Kurwisana nevanokanganisa: zvikonzero nemigumisiro

Mumazana makumi matanhatu ezana remakore rapfuura, shoko rokuti "vakaramba", rakanganwa mazana emakore akapfuura, rakashandiswazve. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo vanhu vakataura pachena uye pachena pavakatsoropodza hurumende yeSoviet vakatanga kutumidzwa. Sei uye nei nei sangano iri risina maturo richibuda, uye vamiririri varo vaida kuitei?

Kuti zvose zvakatanga sei

Ngatitangei nenyaya yezwi. Akaonekwa munguva yeRudziro - ipapo Rzecz Pospolita akatanga kutumidzwa kuti vapanduki (muchiLatini - "vapikisi") vanhu vakanga vasiri vechechi yechechi yeKaturike. Hazvina kana munhu akafunga kuti izwi racho raizodzorerwa zvakare mune rimwe dudziro mune imwe nyika.

Mushure mokufa kwaStalin munhoroondo yeU.SR yakauya nguva inozivikanwa seThrushchev thaw. Muhupenyu hwepakati pevanhu, zvakanyatsopisa "kushamwaridzana": hukama hwechidiki hwekusika hwakaonekwa, vanyori nevanyori vakatanga kubata zvidzidzo zvakarambidzwa mumabasa avo, vanyori vakazova vakasununguka mukutsvaga kwavo kwekusika. Kutya kunotyisa kwekuzvidzivirira kwakanga kusisati kwabata vanhu pamwe chete, uye kakawanda kazhinji manzwi ainzwika kubva pakati pevanzwissia vachizvidza mitemo ye "sangano nehurumende." Aya masimba akanga asingadi kunzwa vanopikisa, asi vose vakazvizivisa ivo zvikuru-mavara, mabhuku, mabhuku, zviito zvekupembera. Nokudaro muU.S.R, musangano wekupokana wakatanga kubuda.

Mutemo unogona kugoverwa munzvimbo nhatu: rusununguko rwehurumende, kodzero dzevanhu uye zvechitendero. Chokutanga chaive chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika (Baltic States, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, etc.). Vamiririri vayo vaipikisa kudzvinyirirwa kwemitauro yenyika, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwavo kusununguka pamakumbo akaenzana neRussia, uye mune ramangwana - nokuda kwekuwedzera kwekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika dzeUnited States kana kuti kubviswa kwavo kuUnited States. Nhungamiro dzekodzero dzevanhu dzakapararira mune dzimwe nyika dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakawanda dzichienderana neRussia. Vamiririri varo vairwira rusununguko rwokutaura uye kupesana nekukanganisa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Vaya vaimiririra musangano wekusawirirana mumunda wechitendero, vakaedza kudzivirira kodzero dzevatendi, vakarwisana nekuvharwa kwekereke.

Maitiro ekurwa

Pasinei nokuti izwi rokuti "vakaramba" rinobatanidza vamiririri vemhepo dzakasiyana-siyana, ivo vanewo chimwe chinhu chinowanikwa. Vaya vaimiririra sangano rinopesana muUnited States vakasarudza mararamiro ekuratidzira. Izvi zvinogona kuva zvikumbiro kune vane masimba uye masangano enyika kune kodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu, magungano pamusoro pezvimwe zviitiko zvezvematongerwe enyika (somuenzaniso, kupikisa kwemauto eSoviet muCzechoslovakia muna 1968). Asi chimiro chekurumbira chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chaive chinonzi samizdat - kubudiswa kwemashizha, zvinyorwa, zvisiri pamutemo periodicals, mabhuku anotsoropodza simba uye achitaura nezvemamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Izvi zvinosanganisira iyo yose-Union Union ye Chronicle ye Current Events (1968-1983), The Ukrainian Herald (yakabudiswa nevakabuda muUkraine muna 1970-1972). Semabhuku kana nenyaya, nhamba yavo yakaoma kunyange kuverenga.

Iko kushamwaridzana kwakange kusingawanzove nemafomu ehurongwa akajeka. Inogona kunge iri mapoka mapoka, masangano, masangano, asi kazhinji vanopesana vanongotarisana vasina kuita mimwe masangano. Mhirizhonga muUkraine yakamiririrwa nemifananidzo yakadai saVyacheslav Chornovil, Levko Lukyanenko, Ivan Dzyuba, muRussia - Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Andrei Sakharov, Vladimir Bukovsky, Mustafa Dzhemilev aizivikanwa pakati peCrimean Tatars.

Mukupera kwemakore makumi matanhatu, vapanduki vakatanga kutsvaka kubvumidza mabasa avo. Sangano rehurumende rekutanga rakazvizivisa pachena ndiro boka rekutanga rekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muUSSR, yakagadzirwa muna May 1968. Yaiva nevanhu 15. Muna 1975 USSR yakasaina uye yakabudisa Mutemo Wokupedzisira weChipikirwa cheHelsinki, chimwe chezvikamu zvekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Chiitiko ichi chakaita kuti vashori vadzike kugadzira rudzi rutsva rwemasangano ehurumende - mapoka ekusimudzira kushandiswa kweSangano reHelsinki. Gwaro rekutanga rakadaro rakagadzwa muna May 1976 muMoscow, rakateverwa nemasangano akafanana muUkraine, Armenia, Lithuania, uye Georgia. Nhengo dzemapoka idzi dzakabatanidzwa mukudhinda ruzivo pamusoro pekukanganiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu muSoviet Union, dzakashuma mhosva dzekuputsa kwezvibvumirano zveHelsinki muhurumende dzeSoviet nemasangano enyika.

Kurwisana kwesimba pamwe nevashori

Zviremera zvakapindura kuvashori vakapikisa nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekudzvinyirira. Vaya vakaderera vairega kubviswa mubasa uye kusabvumirwa kurambidzwa kwebasa racho, nekuda kweivo vadzidzisi vemazuva ano vaitofanira kushanda sevatariri kana vanogara. Saka, somuenzaniso, vakauya nevaya vakasaina tsamba dzakasiyana-siyana nemakortiro muma60s. Nokuda kwezviito zvinoshingaira - mhirizhonga, kusikwa kwemasangano epasi pasi - kutongerwa mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekuiswa mujeri uye kutapwa. Kuvandudzwa kwenzira yakadaro yekudzvinyirira sechirwere chechirango, apo vakadzingwa vakaonekwa sevanorwara mupfungwa uye vakatumirwa kushanda kwakamanikidzwa. Maererano nemitezo yemapoka eHelsinki, kuumbwa kwemhosva kwakashandiswawo kuvhiringidza mumaziso evanhu vemunyika yose.

Pakazosvika pakati pe1980, musangano wekupikisa wakakundwa. Vazhinji vayo nhengo dzacho dzakawanda dzakaguma mumisasa kana kutapwa, vazhinji vakangotamira kunze nebasa rakaoma. Kunyange zvakadaro kuvapo kwevashori kwakanga kusiri pasina. Basa ravo rakazova imwe nzira yekuwana ruzivo rwevagari veSoviet, nenzira dzakawanda vakagadzirira kuparara kwehurumende yehutongi. Munguva yeperestroika, ruzivo rwavo rwemagariro evanhu rwakabatsira pakusikwa kwemitemo mitsva, mitemo, yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuronga kurwisana kwekutora kwemahurumende kubva kuUnited States nekuumbwa kwehurumende dzakazvimiririra.