Hondo yekurwisa cosmopolitanism muUSSR inopfupika. Kutanga kwehondo yekurwisa cosmopolitanism: gore. Zvinokonzera kukwikwisana ne cosmopolitanism

Kurwisana neve cosmopolitanism, zuva raive rakanyatsogadziriswa mune zveSoviet, rakagamuchirwa nehurumende. Icho chakanga chiri chinangwa chekurwisa vanhu vaiti, mukufunga kwehutungamiri hwenyika, vaireva dambudziko kunyika. Zvakanga zvakasiyana mune dzimwe pfungwa dzisina kubvumirana nehutungamiri hwemhuri uye yekunze mazano ehurumende yeSoviet. Ngationgororei zvakare kuti kurwisana nekodemopolitani kwakatevedzwa sei.

General information

Muchidimbu, kurwisana ne cosmopolitanism muUSSR yakatungamirirwa pamusoro peSoviet intelligentsia. Vaionekwa sevatakuri vepro-Western mazano. Chii chakanga chiri kutanga kwekurwa nekodemopolitanism? Zuva remushandirapamwe rinoenderana nenguva yeCold War. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chaive chimiro chetsika nesayenzi, Soviet Jews. Vose vaizviona seRussia, asi vaipomerwa nehurumende yekushaiwa kwavo kwekuda nyika, kushamwaridzana kwavo neWest, nekubva kwavo pane pfungwa dzaMarx naLenin.

Zvinokonzera kukwikwisana ne cosmopolitanism

Kukunda muHondo Yenyika Dzakakura kwakaita kuti nyika izvirumbidze muhupenyu hwevanhu vayo, kusimuka kwakasimba mukuda nyika. Izvi zvose zvakadyara mumafungiro evanhu tariro yehupenyu huri nani, kuwedzera kwekusununguka, kuora simba kwekusagadzikana kwehurumende kutenderera munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Asi Cold War yaibva . Akaparadza kutenda mune ramangwana rakajeka. Zviratidzo zvokutanga zvekudengenyeka kwehukama pakati penyika neWest kwaive mitemo yehurumende muna 1946. Hurumende yakamanikidza vamiririri ve bourgeoisie nevanzwentsia. Mumagazini anozivikanwa pamapeji epamberi, zvisarudzo zveCentral Committee yeMatsika zvakabudiswa. Mune mabhuku "Leningrad" uye "Zvezda" vatsoropodzi vakaiswa pasi pevanyori, vanyori, vatungamiri, vanyori. Pakati pavo paiva naAkhmatova, Dovzhenko, Zoshchenko, Tvardovsky, Eisenstein, Shostakovich, Prokofiev. Ivo, sevamwe vazhinji, vakatsanangurwa mumagumisiro eCentral Committee sevanhu vane utsinye uye vounzenza. Basa raTarle rakatsamwisawo hurumende kutongerwa. Akapomerwa, kunyanya, nezvekuongororwa kwakaipa kweHurumende yeCrimea, kururamiswa kwehondo dzaitika pasi peCatherine II. Izvi zvose zvaifambidzana nekuparadzaniswa kubva munzvimbo dzakagarwa, kusungwa. Vanhu ava vakatambudzwa nokuti vakazviona sevamwe vanozvimirira vasina maonero eSoviet Union, vakasununguka kusarudza pakati peEast uye West. Izwi rokuti "nyika yose" rinoreva zvisikwa zvose. Inoratidzira vagari venyika, pasinei nenyika iyo yaakaberekwa nayo uye inorarama.

Hondo yekurwisa cosmopolitanism muUSSR (muchidimbu)

Mhosva yekutanga kune vanhu vari kutevera tsika dzekumadokero yakatanga kuonekwa pamberi pechando uye kunyange pamberi peGreat Patriotic War. Saka, kupikisa kune avo vasina kubvumirana nemasangano evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika enyika inozivikanwa zvikuru. Kana tikataura pamusoro paiye akatungamira kurwisana ne-cosmopolitanism muU.SR, saka hapana mubvunzo kuti Stalin. Iko kusvitsa kwechikwata ichi chakapiwa nehurukuro yake musi waMay 24, 1945, mairi Stalin akacherechedza kukosha kwevanhu veRussia, vachiitumidza kuti simba rinotungamirira rudzi rwose. Mashoko ake ese ainyatsotsigirwa neSoviet press. Mumafungiro evanhu, maonero aive akadzika midzi kuti yaiva yeRussia ndiyo yakanga iri simba guru rakaparadza vaFascists, kuti pasina rubatsiro rwavo, hapana rumwe rudzi mukati meSoviet Union rungagona kurarama neizvi. Zvose zvinotambudza zvakaitwa pasi pemubhanhire wekurima hutendo hwekuda. Kakawanda mune dzimwe nyika uye mabhuku emhuri, kurwisana nekodemopolitanism, muchidimbu, inofananidzwa naSalin's anti-Semitism. Iyi pfungwa inoratidzwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare.

Zvinangwa

Zvidzidzo zvehutungamiri mumashure mehondo zvakaparidzirwa zvikuru uye zvakasimudzirwa zvakasununguka zvevanhu vose. Chinangwa chikuru chehurumende, maererano nevakawanda vevatsvakurudzi, chaiva nekugadzirisa nekuchengetedza nyika pamusoro pekunyengedzwa kwakatevera. Kurwisana ne cosmopolitanism (gore rokutanga kuratidzika - 1948) rave richiri kuongororwa kwaStalin. Akaripa icho chinonyanya kukosha.

"Matare Okuremekedza"

Kurwisana nekodemopolitanism kwakatanga sei? Gore ra1948 rinonzi ndiro nguva yakajeka yekuratidzwa kwayo. Pakutanga kwaStalin, "matare ekukudza" akaiswa. Dzidzo yavo ndiyo yakatanga kutanga kurwisana ne cosmopolitanism. I "nheyo dzekukudza" dzaifanira kuzarura zviratidzo zvose zvekukurudzirwa uye servility musati tsika yeWest. Vakapomerwa kubvisa kusadzingiswa kwebasa reSoviet netsika netasayenzi mukuvandudzika kwenyika yose yekubudirira. Kutanga kwehondo yekurwisana ne-cosmopolitanism yaifambidzana, kutanga kune dzose, nokutambudzwa kwevaJudha. Mushandirapamwe wakaitwa mumaguta ose enyika. Matare akaitwa mumatare ese. Vaifunga kusarura uye kushora-maitiro maitiro uye zviito zvakanga zvisina kurangwa neCriminal Code panguva iyoyo.

Mhosva "KR"

Yakava chiitiko chekuita basa guru mumasangano ose ekutsvakurudza enyika. Masayendisiti Klyueva naRoskin vakagadzirwa muna 1947 mishonga inoshanda inopesana nekenza. Akanzi "Krutsin" ("KR"). Kuwanikwa ikoko kunofarira kuAmerica. IU.SA yakapa kuti iite nekutsvakurudza pamwe chete. Pakupera kwavo, yakarongedzwa kuparadzira bhuku. Nekubvumirwa kwehurumende, chibvumirano chakanaka chakasvika. Parin (mudzidzisi-munyori weAmn) akatumirwa kuAmerica. Akapa maAmerica mabhii ezvinodhaka uye akanyora manotsi pamusoro pe biotherapy yezviremara zvinouraya. Zvose izvi zviitiko Parin zvakagadziriswa nemvumo yaVaMutungamiri weHurumende yeU.SR. Asi chiitiko ichi chakanga chisingagutsikane zvikuru naStalin. Kudzoka kubva kuAmerica, Parin yakasungwa. Akatongerwa makore makumi maviri nemashanu ari munyaya inoti "Kutambudza kuMamare." Mukuwedzera, kutongwa kwaRoskin naKlyueva kwakaitika.

Mushandira muLeningrad

Hondo yekurwisana ne cosmopolitanism yakagadziriswa mukati meguta neNeva. Muna 1948, akava musimboti wemushandirapamwe. Yunivhesiti yeLeningrad yakatambura zvikuru. Pazvakaitika kare uye zvinyorwa zvepfungwa, vaporofesa vakanakisisa vakasungwa ndokudzingwa. Pakati pawo pane Weinstein, Gukovsky, Rabinovich, Mavrodin nevamwe. VaJudha vakadzingwa kuchikoro chekupedza kudzidza. Mushure mokunge vapedza kudzidza kubva yunivhesiti, mushure mekuparidzirwa vakagamuchira kutumirwa kune imwe nyika iri kure kana kuti havana kuramba vachishanda zvachose. Kwemazuva mazhinji, kugamuchirwa kwevaJudha pakudzidzisa nzvimbo kwakamira. Vashandi nevadzidzi vakabvumirwa kuparidzirwa kune dzimwe nyika mabhuku. Kurwisana nekodemopolitanism kwakabatsira chaizvo "vasingapindi masayendisiti." Vakawanda vavo vakashandisa zvakavanzika mabhuku ekunze, vachibudisa mabhuku ivo pachavo.

Kutora kusina kunaka kwezwi

Muna March 1945, Aleksandrov akabudisa imwe nyaya mubhuku rinonzi Mibvunzo yeProflosophy. Mariri akapomera maitiro ekurwisa nyika yevanhu vakadai seTrotsky, Milyukov, uye Bukharin. Cosmopolitans, mumaonero ake, vaiva vaviri veLeft Socialist-Revolutionaries uye Communist, kunyanya General Vlasov, uyo akanga atendeukira kuvafashisti munguva yehondo. Icho chiri chinyorwa ichi vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanobatanidza kuonekwa kwemavara asina kunaka ezwi. Cosmopolitans vakafananidzwa ne "vavengi vevanhu" kana "vatengesi vakaenda kuMamareland." Aleksandrov munyaya yake anonzi mazita ezita. Pakati pavo paiva nemupepeti-mukuru we "Mibvunzo yeFilosophy" -magazini iyo yakadhindwa. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, hondo yekurwisa cosmopolitanism yakapfuura mumabhuku.

"Antipatriotic boka revatsoropodzi vemaitambo"

Stalin, achipa chinangwa chemuongorori, iye pachake ainyanya kudhindwa mukutungamira shanduro pasi pepseudonym. Saka, akabudisa imwe nyaya mupepanhau "Pravda". Pakanga pane tsanangudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzechirevo chacho, zvisinei, "mumwechete wevanhu vose" akapararira mumabhuku acho. Muna 1949, kurwisana kwechokwadi kwakavapo pakati pevatsoropodzi veTheatrical Society uye vatungamiri veEcriters 'Union. Yokutanga munyaya dzavo yakaisa mabasa emasangano evanhu kuti vanyadzise (Fadeev, kunyanya). Izvo zvekupedzisira, zvekare, zvinopomera vatsoropodzi vezvenyeredzi. Mutevedzeri wemakakatanwa akanga ari Popov, uyo pachake akatendera Stalin kunyanya kufunga nezvechiitiko ichi. Somugumisiro, kukwikwidza kwakakura kwekupikisana kwezvenyika yose muvanyori vevanyori kwakatangwa. VaJudha vakatambura kupfuura zvose, hongu.

Migumisiro

Hondo yekurwisana neve cosmopolitanism yakaunza kusarudzwa kwevanhu veSoviet vanobva kunze kwenyika. Maererano nenhamba yevatsvakurudzi, mushandirapamwe wose wakashandiswa naStalin kuti asimbise purogiramu yake (zvose kunze uye mukati). Pakati pemigumisiro, munhu anofanira kutaura nezvekukanganisa kwakashata kwekurwa kwekuvandudzirwa kweSoviet yesayenzi netsika. Mikana yemasayendisiti uye hupenyu hwakanga hushoma. Kusimbiswa kwekutonga mafungiro kwakakanda Soviet Union zvakare pakuenzanisa neWest. Muenzaniso ndekuvharwa kwemugwagwa wevekuberekwa kwevana. Academician Lysenko ainyatsogadziriswa neagrobiology. Vanachiremba vazhinji, pedologists nevamwe vanyori vakaiswa muurongwa hwokupedzisira. Izvi zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya kufambiswa kwemashoko makuru emagrobiological. Mushandirapamwe uyu wakatsoropodza nzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha yesayenzi, kubvumirana kusabvumirana nevamwe vekune dzimwe nyika. Mikana yekukurukurirana nekutaura kwemaonero pakati pevanhu vakadzidza uye vakakurumbira zvakanga zvisingakwanisi.

Mhedziso

Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti kurwisana ne-cosmopolitanism kwainzi kuburitswa kwekunopesana nemahedheni. Zvisinei, maererano nevakawanda vatsvakurudzi, yakanga isingatauri zvakananga kuvaJudha. Mukuwedzera, kudhura kukuru, kwakadai sekuma1930, kwakanga kusina kuitwa. Chinangwa chikuru chekurwisana kwaiva kutora maonero evanhu uye kugadzirisa kutarisana nayo. Somugumisiro wezviito zvehurumende, "matare ekuremekedza", kukanganisa kwakakomba kwakaiswa kune dzakawanda masayenzi. Zvipingamupinyi zviduku zvakapiwa rusununguko rwokutaura, kufungidzirwa, uye mutsara. Hurumende yakaita mabasa aida kuparadzanisa nyika kubva kune imwe yenyika yekuMadokero. Icho chaiva chibayiro chekuzvidira nehurumende yehurumende pane imwe nzvimbo yenyika. MuSoviet society basa rakagadzirirwa kupedza simba rehutsika uye yesayenzi yeWest. Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa neCold War pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemushandirapamwe hazvina chokwadi. Stalin, achiongorora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika uye munyika, akasarudza kuisa kusimbiswa kwemashoko evomunistist nemaonero pamusoro pekusawirirana nechinangwa chekusimbisa hukama hwevanhu pakati pevanhu. Mukufamba kwehondo, mifananidzo yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana akatambura. Zvisinei, sezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvinopupura, dambudziko guru rakapiwa kuvaJudha.