Maria Bochkareva. Vakadzi Vorufu Battalion. Tsarist Russia. Nhoroondo

About mukadzi uyu zvinoshamisa inofamba ngano zhinji kudaro, zvakaoma kutaura chokwadi chakakwana chokwadi ndechipi yokunyepera. Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti nyore murimi mudiki, asi pakupedzisira upenyu kuverenga, King George V munguva private vateereri inonzi "Russian Joan pamusoro Arc" uye mutungamiri American ainzi Woodrow Wilson norukudzo kugamuchirwa White House. zita rake - Bochkarova Mariya Leontevna. Fate akagadzirira naye kukudzwa kuva wokutanga hadzi mukuru muuto Russian.

Childhood, vechidiki, uye chete rudo

Vakadzi rechiuto ramangwana heroine akaberekerwa murimi mudiki mhuri mumusha St. Nicholas Novgorod province. Aiva mwana nevabereki vake rechitatu. Zvino vakagara kubva muruoko muromo uye kuti zvimwe kuvandudza dambudziko ravo, akatamira kuSiberia, umo hurumende mumakore iwayo yakatanga chirongwa kubatsira misha. Asi netarisiro havana akasangana, uye kutengesa zvakawandisa kure ane Mutengi, Mariya akaroorwa mangwanani asingachadiwi murume, uye kunze, kunyange akadhakwa. Kubva iye akaenda kwaari zita - Bochkareva.

Nokukurumidza musikana akapatsanura ruvengo nokusingaperi wake otanga akasununguka upenyu. Panguva iyoyo akasangana rudo wake wokutanga uye vokupedzisira muupenyu. Zvinosuruvarisa, varume Mary zvokufa rombo rakaipa; kana wekutanga waiva chidhakwa, wechipiri waiva kupfuura chaiye thug akatora mugove kupamba pamwe chete boka "hunghutz" - vatama kubva China uye muManchuria. Asi sezvo vanoti, rudo zvakaipa ... zita rake raiva Yankel (Jakobho) Beech. Paakazosvika akasungwa akaperekedza kudare iri Yakutsk, Maria Bochkareva akaenda vakamutevera, kufanana vakadzi Decembrists.

Asi wakaora Yankel akanga kuchinja uye kunyange nzvimbo aivhima kutenga zvakabiwa zvinhu, uye gare gare akapakatira. Kumurwira anoda mamwe mujeri, Maria akamanikidzwa cede kunetswa hwomubati emo, asi aisakwanisa vapone kumanikidzwa change - vakaedza kuchetura naye. Akagumisa nyaya rudo yake chinopunyairireiko: Beech, dzidza pamusoro zvakaitika pakupisa negodo akaedza kuuraya mubati. Akanga aedza uye akatuma pasi perekedza kune yatisingaonekwi kure nzvimbo. More Maria haana kumuona.

On kumberi pachake mvumo naMambo

Mashoko nokutambudzika World War First akakonzera Russian muvanhu kusingaenzaniswi nyika nokukurumidza. The mberi akatuma zviuru vakazvipira. Muenzaniso wavo zvakateverwa uye Maria Bochkareva. Nyaya yake anyorese mauto iwayo kujairika. Zvaakanga kutariswa November 1914 kuti kuchengeterwa rechiuto mutungamiriri, uyo akanga ari Tomsk, zvakanga akarambwa ane zano chibhende kunobvunza kubva munhu mambo. Kusiyana vakamirira rechiuto wavarwi, iye akaita kunyora chikumbiro kuna Kesari. I kufungidzira wose kushamiswa kana kwapera nguva vakasvika zvakanaka mhinduro uye chasainwa Nicholas II.

Mushure nokudzidziswa kosi pfupi muna February 1915, Maria Bochkareva ari pamberi ndokuendeswa mushandi musoja - akanga rechiuto chinzvimbo mumakore iwayo. Wakabata nayo nezhenskoe nyaya, izvozvo zvakafanana nevanhu asingatyi akafamba bhayoneti kurwisa, kudzura mumoto, uye vakakuvadzwa vakaratidza heroism kwechokwadi. Hezvinoi remadunhurirwa rokuti Yasha, akasarudza akazvirerera mune ndangariro dzake dzinodiwa - Yakove Buke. Muupenyu hwake paiva nevarume vaviri - murume wake anoda. Kubva pakutanga akaramba zita, wechipiri - the remadunhu-.

Kana muna March 1916, akaurayiwa mukuru wekambani, Maria, uyo akatora nzvimbo yake, akamutsa varwi vari kurwisa, rwakazokura dzinouraya kuti muvengi. Nokuti kuva noushingi Bochkareva akanga paakavapa ari George Cross matatu Medals, uye nokukurumidza yakabereka ari mudiki vasiri basa vatariri. Ari pamberi mutsetse, yakanga kakawanda akuvara, asi akaramba ari pemisara, uye chete ronda yakanyanya hudyu akatungamirira Mary kuchipatara, uko iye akarara kwemwedzi mina.

Kusikwa yokutanga munhoroondo Women wacho rechiuto

Tichidzokera nezvenzvimbo Mary Bochkarev - George Knight uye inozivikanwa murwi - abatwa hondo yake ezvinhu manyowa. Panguva yake Kusavapo paiva ari February Revolution, uye misangano isingaperi vaiva pakati pavarwi alternated fraternization ne "eGermany". Arwadziwa nekusiyana ichi, Mary akanga achitsvaka mukana kuchinja zviri kuitika. Nokukurumidza pashure iyi yakapiwa.

Nokuti rutsigiro pamberi yakasvika sachigaro zvokungoitawo Committee of State Duma Rodzianko. With ake rutsigiro Bochkareva mukuvamba March yaiva Petrograd, apo akatanga ake refu-amire hope - kusikwa emauto vamapoka dzokutsigira nyika vakadzi vakazvipira vari vakagadzirira kuuya kwokudzivirira Motherland. Mukuedza uku, zvakanga chakatsigirwa gurukota War of dikidiki Government Alexander Kerensky uye Mukuru Wehondo General Brusilov.

Achipindura yokudanwa Marii Bochkarovoy anopfuura zviuru zviviri vokuRussia vakaratidza chido chavo mumaoko kubatana panhengo kunotangira. Hazvina kufanira kuteerera chokwadi vakanga kuti chinokosha yakagoverwa vakadzidza vakadzi - vadzidzi uye vadzidzi Bestuzhev pamapoka, uye chetatu zvaiva nedzidzo chesekondari. zviratidzi kwakadaro panguva iyoyo aisagona vanozvirova munhu kwemunhu chikwata. Pakati "kuvhunduka vamabhiza" - ndee kwavari zita - vaimiririra siyana muupenyu - kubvira kuvanhuwo zvavo kusvika vairemekedzwa akapfeka loudest uye vakakurumbira mazita ari Russian.

Mukuru revakadzi rechiuto Maria Bochkareva hwakagadzwa pakati pasi simbi kurangwa uye kunyatsoomerera kuzviisa pasi. Kuwedzera rakanga shanu mangwanani, uye zuva rose kusvikira gumi o'clock manheru yakazadzwa zvisingaperi zvidzidzo, kwaizombomiswa chete pfupi zororo. Vakadzi vazhinji, zvikurukuru kubva mhuri vakapfuma, vachitamburira kuti vajaire nyore musoja wacho zvokudya uye hwakaoma purogiramu. Asi pakanga pasina pavo ratiinaro.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti nokukurumidza zita Mukuru Wehondo akatanga kutambira zvichemo pamusoro kutsvinyirwa uye nehanya kwevanhu Bochkareva. Kunyange kunongedzera zvinhu nokurova. Uyezve, Mariya zvaisambobvumirwa azviise nzvimbo yayo rechiuto enyika agitators, vamiririri siyana masangano dzebato, uye ichi ndicho rakananga kutyora murayiro zvakatangwa February chimurenga. Somugumisiro kwakapararira Kusagutsikana "kuvhunduka vamabhiza" mazana maviri namakumi mashanu vabva Bochkareva uye akabatana chimwe chivako.

Kutumira nechemberi

Zvino kwakauya refu-akamirirwa zuva apo June 21, 1917 pamusoro mativi pamberi St. Isaka Cathedral panguva confluence ezviuru paruzhinji mutsva reuto akagamuchira hondo mureza. On zvakanyorwa: "Yokutanga hadzi chikwata Marii Bochkarovoy rufu." Hatigoni kutaura sei mufaro ruzivo vatenzikadzi vachikunda, amire kurutivi rwerudyi parutivi vari yunifomu itsva? Pausiku hwake dzakapiwa pachinzvimbo chevatatu warandi mukuru, uye Maria - wokutanga mukadzi mukuru muuto Russian - akanga zvakakodzera heroine yezuva.

Asi ichi ndicho chiri mazororo zvose - yochinja upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Chakatsiva Kupemberera muSt vaIsaka Cathedral vakauya musoro uye kwete kudanana mugoronga upenyu. Young mudziviriri Nyika Yababa nomubvunzo chokwadi iyo vakanga vasina pfungwa pamberi. Vaiva pakati akafumuka uye mutsika dzakaora musoja makore. Bochkareva iye anodana varwi "rusingadzorwi Shantrapa" iri netsamba dzake. Kudzivirira vakadzi zvichibvira mhirizhonga, kunyange akanga kumira pedyo mumabharaki nguva.

Zvisinei, pashure yokutanga muchiuto oparesheni, iyo wakapindwa rechiuto Marii Bochkarovoy, "kuvhunduka mauto", achiratidza ushingi wakafanira varwi chaivo, kumanikidzwa kubata pachako noruremekedzo. Izvi zvakaitika mumazuva July 1917 pasi Smorganyu wokutanga. Mushure yakadaro umhare kutanga kunyange akwikwidzane hadzi Kupinda vezvikwata zviri ruvengo, sezvo General A. I. Kornilov, akamanikidzwa achinje pfungwa dzake.

Hospital mu Petrograd uye rokuongorora vezvikwata itsva

Vakadzi rechiuto vakarwa yakaenzana mashoko nemamwe madhipatimendi ose uye, sezvo vakabereka kurasikirwa. Zvaakanga ari mumwe hondo kwakaitika musi July 9, rinorema chipaparadzungu, Maria Bochkareva akatumwa kunorapwa muna Petrograd. Panguva yake ikoko pamberi muguta guru yambokurukurwa zvikuru akatanga vakadzi vayo nyika kufamba. New battalions dzakaumbwa, vashandi yokuzvidira kutsigira Nyika Yababa.

Apo Bochkareva muchipatara, sezvakarayirwa achangogadzwa Mukuru Wehondo L. Kornilov, akanga akarayirwa kuti aongorore muzvikamu izvi. pakuongororwa vaiva mwoyo chaizvo. Hapana rechiuto zvaisangova rwisana-vakagadzirira chikwata chiri zvakakwana. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu echimurenga nyonganyonga ushe guru, zvakaoma akabvumira kuti vabudirire mune pfupi yakanaka mugumisiro uye aifanira kushivirira ichi.

Nokukurumidza Maria Bochkareva akadzokera chikwata chake. Asi kubva panguva iyoyo shungu dzayo kwesangano yakati dzaserera. Iye anoramba akataura kuti akanga mwoyo vakadzi vanoramba haana kufunga zvakakodzera kutora navo pamberi - ". Musikana uye crybaby" Kunenge kuti omurume kurayira ayo akanga akakwirira zvikuru, uye kuti akanga ari mauto payo - mukuru wemauto, mhiri nezvaanogona zvavo vakadzi. Orange Yane no Cross St. George, Maria Bochkareva akanga panguva iyoyo kutsigira kuti chinzvimbo refutenendi.

Zviratidzo "Vakadzi rechiuto Rufu"

Sezvo muronga zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro nzira yakakurumbira yechiitiko ari kudzivirira wokupedzisira yakagara dikidiki Government (Winter Palace), vanofanira kutsanangura chii chaizvo panguva iyoyo munhu reuto, iyo pave Maria Bochkareva. "Women kwaiita rechiuto Rufu" - saka akasarudza kumutumidza - maererano nomutemo, akanga sechinhu yakazvimirira reuto uye akanga vakaenzana chinzvimbo kuna chehondo.

Uwandu kwevakadzi Varwi chiuru. Officers zvakazara akapedza kubva kuvanhu, vose vaiva noruzivo vehondo avo vakapfuura fronts the World War First. Rechiuto akamira pachiteshi Levashovo apo zvakakodzera kuti mamiriro ezvinhu basa zvakasikwa. The nzvimbo yaiva categorically airambidzwa chero anoparadzirwa uye bato basa.

The rechiuto aisafanira kuva enyika chero nechimiro chokureva. Kugadzwa ake chakaitwa kudzivirira kumusha navavengi vatorwa, uye kwete kuita pezviri enyika. Rechiuto mukuru waiva, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, Maria Bochkareva. Biography zviri vasingasiyani kubva chimiro ichi kurwa. Mumatsutso zvose vakamirira amburenzi akatumira mberi, asi hapana chakaitika.

Kwokudzivirira Winter Palace

Pakarepo, isu ambopiwa kuti mumwe vezvikwata zviri rechiuto kusvika musi waOctober 24 muna Petrograd kutora chikamu mune kwakawanda. Kutaura zvazviri, kwaiva chete chikonzero kukwezva "Varwi vakadzi" kudzivirira Winter Palace kubva pakutanga chiito nezvombo pakati Bolsheviks. Panguva iyoyo, nomuzinda ravarwi kwaisanganisira dzakapfirirwa vamapoka Cossacks uye Cadets zvikoro remauto siyana uye regai angamirira chakakomba uto rehondo.

Women asvika uye mukavaisa chinhu dzezvimwe dzaiumba youmambo dzokugara, akarayira mupomerwi kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva Bapiro chivakwa chinobva Palace Square. Pazuva rokutanga vakakwanisa kuvaparadzanisa Red kukupfura uye kudzora Nicholas Bridge. Asi zuva rakatevera, 25 October, chivako yamambo yakanga yakapoteredzwa chose nemauto ari Military Revolutionary Committee, uye nokukurumidza kupfura akatanga. Kubva iyi kutsigira zviri Winter Palace, vasingadi kufira zvokungoitawo hurumende, akatanga kusiya nzvimbo dzavo.

Wokutanga kadheti Michael akasiya chikoro, uye vakanga akateverwa Cossacks. Vakadzi ringangodaro wakarebesa uye o'clock chete gumi manheru parlimentaire akatuma mutsara kusarenda uye chikumbiro kusunungura kubva kumuzinda. Vakapiwa mukana kuenda, asi pamwe zvizere zvombo. Pashure pechinguvana hadzi chikwata pa simba zvizere akaiswa yemauto ari Pavlovsky chemazana chehondo zviri kuchengeterwa, uye akatuma kunzvimbo yavo zvachose nekutumirwa kwemauto muna Levashovo.

Kupambwa simba nokuda Bolsheviks uye zvakazoitika

Mushure October vakazvigadzirira kubvuta masimba kwakasarudzwa kubvisa vakadzi rechiuto. Zvisinei, kuti vadzokere kudzimba dzavo zvaityisa akapfeka yunifomu. Shandisa "Komiti Public Safety" achimuteerera Petrograd vakadzi akakwanisa nguo rehurumende uye nenzira iyi kuti kudzimba dzavo.

Kunyatsova nechokwadi kuti munguva dzakanga kukurukurwa, Bochkarova Mariya Leontevna raiva kumberi uye hapana munhu munyaya pavo havana kugamuchira. Izvi zvakanaka rakanyorwawo. Zvisinei, midzi ngano kuti iye akarayira aidzivirira pasi Winter Palace. Kunyange yakakurumbira Eisenstein Movie firimu "October" muna rimwe vacho vanogona kuva nyore kuwana nzira dzake.

The mberi njodzi mukadzi uyu ari kuenda zvakaoma chaizvo. Apo Hondo Civil akatanga, Russian Zina Dark - Maria Bochkareva - akanga chaizvoizvo rwakabatwa crossfire. Atinzwe pamusoro simba rayo pakati pemauto uye muhondo unyanzvi, maviri anorwisana mativi vakaedza kuunza Mariya pamisara yavo. Pakutanga, muna Smolny mukuru vamiririri hurumende itsva (kwake mashoko, Lenin uye Trotsky) kunyengetedza mukadzi kutora murayiro rimwe Red Guard dzakabatana.

Ipapo Marushevsky mukuru akarayira White Guard mauto ari dzekuchamhembe, akaedza kumunyengetedza pamwe uye akarayira Bochkareva inotungamirwa yetsiva dzakabatana. Asi zvose zviitiko, akaramba zviri chimwe chinhu - kundorwa kuvatorwa uye kudzivirira Motherland, uye ndeimwewo - kusimudza ruoko pamusoro compatriot. Kuramba kwake kwakanga zvachose categorical, nokuti icho Mariya dzakapotsa akarasikirwa rusununguko rwake - akatsamwisa mukuru akarayira kusunga wake, asi, sezvinei, vakawanda vakapinda Chirungu vatsigiri.

Mary parwendo mhiri kwamakungwa

Kupfuurirazve ndiye mugumo Hunochinja Zvisingatarisirwi - Kutevera chikumbiro General Kornilov, Bochkareva nechinangwa ndaitaurisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu iri kuenda America uye England. On rwendo urwu, iye akaenda, akapfeka ari muchimiro vanamukoti, uye kuva nhaka magwaro venhema. Zvakaoma kutenda, asi murimi mudiki uyu nyore mukadzi, kwangopera aiziva kuverenga uye kunyora, ndizvo chaizvo kukodzera akabata vakanomira chisvusvuro panguva White House, apo akanga akokwa kuti America Independence Day, President Wilson. Handina kunetsa uye vateereri, iyo akamupa King George V. In Buckingham Dvorets Mariya akasvika mukuru dzechisoja pamwe nemauto zvose mibayiro yacho. Raiva Chirungu mambo akadana kwaari Russian Joan pamusoro Arc.

Vose mibvunzo inobvunzwa misoro State Bochkarev, iye akawana zvakaoma kupindura chete chete nokuti yatsvuka kana chena? mubvunzo uyu haana musoro wake. Nokuti Maria uye vose vakanga hama, uye hondo wakakonzera hope kusuwa mariri. Paaigara America Bochkareva zvokutaurira mumwe Russian vanotodzoka ndangariro dzavo, chaakanga rakapepetwa uye akabudiswa pasi rokuti "Yasha" - iri zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Bochkareva Frontline. Bhuku rakabudiswa muna 1919 uye pakarepo akava Bestseller.

The okupedzisira basa

Nokukurumidza, Mary kuRussia, vanombonzwa yehondo. Its anoparadzirwa basa nayo zvaitwa, asi kuti kutora zvombo akanyatsoramba, izvo zvakazoita kuti yokumbozorora ukama murayiro Ngirozi Huru mberi. Vaimbove nechido kunamata ne chando mhosva. Related zvakaitika zvakakonzera mwoyo yakadzika, iro goho iyo Maria aiedza kuwana doro. Iye kwangoderera, uye murayiro agomuendesa kubva mberi kusvika shure eguta Tomsk.

Pano Bochkareva akatongerwa kokupedzisira kushumira Yababa - mushure kunyengetedza High Admiral A. V. Kolchaka nayo vakabvuma kuumba rokuzvipira amburenzi kukupfura. Achitaura pamberi pevateereri vakanga vakawanda munguva pfupi, Maria ave akakwanisa kukwezva vazvipiri vanopfuura mazana maviri vari ayo mapoka. Asi nokukurumidza kutanga dzvuku vanorega kuunza nyaya iyi kusvikira pakuguma.

Upenyu akava ngano

Apo Tomsk yakatorwa ne Bolsheviks, Bochkareva akazviratidza nokuzvidira muhofisi commandant uye mumaoko avo zvombo. Kubva yaro chipo pamwe, zviremera zvitsva akaramba. Kwapera nguva, akasungwa uye akatumwa Krasnoyarsk. Vaongorori of Special Section vakavhiringwa kuti amuratidze chero rwakange zvakaoma - Maria haana kutora chikamu mune achirwa Mavara. Asi, pakutambudzika kwake, iye akasvika muguta Moscow, mutevedzeri mukuru chaiye dhipatimendi Cheka IP Pavlunovsky - kungopotsera uye tsitsi kuuraya. Pasina kungomhanyira musimboti yacho, akapa murayiro - kupfura, izvo zvakaitwa pakarepo. Marii Bochkarovoy rufu yakaitika May 16, 1919.

Asi upenyu mukadzi uyu zvinoshamisa zvokuti kujairika kuti chamuita ngano zhinji kwake rufu. Hazvizivikanwi apo paguva Marii Leontevny Bochkarovoy, uye ichi chamuita kuti makuhwa kuti iye nepaburi retsono aurayiwe uye akanga achigara pasi vaifungidzira zita kusvikira pakuguma forties. Pane imwe nyaya kujairika kunotangira afa.

Zvinonzi inobva mubvunzo: "Chii Mary Bochkarev vapfurwa?", Nokuti zvakananga kupomera iye asingagoni kubereka. Achipindura, mumwe ngano rinoti Yasha kushinga vakavanda Tomsk American goridhe uye akaramba pachena ake kwaunenge Bolsheviks. Pane achiri zvinoverengeka zvinoshamisa nyaya. Asi chikuru ngano Zvechokwadi, Mary pachake Bochkareva, Biography izvo aigona kushanda zvarongwa kuti kunakidza yokufungidzira.