Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay waTolly: a pfupi biography, zuva guru uye zviitiko zvehupenyu hwake

Kusvikira ikozvino, pane nharo pamusoro penzvimbo chaiyo uye nguva yekuzvarwa kwaMichael Barclay de Tolly. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwezvinyorwa zvinokonzera nguva yekutanga yehupenyu yehutungamiriri mukuru.

Kubva

Maererano nehutori biography, iyo inowanikwa mumabhuku akawanda uye mabhuku ekutora, Mikhail Bogdanovich akazvarwa musi waDecember 16, 1761. Izvi zvakaitika mundima duku yeLithuania nzvimbo Pamushis. Iyi ndima yaive yeDuchy yeColland, iyo yakanga isiri mubereki kune Commonwealth. Muna 1795, nzvimbo iyi yeLithuania, pamwe chete nenzvimbo yakazova chikamu cheRussia, maererano nechitatu chePoland.

Asi kwenguva refu zvisati zvaitika, baba vangu vakatora mwana wacho kurera vana vekuSt. Petersburg. Barclay de Tolly, uyo unhu hwake hunogona kurapwa zvakasiyana, wakanga aine Norman-German midzi. Madzibaba ake akatamira kuRiga kubva kuGermany. Baba vangu vaiva kunyange meya weguta rino. Baba vomukuru wamangwana vaishanda mumasoja eRussia uye vakasiya basa muretaire uye vakagamuchira humi hwevakuru. Mumhuri, mukomana ainzi muGermany, Michael-Anders.

Kutanga kwehondo

Barclay de Tolly, uyo ukama hwake hwakanga husina kumudzivisa kugara muRussia guta guru, akawana dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo, aiziva mitauro yakawanda yeEurope. Kubvira paucheche, akazova nehanya nenyaya yehondo. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti mwana akakurira muimba yababamunini vake - Colonel Novotroitsky cuirassier regiment.

Muna 1776 sangano reP Pskov Carabinier rakagamuchira matsva matsva mukati maro. Mumapoka avo pakanga panewo mudiki Barclay de Tolly. Bhuku shomanana raanotaura rinotaura kuti kufambira mberi kwejaya iri mubasa raienderera mberi nokukurumidza. MuFinnish Jaeger Corps, mutungamiri achangobva kuumbwa akava mutongi kuna Gavhuna Viktor Amadeus Anhalt-Bernburg. Yaiva hama yakakura yeChmress Catherine II.

Muna 1787, imwe hondo yakatanga neMambo weOttoman, umo Barclay de Tolly akabata. Bhuku shomanana rake raibatanidza ruzivo pamusoro pokurwisa kwaOchakov, uko mukuru wehurumende akawana hondo chaiyo yekuoma. Nokudavira mazviri, MB Barclay de Tolly akapiwa mirairo yake yekutanga.

Muna 1789, vakuru vacho vakapinda muhondo dzinotyisa neTurks. Panguva imwecheteyo Prince Anhalt-Bernubrsky, pamwe chete nomutongi wake, akaendeswa kuuto reFinland. Akanga atova kurwisana nesimba uye nekurwisana nevaSweden (hondo ye1788-1790.). Pane imwe yezvakaitika, Viktor Amadeus akakuvadzwa akafa, mushure mokunge MB Barclay de Tolly akaendeswa kuguta guru.

Zvadaro, muna 1791, mukuru mukuru akaroora munun'una wake Elena. Paiva nevana vanoverengera mumhuri yavo, asi mwanakomana mumwechete akafa musati mucheche (Ernst).

Basa riri pasi peAlexander I

Barclay de Tolly, ane nhoroondo pfupi inotaura nezvekuwanda kwepakati, akapfuurira kushumira akatendeka hondo yeRussia. Mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe ezana remakore rechi18 akabatanidzwa mukudzinga kwekumuka kwePoland kwakatungamirirwa naKosciuszko. Pakupera kwekutonga kwaPauro I, akava mukuru mukuru.

Panguva ino hondo dzeNapoleonic dzakatanga. Mambo mukuru wechiduku Alexander I akabatanazve kune rimwe rinopesana neFrench. Mushandirapamwe we 1805 wakawana Mikhail Bogdanovich muuto reGeneral Leonty Bennigsen. Izvi zvakaitwa hazvina kukwanisa kuuya kuzoponesa zvikamu zvikuru zvekutuzov pedyo neAusterlitz. Nokudaro, Michael Barclay de Tolly akadzokera kuRussia, asingambooni kukundwa kukuru kweAllied army.

Kukundikana hakuna kuputsa Alexander chido chokukunda Napoleon. Zvekare gore gare gare, hondo yakatanga yechina masangano, apo Prussia yakarwisa France, uye pakupedzisira yakawira kuBerlin. Mapoka eRussia akaenda kumaJalimane kuti abatsirwe.

MunaFebruary 1807, Barclay de Tolly vakapinda muHondo ye Preussisch-Eylau. Pamwe pamwe neBagration, akatungamira varindi vehondo yeRussia, iyo yakakundwa nematumbi aSult na Murat. Mikhail Bogdanovich akakuvadzwa mugumbo rake rokurudyi, mushure mokunge akaenda kuMemel kunorapwa.

Pano munaApril wegore iroro iye akasangana naAlexandro I, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga achiedza kuparadzanisa zvigaro zvekukundwa kweNapoleon. Mupurisa akatanga kuronga kuna mambo kuti ashandise tsvina yepasi. Naiye, muvengi akagura kubva kune zvake shure nezvigadziro uye zvigadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo muvengi aifanira kuita pane zvakapambwa uye pasina nzvimbo yezvivakoti. Sezvakazoitika mune ramangwana, iyi ndiyo nzira yakabudisa mugumisiro muHondo yePatriotic ya1812.

Hondo yeFinnish

Maererano nenyika yeTilsit, Russia yakagovana Europe nemiganhu yeFrance. Izvi zvakabvumira Alexander kuti atumire hondo kuFinland kuti atore kubva kuSweden. Barclay de Tolly, ane bhizimisi pfupi yaisanganisira mishandirapamwe yakawanda, yakatumirwa Kupio. Mutumbi wake wakatora guta rino uye rakabata pfungwa inokosha pasinei nekurohwa kwakawanda kwemuvengi.

Mushure meizvozvo, mukuru wehurumende neVassky Corps wake akapfuura nepakati pechando cheKvarken Strait uye akazvidzivirira kuSweden Umea. Izvi zvakasimbisa kukunda kokupedzisira kweRussia.

Achitenda kubudirira kwake, Barclay de Tolly akava wekutanga Gavhuna-Jenerali weFinland, uye mushure mekunge mufundisi wehurumende. Kutora kwake kwakakurumidza hakukwanisa kufadza vanhu vane godo, avo vakaona mumupikisi chete. Kunyanya sezvo Michael aive nemidzimu yeGermany, iyo haina kumubvumidza munguva yemberi.

Hondo yePatriotic ya1812

Apo Napoleon yakarwisa Russia muna 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich akarayira First Western Army. Aifanira kudzokera kuti awane muvengi mukati-kati memunyika, kwaaizove asina simba uye kubviswa kubva kumusha kwake. MuSmolensk, akabatana neuto reBagration, uyo akakurumidza kutanga kupomera Barclay de Tolly wekusagona kutungamirira hondo.

Somugumisiro, mutemo mukuru wakaendeswa kuMikhail Kutuzov. Muhondo yeBorodino, mukuru wehurumende akatungamira bapiro rorudyi rweuto. Apo kuguma kweguta guru kwakagadziriswa, Barclay de Tolly aiva mumwe wevaya vakabvumira kubva kuMoscow.

Apo paiva nechinzvimbo chokuchinja, uye uto reRussia rakaenda kune rimwe rinopesana, mutungamiriri wacho akawana zororo, kusanganisira nokuti vazhinji vevamwe vaaishanda naye mu Winter Palace vasina kukodzera kushora "German".

Makore apfuura

Mushure meHondo yePatriotic, Barclay de Tolly akapinda mune imwe nyika. Akashanyira hondo dzakawanda, kusanganisira "Hondo yePeoples" pedyo neLeipzig. Kuti kubudirire uye basa rakatendeka rakava Count and Field Marshal.

Muna 1818, hero inhoroondo yedu yakakumbira zororo kuGermany yemvura yemvura kuitira kuti iporeswe. Kunyange zvakadaro, haana kukwanisa kusvika pamugumo ndokufira mumugwagwa muEast Prussia musi waMay 14 (26). Munda Marshal akavigwa pamwe nekukudzwa kwose, uye madota ake akavigwa mune imwe mhuri yemhuri muBaltic States. Chinyorwa chekutanga kuna Barclay de Tolly chakaonekwa kare muna 1823. Pakudzvinyirirwa kwechirikadzi yake yakavakwa mausoleum, iyo yakapambwa munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri.