guta musi waAugust 20 Chudovo, ichivharira yakazova yakananga Leningrad uye Moscow.

Asingakwanisi Zvisinei, mapoka ehondo pasi zita "North" kuti dzinopaza Leningrad parwendo, kunyange mberi akaswedera pedyo neguta. Enderana kutokonora akatanga kubvira 4 September. Papera mazuva mana, muvengi akabata mutaundi Shlisselburg, zvichizoita munyika kutaura Big Leningrad pachivande ikadziviswa.

Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga kukomba guta. Zvakazoonekwa kuti vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 2,5, kusanganisira vana 400,000. Muguta kusvikira kumusoro blockade haana zvakakodzera zvokudya. Ivo vakaita kuti September 12 dzave dzaona chete 30-35 mazuva (chingwa), mazuva 45 (zviyo) uye mazuva 60 (nyama). Kunyange austerity marasha aigona zvakakwana chete November, uye nemvura mafuta - chete kuguma kuitika pamberi. mitemo chikafu kuti dzave zvavakatemerwa pamusoro nokugoverwa gadziriro, akatanga zvishoma kusviba.

Nzara uye chando

Mamiriro acho ezvinhu kuwedzerwa ndechokuti Muchando cha1941 chaiva tanga kuRussia, uye muna Leningrad - dzinotyisa kwazvo. Kazhinji, lämpömittari kwakadzika chiratidzo -32 inegumi. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakafa nenzara uye kuchitonhora. Yepamusoro hunofa ndiyo nguva kubva 20 November kusvikira 25 December 1941 dzakaoma ichi. Panguva iyi, masoja migove chingwa vava yekudyidzana - kusvika magiramu 500 pazuva. Nokuti vaya vari kushanda inopisa zvitoro, ivo chakaita kuti magiramu 375 chete, uye kuti vamwe vashandi uye mainjiniya - 250. Nokuti zvimwe zvikamu vokuparidzira (vana, paanofa uye vashandi) - 125 chete Grammian. Pakanga rakapotsa pasina zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Vakafa nenzara zuva nezuva kuti vanopfuura zviuru 4 vanhu. Nhamba iyi iri kupfuura 100 nguva pre-hondo vanourayiswa prices. Vakawanda apo varume kufa pamusoro mukadzi. The naka pabonde pakazopera hondo akaita chikuru chikamu vagere Leningrad.

Basa Life Roads kuti Victory

Chokuita nyika kuitwa, sezvo yave akati, The Road Woupenyu akakomba Leningrad, vagura Lake Ladoga. Yaiva chete Mugwagwa zvaiitika munguva kubva September 1941 kusvika March 1943. Rakanga riri mumugwagwa uyu vakapfuura kubvisa kuti maindasitiri michina uye vanhu Leningrad, hurukuro guta chikafu, uyewo zvombo, zvombo, mafuta uye vavabatsire. Zvose izvi nzira Leningrad akanunura vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,615 matani nhumbi akabviswa vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 1,37. In yokutanga zvinhu yechando nayo akagamuchira zviuru 360 matani, uye vagari akabviswa kuti 539,4 zviuru. On mudziva pasi mutsetse akanga avakwidza kupa zvigadzirwa mafuta.

Kudzivirirwa Life Roads

Aigara wakabhombwa uye shelled Road revarwi Life Hitler kuti remadza chete nzira ruponeso. Kuidzivirira kubva mhepo parinouya, uyewo kuona ishande nzira uye masimba venyika vaiita mhepo kudzivirira. In zvirangaridzo siyana uye zvivako ikozvino immortalized ari heroism vanhu vakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti kurega kufamba pairi. pakati izvi kundinakidza ndiye "Broken Ring" - mumwe sezvamunoita musi Lake Ladoga, uye boka rinonzi "Rumbolovskaya Mountain", riri Vsevolozhsk; "Flower Roupenyu" (shongwe mumusha Kowalewo), izvo zvakatsaurirwa kuna vana, aigara Leningrad mumakore iwayo, uyewo kuisa mumusha pamwe zita Black River Memorial Complex, apo varwi vakaurayiwa Ladoga mugwagwa, aradzikwa mune vakawanda muguva.

Kusukwa kukombwa Leningrad

Kukombwa Leningrad yakatyoka kekutanga, sezvatakagamuchira akati, muna 1943, musi waJanuary 18. Izvi mauto akaita Volkhov uye Leningrad fronts, pamwe kuBaltic Fleet. VokuGermany vakanga adzosa. Operation "Iskra" rakaitirwa pamwe mukuru kusvika nemauto eSoviet Army, iyo zvikuru munguva wechando 1942-1943, mushure mauto muvengi takakombwa pa Stalingrad. Army "North" akapandukira nemauto eSoviet. January 12, akaenda pamusoro tsamwisa nevarwi Volkhov uye Leningrad fronts, uye vanobatana mumazuva matanhatu. January 18 akasunungurwa Shlisselburg uye rinocheneswa muvengi sokuronga zvinokosha yokumaodzanyemba Lake Ladoga. Pakati paro uye mitsetse makaumba mukoridho ane upamhi aiva 8-11? Km. Kubudikidza kwemazuva 17 (imbofunga nenguva ino!) Road uye njanji pamakwara dzakaiswa. Pashure paizvozvo, nerubatsiro guta kwakavandudza zvinoshamisa. The blockade akabviswa musi wa27 January zvachose. Day yokuputsa blockade kuti Leningrad aizivikanwa mafayawekisi kuti dzakavhenekera denga guta rino.

Kukombwa Leningrad rava munhoroondo wakakura zvikuru. Vazhinji vanogara vakafa panguva, akavigwa nhasi pana Piskarevskoe Memorial Cemetery. Mupomerwi rwakatora, kuti chaiwo, 872 mazuva. Leningrad isati hondo mushure ndikasazovapo. Taundi yachinja zvakawanda, zvaifanira kuvakazve zhinji zvivako, vamwe - kuvaka patsva.

Diary pamusoro Tani Savichevoy

Kubva zvinotyisa zvakaitika makore iwayo zvinosiyirwa yakawanda uchapupu. Mumwe wavo - the dhayari pamusoro Tanya. Leningradka Savicheva Tatyana kutanga mufambiro wake aine makore 12. Yakanga isina kubudiswa, nokuti ine zvinyorwa zvinotyisa mapfumbamwe chete akauraya sei kuramba mhuri nhengo musikana Leningrad panguva. pazvisina kupona zvikuru Tanya. Izvi nebhuku rokunyorera somunhu nharo, achipomera fascism, chaipiwa pa rokuNuremberg miedzo.

Ko gwaro iri zvino miziyamu kweguta-gamba, uye bhuku wakachengetwa girazi nyaya chirangaridzo rataurwa Piskaryovsky kumakuva uko vakavigwa 570,000 Leningrad panguva yokukomba vakafa nokuziya nenzara kana kubhombiwa kubvira 1941 kusvika 1943, uye muMoscow musi Poklonnaya Hill .

Kurasikirwa simba nokuda nzara ruoko akanyora zvishoma irregularly. The zvakakanganisa vana kutambura mweya akasagona kuva manzwiro avanoita. Girl chete akanyora zvinotyisa zviitiko hwake - "kwevatariri rufu" mumba yake mhuri. Tanya akanyora kuti Savichevs vose vakafa. Zvisinei, haana kuziva, havafi zvose chizvarwa mberi. Iye akanunurwa uye akatorwa kubva hanzvadzi Nina. Akadzokera muna 1945 muna Leningrad, mumba make, uye vakawana pakati nesuko, marara uye akaberekera masvingo notibhuku Thani. Hama Misha zvakare akapora kubva yakawanikwa pamberi ndakuvadzwa. Girl akazviwana kushumira kutsvinda zvikwata kuti vadarika guta musha. Iye vakafenda nenzara. Her, padikidiki mupenyu, akabviswa mune chokwadi ugari. Pano, nherera dzakawanda akasimba, asi Tanya akanga haana kuzovazve. Vanachiremba vakakurwirai hwake, asi iye achiri akafa mukati makore maviri. Akafa muna 1944, July 1.