Vienna Purogiramu yeDhipatimendi Inyanzvi yeChishanu: Kubatsira uye Basa

Musi waApril 18, Gungano reVienna ra1911 reDhiplomatic Relations rakasayirwa. Yakarongedza kugadziriswa uye kugumiswa kwadzo, kusimbiswa kwemahofisi uye mabasa avo ose, yakagadziriswa makirasi edzimhosva - gweta rinotungamirira, mutumwa uye nhume, kugamuchirwa kwevakuru vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika uye vashandi vashoma vakarayirwa.

Immunities

Gungano iri rinorondedzera hutachiona uye ropafadzo muhutungamiri hune humwe hutungamiri uye hutachiona hwemunhu oga uye ropafadzo dzevashandi vezvigadzirwa uye zvezvematongerwo enyika. Chinonyanya kukosha inviolability yeimba yacho. Gungano reVienna ra1911 pamusoro pehukama hwezvematongerwe enyika rinorambidza zviremera zveanopinda zvinopinda kupinda kunze kwemvumo yemukuru webasa. Pane zvinopesana, zviremera zvinofanira kuchengetedza hurumende kubva kune chero kuiswa mukati uye kunyange kukuvadza kuduku, kubva pakaputsa rugare rwepfungwa rwebasa. Dzakabvumirana neropafadzo nekudzivirirwa mune zvigadziro zveChitsuwa cheVienna pamusoro peDhipatimendi Mhirizhonga muna 1961 inokonzera mikana yakawanda uye kunyange mabasa pamusoro pekugamuchira mvumo yenyika.

Muimba yekutumwa, hazvibviri kutsvaga, kubhadhara, kusungwa, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Ikopa uye dzimwe hukama hwekumiririra nehurumende dzinofanirawo kusvibiswa. Vashandi uye mhuri dzavo vanofadzwawo nekodzero iyi: hupenyu hwavo uye dzimba dzinopesana nekuremekedza kutonga kwenyika yakagamuchira. Basa racho harisi kubhadhara mutero. Gungano reVienna pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika reHurumende muna 1961 rine mitemo miviri yekuzvisarudzira: mitemo yekuva vagari venyika yakasununguka haishandisi, hutongi hwematare epasi rose inotenderwa.

Diplomatic Law

Ichi chikamu chemutemo wenyika dzakawanda necheti yemitemo inogadza mitemo pamusoro pehutano uye mabasa ehurumende yemamiriro ehukama hwekunze. Pano mazano akazara nemafambisirwo makuru ekukurukurirana: kuwirirana kwehurumende kunoshandiswa kuburikidza nehutano hwakanaka, hukuru hwematongerwo enyika huri kuitwa huri kuburikidza nemisangano yemitambo yenyika dzakawanda kana mahofisi eomumiririri enyika ayo anogara ari nemasangano enyika.

Chibvumirano chikuru ndecheSangano reVienna ra1961 reDhiplomatic Relations. Muna 1969, Chibvumirano cheMisangano Inokosha yakagamuchirwawo muThe Hague, uye muna 1975 muVienna, Mvumo pamusoro pehupenyu hwehutano hwehukama pakati pemasangano nemasangano enyika. Iyi haisi yekutanga yeVienna Convention yeDhipatimendi Relations. Vienna kaviri yakabata vamiriri venyika. IRussian Federation yakabatanidzwa mumagungano maviri eVienna.

Hurumende dzehurumende dzekunze

Miviri yehukama hwekunze inoparadzaniswa kuva kune dzimwe nyika uye yekumba. Izvozvo zvinosanganisira hurumende yepamusoro yehurumende iyo inofunga mutemo wekunze kwehurumende, hurumende kana mutungamiriri wehurumende anomiririra nyika munharaunda yepasi rose, hurumende iyo inotungamirira mutemo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika, uye mutungamiri wehurumende iyi iHurumende yeZvenyika Dzepasi Pose.

Mamwe masangano kunze kwenyika anogona kuva kwenguva pfupi uye asingagumi. Izvozvo ndezvemakurukota kana mahofisi, mumiririro mumasangano epasi rose, anotarisa. Yenguva pfupi inzvimbo dzakasanangurwa kana mahofisi mumitambo yenyika dzakawanda kana pamisangano.

Mabasa uye kuumbwa

Kugadzirisa ukama hune hukama pakati pehurumende huri kuchinjana nemahofisi ekumiririra pane chibvumirano chinokosha chekirasi yemusoro webasa. Kune matanho matatu: gweta ari mutungamiri, nhume, nhume. Kungofanirwa gweta kunoda kusiyaniswa kubva kune gweta remukati uyo, kana pasina weanoshumira, anoita basa rake. Gungano reVienna ra1991 rakatsanangura idzi makirasi matatu: nhume nevatumwa vanobvumirwa nevakuru vehurumende, uye mhosva d'affaires inogamuchirwa nevashumiri vekunze.

Mitsara iri muhutano hwemumiririri wezvematongerwo enyika anotsanangurwa maererano nemitemo yepamusha yenyika inogamuchirwa. Vashandi vanewo mapoka matatu: kuwedzera kune dhigirii, pane hutungamiri uye technikisi (vakachechi, vanyori, vashanduri, vashandi vehofisi, nezvimwewo) nevashandi (vanobika, varindi, chauffeurs, varimi veminda, etc.). Vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika havanzwisisiki uye havasi pasi pekuongorora tsika. Chechipiri nechetatu chevashandi vanogona kutakura zvinhu zvose zvekugadzwa, asi havakwanisi kutsika. Musangano weVienna (1961) uye kukosha kwahwo kwakakurumidza uye kuongororwa zvakajeka neHurumende dzinobatanidzwa.

Kutanga mabasa. Agremann

Kudyidzana kune hukama hunosimbiswa, uye mumiririro anogadziriswa chete nekubvumirana kwenyika. Asi, nenzira, yekutanga haisi nguva dzose inosanganisira yechipiri. Kudyidzana kwevematongerwo enyika kunogona kusimbiswa kunyange kunze kwekugadzwa kwekumiridzirwa, Gungano reVienna paDhiplomatic Relations (1961) rinonyatsotaura izvi. Kugadzwa uye kugamuchirwa kwemumiririri wezvematongerwe enyika kubvumirwa. Pane zvikamu zvina:

1. Agregman. Uyu ndiwo mvumo yeHurumende yeHurumende maererano nekugadzwa kweumwe munhu mune imwe nzira kana imwe, uye nyika yakagadzirira ine kodzero yekuramba. Chikumbiro chechikwata chakaitwa zvakavanzika uye kwete kunyorwa zvakanyorwa. Nekuwana kwekubvumirana (aggman), musoro wekumiridzirwa iyi ichangova pfupa (persona grata muchiLatin ndiye munhu anoda).
2. Kugadzwa kwepamutemo kwevakuru vemutumwa.
3. Kusvika kunyika inosvika.
4. Iyo mharidzo yezviziviso zvakasimwa nemusoro wehurumende isimba guru.

Zvadaro zvinotevera kushanda zvakananga kwebasa ravo.

Kugumisa mabasa

Nhume yemumiririri wezvematongerwo enyika nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka (kurega basa, kurwara, kusarudzwa patsva) kunoguma, uye izvi zvinotarisirwa nehurumende yake. Mune rimwe dambudziko, kana chiito ichi chichibva kunyika yakagamuchirwa, iko kugamuchirwa kwemudiplomate nemunhu uyu hakusi kudiwa (persona non grata) kana kuti nyaya yekuregererwa - kubviswa kwemasimba ekubvumirana kubva kwaari, apo anonzi munhu wega. Dzimwe nguva ndeyekutsamwa kwemadiplomate kuita basa rake.

Zvinorehwa neChitsuwa cheVienna pamusoro peDhipatimendi yeHurumende ndechekuti zvinenge zvese simba guru muhukama hwema nyika inogadzira dhizimisi rezvematongerwo enyika inopiwa neiri. Kuguma kwekushanda kwebasa rose kunokonzerwa nokuparara kwehukama hupi pakati penyika idzi (zvinenge zvichitaura nezvehondo), kana kana imwe yenyika mbiri isingagumi. Uyewo, basa rinogona kumisa basa rayo kana hurumende ichishandura kusagadzikana kwepamutemo kana kuti kana sangano rekugadzirisa.

Special missions

Dhigirizhonga inogona kuva nemisheni yezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, maererano netsika dzenyika dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa munzvimbo ino. Aya ndiwo mahofisi anotumwa nehurumende kugadzirisa dzimwe nyaya uye kuita mamwe mabasa. Dzimwe nguva misangano inotumirwa nenyika dzakawanda kana nyaya yacho inowanzofarirwa. Mutungamiri wenyika, kana ari kutungamirira basa iri, pamwe chete naVaMutungamiri Wezvekune dzimwe nyika nevamwe vamiririri vepamusoro-soro, vanonakidzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvirwere uye maropafadzo mune chero nyika.

Muganhu wekodzero uye kudzivirirwa hazvisi pachena, asi vakuru vehurumende nevamwe vanhu vakakwirira vanogona kutaura zvakananga nyaya dzose dzine chokuita neizvi uye vanobvumirana pane zvinodiwa kune mumwe nomumwe. Zvisinei, pakanga pasina chiitiko chekuti kusununguka kwemudiplomate kwakaputsika kubva muhutongi hwehupi hupi urongwa - uipi, hutungamiri kana hurumende. Kutonga nekucherechedza kwenguva refu, ropafadzo dzekodzero dzinopiwawo kumapurisa zvakakwana. Kana vanhu vepamusoro-soro yebasa rezvematongerwo enyika vasina, ipapo hutano hwavo huchiri hwakafanana nehutano hweboka rakakodzera revashandi vebasa rezvematongerwo enyika.

Kukanganisa kwekudzivirira

Zvimwe zvinorambidzwa kune ropafadzo uye maune simba, sezvakasimbiswa neChitsuwa cheVienna, hazvina kukodzera. ISoviet Union haina kuisa gungano iri pamusana pekusawirirana nezvirevo muChitsauko 25, izvo zvinopa kukanganisa kweimba yebasa rinokosha. Mvumo inobvumira kuonekwa kwezviremera zvomunharaunda munzvimbo idzi kana moto kana imwe njodzi yepanyama inowanzoitika, pasina kubvumirwa kwemusoro webasa. Moto haugoni kuve kukonzera kukanganisa kwehutachiona.

Kuiswa kwezvirevo

Chisungo chechi31 cheChitsuwa cheVienna, chinorondedzera hutachiona kubva kune hutongi hwenyika yevagari vese nhengo dzevashandi vomumishinari, inotangawo kuti vateresi vanogona kutongerwa mhosva yekukonzerwa nematambudziko anokonzerwa nekutakura kwaishandiswa kunze kwebasa ravo rebasa.

Kubvumirana kusvika kumutemo

Sangano reVienna ra1961 reDhiplomatic Relations rinopa kuvhurwa kwechisayina kwete nemarudzi ose ehurumende. Nyika dzinofanirwa kunge dziri nhengo dzeUUN kana mamwe masangano akasiyana-siyana, anobatanidzwa muSitatimende reDare Repamusorosoro reJustice kana kukokwa neUnited General Assembly. Izvi zvakanyatsorongedzerwa munyaya dza 48 (mabhuku a1919) uye 76 (zvinyorwa zve 1963).

Somuenzaniso, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, South Ossetia haina kuzivikanwa semutambo kuChitsuwa cheVienna. Paramende yeSouth Asia yeEssesetian yakabvuma kuti nyika yavo haina kupinda mune imwe yenhengo uye kuti zvimwe zvinyorwa zveMitemo zviri pachena kusarura. Zvisinei, South Ossetia yakava mutambo weChitsuwa cheVienna pamusoro peDhiplomatic Relations (1961), asi yakabatana pamwe chete nemagwaro aya.