Nhoroondo dzekare dzeRoma. Nhema dzekare yeRoma kuvana

Nhema nechitendero chevaRoma zvakanyanyiswa zvikuru nemarudzi akavakidzana - eEtruscans uye nevaGiriki. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, nhoroondo uye nhema dzeRoma yekare dzine mazita avo.

Kuberekwa kweshoko reRoma

Zuva rokutanga kwechitendero cheRoma yekare zvakaoma kuziva. Iyo inozivikanwa kuti munguva yekupedzisira II-kutanga kwemireniyamu BC. E. Ikoko kwaiva nokufamba kwevanhu vokuItaly (avo vainzi vanhu vaigara muPenenira yeApennine vasati vatemwa nenyika yeRoma pamusoro payo), iyo yakareba kwemazana emakore yakagara muItaly ndokuzofananidzwa nevaRoma. Vakanga vane tsika yavo uye chitendero.

Muna 753 BC, maererano nenyaya, Roma yakavambwa. Kubvira paVIII kusvika kumazana matanhatu emakore. BC. E. Nguva ye tsarist yakaguma apo nheyo dzehupfumi-hutongi hwehupenyu hwehutongi hwehumambo hwakarongedzwa. Vakuru vehurumende vevanamwari uye nhema dzeRoma yekare dzakagadzirwa zvakapoteredza nguva iyi. Kunyangwe izvi zvinofanira kuonekwa nokukurumidza kuti kuburikidza nekukundwa kweVaRoma munharaunda itsva, ivo vakazvipira mumoyo yavo nechitendero chevamwe vanamwari uye ma heroes, saka runyorwa rwevamwari uye nhoroondo dzaigara dzichizadzikiswa.

Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero cheRoma yekare

Sezvo muGreece, pakanga pasina sangano rakasimba redzidziso. Vamwari uye nhema dzeRoma yekare dzakabhadhara kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakapoteredza. Kusiyana pakati pechitendero cheRoma uye chiGiriki chimwechete chaikosha.

Kana kune vaGiriki vanamwari vekutanga uye vakakwirira munhu ane zvake, munhu chaiye, unhu hwehutsika, saka vaRoma havana kumbomiririra vamwari nenzira ye anthropomorphic beings. Pakutanga kwekuumbwa kwechitendero chavo, vaisagona kunyange kutumidza zvepabonde ravo. VaGiriki vaimiririra hutungamiri hwavo hwemasimba eMwari semhuri huru umo maitiro anonyanya kuitika pakati pehama nekusawirirana zviri kuitika. Kune vaGiriki, vanamwari vanopiwa simba risina simba uye vane maitiro akanaka. Nokudaro, vakavakomberedza nheyo yenhema yakasikwa.

Chiyero cheVaRoma kune vamwari chakasiyana. Nyika iyo maonero avo yaive yakazara nemasangano ane utsinye kana ane tsitsi kunyika yevanhu. Vari kwose kwose uye nguva dzose vanofambidzana nomunhu. Nhema dzeRoma yekare dzinotaura kuti tisati takura, jaya kana musikana akanga ari pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwenhamba huru yezvitsvene zvaMwari. Yakanga iri mwari wemubhedha, nhanho dzokutanga, tariro, kusava nezvimwe nezvimwe zvakadaro. Sezvavakakura, vamwe vanamwari vakasiyira munhu, asi vamwe, pane zvinopesana, vakamutora pasi pevanotarisira - ava ndivo vanamwari vatatu vemuchato, ruzivo uye hutano, hupfumi. Murume akafa aifambidzana nenzira yekupedzisira nenhamba yakafanana yevanhu vakakwirira sekuzvarwa: uyo anorega chiedza, anobvisa mweya, anounza rufu.

Chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa chitendero cheRoma ndicho ukama hwepedyo nehurumende. Pakutanga, mitambo yose yechitendero yakabatana nehupenyu hwemhuri yakaitwa nemusoro wayo - baba. Gare gare, mitambo yakawanda yemhuri nemadzinza yakawana hunokosha uye yakashandurwa zviitiko zvepamutemo.

Nzvimbo yevapristi yakasiyana. Kana muGirisi yekare, vakabuda seboka rakasiyana revanhu, saka vaRoma vaiva vashandi vehurumende. Paiva nemakoroji akawanda evapristi: vestal, pontiff uye augurs.

Chitendero uye nhema dzekare dzeRoma dzakanga dzakasanganiswa. Nheyo ndeyemwari mukuru weRoma. Huru dzevanamwari dzaisanganisira vanhu vakakweretwa kubva kumachechi echiGiriki neEtruscan nemafungiro evanhu akaonekwa akawanda gare gare. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, Fortuna - mufaro.

Rudzi rwemwari weRoma

VaRoma pakutanga vaiva neukama hunokosha nevamwari. Vakanga vasina kusimba neukama hwemhuri, sevanamwari vechiGiriki, ivo havana kuita nhema pamusoro pavo. Vagari vomuRoma kwenguva yakareba vakaramba kupa vanamwari vavo unhu hwekuita uye maitiro. Chikamu chenhema pamusoro pavo pakuguma chakakweretwa kubva kuvaGiriki.

Nhema dzekare dzeRoma dzinotaura kuti urongwa hwevanamwari veRoma hwakanga hwakazara zvikuru. Izvi zvaisanganisira Chaos, Tempus, Cupid, Saturn, Uranus, Ocean uye vamwe vamwari, pamwe nevana vavo - Titans.

Chizvarwa chechitatu nechina chakava chikuru mumatunhu uye chaimiririrwa nevamwari 12. Izvo zvakaenzana neOlympians kubva kuvaGiriki. Jupiter (Zeus) -kufananidzira kwekutinhira nemheni, Juno (Hera) - mudzimai wake uye mutariri wemhuri uye kuroorana, Ceres (Demeter) - mwarikadzi wekubereka. Minerva naJuno vakakweretwa kubva kuchitendero cheEtruscan.

VaRoma vemuAfrica vaisanganisirawo vanhu vakave vakave vamwari:

Victoria - Kukunda;

Fatoum - Fate;

Libertas - Rusununguko;

Psyche - Mweya;

Mania - Madness;

Fortune - Luck;

Juventus - Youth.

Kunyanya kukosha kune vaRoma vaiva varimi uye vamwari vemhuri.

Kufurirwa kwezvinyorwa zvechiGiriki

Nhema dzeGirisi yekare neRoma dzakangofanana, zvakanyanya pamusoro pavamwari vaRoma vakabva kune vavakidzani vavo vepedyo. Nzira yekukwereta zvinyorwa zvechiGiriki inotanga kusvika pakupera kwechitanhatu - kutanga kwezana remakore rezana remashanu. Zvakaipa zvachose kutenda kuti madzimambo gumi nemaviri eOlympus akatorwa neRoma uye akagamuchira mazita matsva. Jupiter, Vulcan, Vesta, Mars, Saturn ndivo vanamwari veRoma vese, zvichienderana neGiriki. Vamwari vokutanga, vakweretwa kubva kuvaGiriki, vaiva Apollo naDionysus. Mukuwedzera, vaRoma vaisanganisira munharaunda yavo ye Hercules naHermes, pamwe nevanamwari vechiGiriki uye vatans vezvizvarwa zvekutanga uye zvechipiri.

VaRoma vaiva nezvimwari zvakawanda, izvo ivo pachavo vakazvipinza mukare uye zvitsva. Gare gare vakazvigadzira ivo vamwari vepamusoro, vachitora sechikonzero chemauto makuru echiGiriki.

Nhema dzekare yeRoma: chidimbu chifupi. Mwari uye heroes

Sezvo mafungiro ezvinyorwa zvevaRoma aiva varombo, mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvavakagamuchira kubva kuvaGiriki. Asi paiva nemafungiro ekutanga eRoma, akazotsiviwa nemano echiGiriki. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhoroondo yekusika kwenyika nemwari Janus.

Akanga ari Mwari wekare wechiLatini, muchengeti wegedhi reDenga, kufanana kwezuva uye kutanga. Aionekwa semwari wemasuo nemasuo uye akaratidzwa semeso maviri, nokuti aitenda kuti chiso chimwe chaJanus chakashandurwa kuva mune ramangwana, uye chimwe-mune zvekare.

Imwe nyanzvi yekare yomuRoma inotaura nezvekubva kwevanhu vanobva mumuouki. Kufanana nevaGiriki, vaRoma vairemekedza musango nemiti, uye vakagadzira matanda akazvitsaurira kuna vamwari, umo maitiro echitendero akaitwa. Miti mitsvene yaiva muonde (maererano neshoko, pasi payo mhumhi yaipiwa naRomulus naRumus) uye muouki weKapitori uyo Romulus akauya nehondo yekutanga yehondo.

Nhema dzekare dzeRoma dzakanga dzakazvitsaurirawo kumhuka uye kune shiri: gondo, mucheki uye mhumhi. Iyo yekupedzisira yakanga yakanyanyiswa kuremekedzwa uye tsika yevakashata yakazvitsaurira kwaari pamutambo wekubereka nekuchenesa. VaRoma vaiti mhumhi simba guru uye vaidavira kuti munhu aigona kuchinja mhuka iyi.

Nekuvandudzwa kwehurumende yeRoma muchitendero, vanamwari vatsva vanowoneka uye mitsva mitsva yavo, yakatorwa kubva kuvaGiriki, iyo vaRoma vakazvidzorera zvakare. Nhema dzekare dzeRoma dzakakunda zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare nezvekusika kwenyika nevanhu. Mhedziso yakaumbwa kuti vamwari vakanga vagadzirira kare hurumende simba pamusoro penyika yose. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuve nekubuda kwechitendero cheRoma pachake. Nokudaro, nhoroondo dzenyika iyi yekare dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu: nhema pamusoro pevamwari nemabasa avo, nheyo pamusoro pevarwi, uye nheyo pamusoro pezvakabva uye kubudirira kweRoma.

Iyo nhema pamusoro pekugadzwa kweguta reRoma

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira munyika. Kufanana neHercules guru, nhema yehama dzekutanga dzeRoma dzinozivikanwa munyika dzakawanda. Anotaura pamusoro pokuti simba rakabata sei zvisiri pamutemo Amuliy ainetseka kuti mune ramangwana, mwanakomana waM Numitor aizosarudza kupikisa kodzero dzechigaro, ndokuuraya muzukuru wake pakuvhima. Mukunda waMumer, Ray, akaraira vaprista kuti vataure Vesta musanangurwa, sezvo Vestals aifanira kuramba asina kuroorwa. Saka aida kuzvidzivirira kubva kuvana vaMunitor, avo vaigona kupinda naye mukurwa kwechigaro cheushe.

Asi vamwari vakagadzirirwa Rhea chimwe chiitiko. Akava mudzimai wemwari Maris. Gore rakatevera akazobereka mapatya. Uye kunyange zvazvo varombo vaiti baba vavo vakanga vari vanamwari, akabatwa sekunge ainge aputsa zvinorambidzwa nevestal. Mwanasikana waNumberer akaurayiwa mujeri, uye Amulius akarayira vana kuti vakandwa muTiber River.

Vashandi vakanzwira tsitsi vana vaduku ndokuvaisa mumubhedha, iyo yakabvumirwa kufamba nechikepe parutivi rwizi. Mvura yakanga yakamira kumusoro kwayo yakazununguka uye yakasungwa kumahombekombe pasi pemuti. Kuchemera kwevana kwakanzwa bumhi rinogara pedyo nevana varo uye yakatanga kufudza vana. Izvi zvakaona kamwe mufudzi Favstul ndokutora vana kumba kwake.

Pavakakura, vabereki vakakurira vakataurira hama nezvekwakabva. Romulus naRumus vakaenda kuNumer, avo vakabva vangozviziva. Achinge atora musasa muduku nekubatsirwa kwake, Amulia akaurayiwa uye mambo akazivisa sekuru vake. Sekupa mubairo, vakakumbira nyika pamhenderekedzo yeTiber, kwavakawana ruponeso rwavo. Ikoko kwakasarudzwa kuti iise guta guru ramambo huchauya. Panguva yekukakavara pamusoro pezita raanopfeka, Rem akaurawa naRomulus.

Magamba ezvinyorwa zveRoma

Zvakawanda zvenhema, zvimwe kunze kwevakakweretwa kubva kuvaGiriki, taura nezvevanyori vaiita zvibvumirano kana kuzvipira ivo muzita rekubudirira kweRoma. Ava ndivo vaRomulus naRemus, hama dzeHorace, Lucius Junius, Mucius weScaevola nevamwe vazhinji. Chitendero cheRoma chakange chiri pasi pechechi uye chikwereti chevanhu. Nhema dzakawanda dzaive dzakawanda uye dzakarumbidzwa heroes-emperors.

Aeneas

Eney ndiye muvambi wehurumende yeRoma. Mwanakomana wemwarikadzikadzi Aphrodite, shamwari yaHector, hero inonzi Trojan War - mukuru wechidiki akatiza nemwanakomana wake muduku uye baba shure kwekuwa kweTroy ndokuwira munyika isingazivikanwi umo maLatin aigara. Akaroora Lavinia, mwanasikana wemambo wechiLatini, uye pamwechete naye vakatanga kutonga nyika dzeItaly. Zvizvarwa zvaEeneasi, Romulus naRemus, vakava vateereri veRoma.

Nhema dzeRoma yekare kuvana - mabhuku akanaka kune vadiki vechiverengi

Pasinei nehuwandu hwemabhuku, zvakaoma kuwana mabhuku akakodzera pakudzidza nhema dzevanhu vekare. Basa riri pano rinomira riri roga, iro rakasikwa chaizvo makore zana apfuura uye richiri chenguva. NA Kun "Myths of Ancient Rome neGreece" - bhuku rino rinozivikanwa kune vakawanda vanoverenga. Yakanyorwa mugore ra1914 zvakananga kuvadzidzi vezvikoro uye vose vanoziva zvinyorwa zvevanhu vekare. Iko kuunganidza zvinyorwa kunonyorwa muchidimbu uye panguva imwe chete mutauro wekugara, uye yakanyatsokodzera kuvateereri vevana.

AA Neihardt akanyora chikamu chinonakidza che "Nhoroondo uye nhoroondo dzeRoma yekare", iyo inopa ruzivo rwakananga pamusoro pevanamwari veRoma nevanhare.

Mhedziso

Kutenda kwokuti VaRoma vakwereta vanamwari vechiGiriki nenhema, idzi ngano dzakapfuurira kusvikira nhasi. Vachiita maererano nemabasa avo oumhizha, vanyori veRoma vakachengetedzwa kumarudzi ose kunaka uye yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvechiGiriki neveRoma. Virgil akaumba chikamu che "Aeneid", Ovid akanyora "Metamorphoses" uye "Zuva". Kuvonga mabasa avo, munhu wezvino iye ane mukana wekudzidza nezvezvitendero zvekunamata uye vamwari vematunhu maviri akare ekare - Greece neRoma.